间断性屈膝缺血预适应对小鼠缺氧耐力的影响

目的：观察和比较两种后肢缺血法产生的缺血预适应对小鼠耐受缺氧能力的影响。方法：昆明小鼠96只,分成对照组、间断屈膝固定组（KF）或束缚大腿组（TT）进行缺血预适应。每天预适应1次,7 d后各组小鼠再分为3组分别进行常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒实验和断头后心、脑耐缺血实验。结果：两种后肢缺血法小鼠常压耐缺氧时间均显著延长（P<0.01）,断头后张口呼吸时间显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。但对亚硝酸钠中毒生存时间和心脏跳动时间没有明显影响。结论：肢体缺血预适应能显著增强小鼠缺氧耐力。     

低氧预适应小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达变化

本文旨在探讨小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3在低氧预适应脑保护中的作用.将Bib/c近交系小鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组和低氧预适应组,用免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜等技术测定皮层顶叶Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达荧光强度和阳性细胞计数.结果显示,低氧组和低氧预适应组Bcl-2表达均显著高于对照组,低氧预适应组又显著高于低氧组.低氧组和低氧预适应组Caspase-3表达均显著高于对照组,但低氧预适应组显著低于低氧组.结果表明,低氧预适应过程中,小鼠皮层脑区通过Bcl-2高表达和Caspase-3低表达抵御皮层细胞凋亡,从而参与脑保护机制.     

促红细胞生成素在低氧预适应中的神经保护作用

促红细胞生成素(EPO)是体内一种重要的糖蛋白激素,主要由胎肝和成人的肾脏产生。EPO的表达除受到转录因子的调控之外,还受到表观遗传学的调控。研究发现,EPO及其受体(EPOR)在中枢神经系统中广泛表达,提示其对中枢系统具有神经保护作用。低氧预适应是机体抗缺氧或缺血的一种内源性保护机制,它可以促进EPO表达,减轻低氧/缺血引起的神经元损伤。EPO主要通过激活一系列信号转导通路及多种可能的机制发挥神经保护作用。     

银杏内酯B抑制缺氧诱导的肝细胞凋亡

目的研究银杏内酯B对缺氧诱导肝细胞凋亡的影响。方法将原代培养的新生鼠肝细胞随机分为5组:正常对照组(N组)、缺氧对照组(H组)、缺氧加银杏内酯B(B1组、B2组、B3组)终浓度分别为1μg/ml、2μg/ml、4μg/ml,缺氧(95%N2+5%CO2)12h建立缺氧模型,细胞荧光染色检测和流式细胞仪测定各组肝细胞凋亡率。结果缺氧引起肝细胞凋亡明显,加入银杏内酯B肝细胞凋亡数显著降低,但不同浓度银杏内酯B保护组间无显著性差异。结论银杏内酯B对缺氧导致的肝细胞凋亡有保护作用。     

银杏内酯对原代培养神经元缺氧诱导因子-1α基因表达的影响

目的研究银杏内酯(ginkgolides,Gin)对单纯缺氧和模拟缺血神经元的缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxiainduciblefactor1α,HIF1α)表达的影响。方法用RTPCR法检测原代培养胚胎小鼠皮层神经元经缺氧或剥夺氧和葡萄糖两种损伤处理,以及给予Gin(终浓度为37.5μg/ml)预保护时,HIF1αmRNA表达的变化。结果在培养的皮层神经元中HIF1αmRNA有一定的基础表达,Gin处理24h可明显提高HIF1α的表达水平;经单纯缺氧1h后,HIF1αmRNA表达上调,而预先给予Gin其表达强度进一步提高;但经剥夺氧和葡萄糖处理的神经元,HIF1αmRNA表达较未缺氧对照组明显降低,而预加Gin则能减轻HIF1αmRNA表达的下降。结论Gin对缺氧/缺血损伤神经元的HIF1αmRNA表达有上调作用。     

