Aberrantly Expressed lncRNAs in Primary Varicose Great Saphenous Veins

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulatory molecules involved in a variety of biological processes and human diseases. However, the pathological effects of lncRNAs on primary varicose great saphenous veins (GSVs) remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to identify aberrantly expressed lncRNAs involved in the prevalence of GSV varicosities and predict their potential functions. Using microarray with 33,045 lncRNA and 30,215 mRNA probes, 557 lncRNAs and 980 mRNAs that differed significantly in expression between the varicose great saphenous veins and control veins were identified in six pairs of samples. These lncRNAs were sub-grouped and mRNAs expressed at different levels were clustered into several pathways with six focused on metabolic pathways. Quantitative real-time PCR replication of nine lncRNAs was performed in 32 subjects, validating six lncRNAs ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF119885","term_id":"7770206","term_text":"AF119885"}}AF119885, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AK021444","term_id":"10432630","term_text":"AK021444"}}AK021444, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_027830","term_id":"240255595","term_text":"NR_027830"}}NR_027830, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"G36810","term_id":"2734477","term_text":"G36810"}}G36810, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_027927","term_id":"242246950","term_text":"NR_027927"}}NR_027927, uc.345-). A coding-non-coding gene co-expression network revealed that four of these six lncRNAs may be correlated with 11 mRNAs and pathway analysis revealed that they may be correlated with another 8 mRNAs associated with metabolic pathways. In conclusion, aberrantly expressed lncRNAs for GSV varicosities were here systematically screened and validated and their functions were predicted. These findings provide novel insight into the physiology of lncRNAs and the pathogenesis of varicose veins for further investigation. These aberrantly expressed lncRNAs may serve as new therapeutic targets for varicose veins. The Human Ethnics Committee of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine approved the study (NO.: 2011-DF-53).     

Small molecule sensitization to TRAIL is mediated via nuclear localization,phosphorylation and inhibition of chaperone activity of Hsp27

The small chaperone protein Hsp27 confers resistance to apoptosis, and therefore is an attractive anticancer drug target. We report here a novel mechanism underlying the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) sensitizing activity of the small molecule {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511, an inactive analog of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor inhibitor {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002, in HeLa cells that are refractory to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. On the basis of the fact that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511 is derived from {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002, itself derived from quercetin, and earlier findings indicating that quercetin and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 affected Hsp27 expression, we investigated whether {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511 sensitized cancer cells to TRAIL via a conserved inhibitory effect on Hsp27. We provide evidence that upon treatment with {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511, Hsp27 is progressively sequestered in the nucleus, thus reducing its protective effect in the cytosol during the apoptotic process. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511-induced nuclear translocation of Hsp27 is linked to its sustained phosphorylation via activation of p38 kinase and MAPKAP kinase 2 and the inhibition of PP2A. Furthermore, Hsp27 phosphorylation leads to the subsequent dissociation of its large oligomers and a decrease in its chaperone activity, thereby further compromising the death inhibitory activity of Hsp27. Furthermore, genetic manipulation of Hsp27 expression significantly affected the TRAIL sensitizing activity of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511, which corroborated the Hsp27 targeting activity of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY303511","term_id":"1257646067","term_text":"LY303511"}}LY303511. Taken together, these data indicate a novel mechanism of small molecule sensitization to TRAIL through targeting of Hsp27 functions, rather than its overall expression, leading to decreased cellular protection, which could have therapeutic implications for overcoming chemotherapy resistance in tumor cells.     