低氧预适应对离体星形胶质细胞低氧耐受性的影响

目的：研究低氧预适应对体外培养的星形胶质细胞低氧耐受性的影响。方法：体外培养的鼠脑星形胶质细胞,随机分为对照组（control,C组）,低氧损伤组（hypoxia,H组）,低氧预适应组（hypoxic preconditioning,HP组）,通过检测细胞MTT代谢变化、凋亡发生和形态学观察探讨低氧预适应对星型胶质细胞低氧损伤的保护作用;免疫细胞化学方法分析Bcl-2和Bax的表达差异。结果：与低氧组相比,HP48、HP72组MTT代谢活性较高。免疫细胞化学结果提示低氧预适应组Bcl-2表达高于低氧损伤组,低氧预适应组Bax表达低于低氧损伤组。结论：低氧预适应对大鼠星形胶质细胞低氧损伤有保护作用,可能与Bax表达受抑,维持Bcl-2表达有关,通过对抗凋亡程序的发展产生保护作用。     

无创性肢体缺血预适应对小鼠抗应激能力的影响

目的:探讨无创性肢体缺血预适应在提高小鼠抗应激能力方面的作用。方法:小鼠分为正常组、对照组、预适应组和药物组,进行常压耐缺氧、耐疲劳负重游泳、耐高、低温实验,分别记录各种应激状态下小鼠的耐受时间,测定常压缺氧耐受后小鼠血清中SOD的活性和负重游泳后血清中乳酸的含量。结果:预适应组能显著提高小鼠常压耐缺氧时间,且SOD活性较对照组有显著的提高,但提高的程度均低于普萘洛尔组。预适应组平均游泳时间显著延长,且程度与咖啡因组相当。预适应能明显延长高温下小鼠的存活时间,且延长程度与氯丙嗪没有显著性差异。与正常组比较,预适应组能显著延长小鼠的耐低温时间。结论:无创性肢体缺血预适应能提高小鼠耐缺氧、抗疲劳、耐高温和耐低温的能力。     

重复性低氧增高小鼠脑组织内CREB的磷酸化水平

目的：初步探讨cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（C砌强）在小鼠脑低氧预适应形成过程中的作用。方法：用我室已建立的小鼠整体低氧预适应模型,应用SDS．PAGE和Westernblot等技术,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,定量检测小鼠脑组织内CREB的磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量。结果：①随低氧暴露次数（H1．H4）的增加,小鼠海马组织内CREB的磷酸化水平（激活程度）明显增高（＊p＜0．05;n=7）;大脑皮层内CREB的磷酸化水平也随低氧暴露次数（H1．H4）的增加而明显增高,且在H1．H4组的变化具有显著的统计学意义（＊p＜O．05,n=7）。②随低氧暴露次数（H1．H4）的增加,CREB的蛋白表达量无论在小鼠海马还是皮层组织内均无明显改变。结论：CREB磷酸化水平的增高（激活）可能参与了脑低氧预适应的形成过程。     

低氧预适应对小鼠海马组织HIF-1与EPO低氧应答元件结合活性的影响

目的：观察低氧预适应对小鼠海马组织HIF-1与EPO的低氧应答元件（HRE）结合活性的变化,探讨这种变化与低氧预适应形成的关系。方法：小鼠低氧0次（H0）,1次（H1）,4次（H4）后取海马组织,应用凝胶迁移改变试验（EMSA）,染色体免疫共沉淀（ChIP）试验和荧光定量PCR（real—time PCR）技术,检测小鼠海马组织内HIF-1与EPO的低氧应答元件结合能力的变化。结果：EMSA体外结合实验及ChIP体内结合实验发现。H0、H1和H4组结合活力依次增强。结论：HIF-1与EPO的低氧应答元件结合增强可能参与预适应的形成。     

通心络对低氧预适应小鼠神经元超微结构及内皮细胞自修复能力的影响

目的：观察低氧预适应对小鼠脑皮层神经元和内皮细胞超微结构的改变及通心络的作用。方法：40只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、低氧组、低氧预适应组和通心络组（低氧预适应＋通心络）,利用重复低氧5次复制低氧预适应小鼠模型后,记录小鼠每次低氧耐受的时间,观察脑皮层神经元和血管内皮细胞超微结构的改变。结果：随着低氧次数的增加,预适应组和通心络组小鼠耐受时间增加（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与预适应组比较,通心络组小鼠耐受时间增加（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;低氧组小鼠脑皮层内皮细胞和神经元超微结构发生明显改变,预适应组小鼠脑组织神经元及血管内皮细胞超微结构改善,通心络组脑组织神经元及血管内皮细胞超微结构明显改善。结论：低氧预适应显示出机体具有强大的自修复能力,通心络能明显增强机体的自修复能力,提高自适应。     

Hypoxic preconditioning improves spatial cognitive ability in mice

Although it has been reported in a lot of studies that hypoxic preconditioning could protect the brain from hypoxic/ischemic injury, it is not clear whether hypoxic preconditioning could affect brain functions such as cognitive ability. This work aims at investigating the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on spatial cognitive ability in mice after acute and repeated hypoxic exposures. The mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group in which mice were not exposed to hypoxia (H0) and experimental groups in which mice encountered hypoxia either once (H1) or 4 times (H4). Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression, long-term potentiation (LTP) recording and Morris water maze test were used to measure the animals' cognitive ability. The tolerance time was progressively prolonged as exposure went on. The expression of both NCAM mRNA and NCAM protein as well as the LTP induction rate decreased in group H1, but recovered to control level in group H4. The performance of mice in the maze test was improved in H4 in comparison with that in both H1 and H0. These findings may indicate that spatial cognitive ability is improved in adult mice by their hypoxic preconditioning.     

小鼠脑内甘氨酸含量在缺氧预适应中的变化

在小鼠重复缺氧预适应过程中,用HPLC方法,测定其全脑与不同脑区中的甘氨酸含量。结果表明,随着动物对低氧耐受性的增高,其全脑、间脑,特别是海马、脑干中的甘氨酸含量升高。结果提示,甘氨酸作为抑制性递质对低氧预适应的形成具有正面影响。     

Effects of hypoxic preconditioning on memory evaluated using the T-maze behavior test

Perioperative brain ischemia and stroke are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Brief hypoxic preconditioning is known to have protective effects against hypoxic-ischemic insult in the brain. Current studies on the neuroprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning are based on histologic findings and biomarker changes. However, studies regarding effects on memory are rare. To precondition zebrafish to hypoxia, they were exposed to a dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 1.0?±?0.5?mg/L in water for 30?s. The hypoxic zebrafish were then exposed to 1.0?±?0.5?mg/L DO until the third stage of hypoxia, for 10 min?±?30?s. Zebrafish were assessed for memory retention after the hypoxic event. Learning and memory were tested using the T-maze, which evaluates memory based on whether or not zebrafish moves to the correct target compartment. In the hypoxic preconditioning group, infarct size was reduced compared with the hypoxic-only treated zebrafish group; memory was maintained to a degree similar to that in the hypoxia-untreated group. The hypoxic-only group showed significant memory impairments. In this study, we used a hypoxic zebrafish model and assessed the effects of ischemic preconditioning not only on histological damages but also on brain function, especially memory. This study demonstrated that a brief hypoxic event has protective effects in hypoxic brain damage and helped maintain memory in zebrafish. In addition, our findings suggest that the zebrafish model is useful in rapidly assessing the effects of ischemic preconditioning on memory.     

Enhanced expression of the Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 receptor tyrosine kinases in a newborn piglet model of ischemic tolerance

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic factor induced by hypoxia, also exerts direct effects on neural tissues. VEGF up‐regulation after hypoxia coincides with expression of its two tyrosine kinase receptors Flt‐1(VEGFR‐1) and Flk‐1 (KDR/VEGFR‐2), which are the key mediators of physiological angiogenesis. We have recently shown that hypoxic‐preconditioning (PC) leading to tolerance to hypoxia–ischemia in neonatal piglet brain resulted in increased expression of VEGF. In this study, we used a hypoxic‐preconditioning model of ischemic tolerance to analyze the expression and cellular distribution of VEGF receptors and phosphorylation of cAMP‐response element‐binding protein (CREB) in newborn piglet brain. The response of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 mRNA to PC alone was biphasic with peaks early (6 h) and late (1 week) after PC. The mRNA expression of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 in piglets preconditioned 24 h prior to hypoxia–ischemia was significantly higher than non‐preconditioned piglets and remained up‐regulated up to 7 days. Furthermore, PC prior to hypoxia–ischemia significantly increased the protein levels of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 compared with hypoxia–ischemia in a time‐dependent manner. Double‐immunolabeling indicated that both Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 are expressed in neurons and endothelial cells with a similar time course of expression following PC and that PC leads to the growth of new vessels. Finally, our data demonstrate that PC significantly phosphorylated and activated cAMP‐response element‐binding protein in nucleus. These results suggest that mechanism(s) initiated by PC can induce VEGF receptor up‐regulation in newborn brain and that VEGF–VEGF receptor‐coupled signal transduction pathways could contribute to the establishment of tolerance following hypoxia–ischemia.     

Ginkgolides mimic the effects of hypoxic preconditioning to protect C6 cells against ischemic injury by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and erythropoietin

Hypoxic preconditioning can play a significant neuroprotective role. However, it has not been employed clinically because of safety concerns. To find a safer preconditioning stimulus that is both practical and effective, we investigated whether ginkgolides are capable of preconditioning as hypoxia to protect C6 cells against ischemic injury. We demonstrated that both ginkgolides (37.5microg/mL) and hypoxia (1% O(2) for 16h) can significantly increase cell viabilities and expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase (p-GSK), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) and erythropoietin (EPO) in ischemic cells. The inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) significantly but not completely reduced the enhanced expression of these proteins and cell viabilities induced by ginkgolides and hypoxic preconditioning. These indicated that ginkgolides could mimic hypoxic preconditioning by increasing expression of HIF-1alpha as well as its target protein EPO and that the ginkgolides and hypoxic preconditioning role might be partly mediated by the activation of the p42/p44-mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta pathways. The similar tendency in the changes of protein expression, cell viabilities and responses to MAPK or PI3K inhibitors of the cells treated with ginkgolides and hypoxia suggests that ginkgolides and hypoxic preconditioning might operate by similar mechanisms. The findings also imply that ginkgolides might have the potential for clinical use to prevent injury in high-risk conditions.     

Whole-body hypoxic preconditioning protects mice against acute hypoxia by improving lung function.

Survival in severe hypoxia such as occurs in high altitude requires previous acclimatization, which is acquired over a period of days to weeks. It was unknown whether intrinsic mechanisms existed that could be rapidly induced and could exert immediate protection on unacclimatized individuals against acute hypoxia. We found that mice pretreated with whole-body hypoxic preconditioning (WHPC, 6 cycles of 10-min hypoxia-10-min normoxia) survived significantly longer than control animals when exposed to lethal hypoxia (5% O2, survival time of 33.2 +/- 6.1 min vs. controls at 13.8 +/- 1.2 min, n = 10, P < 0.005). This protective mechanism became operative shortly after WHPC and remained effective for at least 8 h. Accordingly, mice subjected to WHPC demonstrated improved gas exchange when exposed to sublethal hypoxia (7% O2, arterial blood Po2 of 49.9 +/- 4.2 vs. controls at 39.7 +/- 3.6 Torr, n = 6, P < 0.05), reduced formation of pulmonary edema (increase in lung water of 0.491 +/- 0.111 vs. controls at 0.894 +/- 0.113 mg/mg dry tissue, n = 10, P < 0.02), and decreased pulmonary vascular permeability (lung lavage albumin of 7.63 +/- 0.63 vs. controls at 18.24 +/- 3.39 mg/dl, n = 6-10, P < 0.025). In addition, the severity of cerebral edema caused by exposure to sublethal hypoxia was also reduced after WHPC (increase in brain water of 0.254 +/- 0.052 vs. controls at 0.491 +/- 0.034 mg/mg dry tissue, n = 10, P < 0.01). Thus WHPC protects unacclimatized mice against acute and otherwise lethal hypoxia, and this protection involves preservation of vital organ functions.     

脑缺血/缺氧预适应引起的基因、蛋白质表达谱的变化

缺血,缺氧预适应保护作用的分子机制目前尚未充分阐明。最近的研究在大鼠和小鼠脑缺血,缺氧预适应的模型上采用了基因芯片、双向电泳结合质谱分析技术,揭示了大鼠和小鼠脑缺血,缺氧预适应引起的基因和蛋白质表达谱的变化。这些研究发现预适应引起一些新的基因和蛋白质的表达发生改变,深入研究这些基因和蛋白质有可能发现治疗脑中风新的药物靶标。     

5-HD对慢性低氧肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉平滑肌PKC-α表达的作用

目的：研究线粒体ATP敏感钾通道（mitoKATP）抑制剂5-羟基癸酸盐（5-HD）对慢性低氧肺动脉高压大鼠的影响及其潜在机制。方法：雄性sD大鼠48只,随机分成4组（n=12）：①正常对照组;②慢性低氧组;③慢性低氧＋5-HD组;④慢性低氧＋Diazoxide（mitoKATP开放剂）组;除正常对照组外,其余3组置于氧舱内（氧浓度10％±0．3％）,每天低氧8h,并接受不同的干预,共4周。干预结束后右心导管法测各大鼠肺动脉压,RT-PCR和Western blot检测各组大鼠肺动脉PKC—α蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果：①慢性低氧组肺动脉压显著高于正常组（P〈0．01）,同时慢性低氧＋Diazoxide组与慢性低氧＋5．HD组肺动脉压较慢性低氧组显著减低（P〈0．01）。②慢性低氧组PKC—α蛋白及mRNA的相对表达显著高于正常组（P〈0．05）。结论：5-HD对慢性低氧肺动脉高压起保护作用,其机制可能是抑制线粒体ATP敏感钾通道。     

低氧脑水肿大鼠脑组织VEGF和AQPs基因及蛋白表达的变化

目的：探讨低氧脑水肿时血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）、水通道蛋白（AQP1和AQP4）基因和蛋白表达变化,为阐明急性低氧对脑组织的损伤及低氧脑水肿的发病机制提供实验依据。方法：Wistar大鼠随机分为4个组：常氧对照组（Control）、低氧暴露4 000 m组（4 000 m）、低氧暴露6 000 m组（6 000 m）和低氧暴露8 000 m组（8 000 m）,低氧组于低压舱中模拟相应海拔高度持续暴露8 h建立低氧脑水肿模型。用干-湿重法测定脑组织水含量,常规光镜观察脑组织形态学的改变;用RT-PCR法和免疫组化法检测低氧脑水肿时大鼠脑组织VEGF、AQP1和AQP4mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果：①干-湿重法测定表明,低氧（≥6 000 m）暴露后,大鼠脑组织水含量明显增加（P〈0.01）。②常规光镜检测结果表明,低氧暴露4 000 m时大鼠脑神经细胞、血管内皮细胞和星形胶质细胞足突轻度肿胀,组织中出现漏出液;低氧暴露6 000 m时脑血管内皮细胞和星形胶质细胞足突肿胀加重,血管与组织间隙扩大,组织中漏出液增多;低氧暴露8 000m时脑血管内皮细胞和星形胶质细胞足突重度肿胀,血管与组织间隙进一步扩大,组织中漏出液明显增多。③低氧脑水肿时,VEGF、AQP1、AQP4mRNA表达水平增高,AQP1在内皮细胞异常表达,内皮细胞VEGF和AQP1、星形胶质细胞足突AQP4蛋白质表达水平增高。结论：低氧脑水肿时,VEGF、AQP1和AQP4表达和分布的变化可能是引起血脑屏障损伤、导致低氧脑水肿的发病机制之一。