Angiopoietin-Like 4 Mediates PPAR Delta Effect on Lipoprotein Lipase-Dependent Fatty Acid Uptake but Not on Beta-Oxidation in Myotubes

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta is an important regulator of fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), a multifunctional protein, is one of the major targets of PPAR delta in skeletal muscle cells. Here we investigated the regulation of Angptl4 and its role in mediating PPAR delta functions using human, rat and mouse myotubes. Expression of Angptl4 was upregulated during myotubes differentiation and by oleic acid, insulin and PPAR delta agonist {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516. Treatment with {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 or Angptl4 overexpression inhibited both lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and LPL-dependent uptake of FAs whereas uptake of BSA-bound FAs was not affected by either treatment. Activation of retinoic X receptor (RXR), PPAR delta functional partner, using bexarotene upregulated Angptl4 expression and inhibited LPL activity in a PPAR delta dependent fashion. Silencing of Angptl4 blocked the effect of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 and bexarotene on LPL activity. Treatment with {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 but not Angptl4 overexpression significantly increased palmitate oxidation. Furthermore, Angptl4 overexpression did not affect the capacity of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 to increase palmitate oxidation. Basal and insulin stimulated glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation were not significantly modulated by Angptl4 overexpression. Our findings suggest that FAs-PPARdelta/RXR-Angptl4 axis controls the LPL-dependent uptake of FAs in myotubes, whereas the effect of PPAR delta activation on beta-oxidation is independent of Angptl4.     

Long Noncoding RNAs Expression Patterns Associated with Chemo Response to Cisplatin Based Chemotherapy in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Background

There is large variability among lung squamous cell carcinoma patients in response to treatment with cisplatin based chemotherapy. LncRNA is potentially a new type of predictive marker that can identify subgroups of patients who benefit from chemotherapy and it will have great value for treatment guidance.

Methods

Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNA were identified using microarray profiling of tumors with partial response (PR) vs. with progressive disease (PD) from advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with cisplatin based chemotherapy and validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Furthermore, the expression of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AC006050","term_id":"117414223","term_text":"AC006050"}}AC006050.3-003 was assessed in another 60 tumor samples.

Results

Compared with the PD samples, 953 lncRNAs were consistently upregulated and 749 lncRNAs were downregulated consistently among the differentially expressed lncRNAs in PR samples (Fold Change≥2.0-fold, p <0.05). Pathway analyses showed that some classical pathways, including “Nucleotide excision repair,” that participated in cisplatin chemo response were differentially expressed between PR and PD samples. Coding-non-coding gene co-expression network identified many lncRNAs, such as lncRNA {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AC006050","term_id":"117414223","term_text":"AC006050"}}AC006050.3-003, that potentially played a key role in chemo response. The expression of lncRNA {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AC006050","term_id":"117414223","term_text":"AC006050"}}AC006050.3-003 was significantly lower in PR samples compared to the PD samples in another 60 lung squamous cell carcinoma patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that lncRNA {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AC006050","term_id":"117414223","term_text":"AC006050"}}AC006050.3-003 was a valuable biomarker for differentiating PR patients from PD patients with an area under the curve of 0.887 (95% confidence interval 0.779, 0.954).

Conclusions

LncRNAs seem to be involved in cisplatin-based chemo response and may serve as biomarkers for treatment response and candidates for therapy targets in lung squamous cell carcinoma.     

Postnatal PPARδ Activation and Myostatin Inhibition Exert Distinct yet Complimentary Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice

Background

Interventions for T2DM have in part aimed to mimic exercise. Here, we have compared the independent and combined effects of a PPARδ agonist and endurance training mimetic ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516) and a myostatin antibody and resistance training mimetic (PF-879) on metabolic and performance outcomes in obese insulin resistant mice.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Male ob/ob mice were treated for 6 weeks with vehicle, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516, PF-879, or {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 in combination with PF-879. The effects of the interventions on body composition, glucose homeostasis, glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, exercise capacity and metabolic gene expression were compared at the end of study. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 attenuated body weight and fat mass accumulation and increased the expression of genes of oxidative metabolism. In contrast, PF-879 increased body weight by driving muscle growth and altered the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Despite their differences, both interventions alone improved glucose homeostasis. Moreover, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 more effectively improved serum lipids, and PF-879 uniquely increased energy expenditure, exercise capacity and adiponectin levels. When combined the robust effects of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 and/or PF-879 on body weight, adiposity, muscle mass, glycemia, serum lipids, energy expenditure and exercise capacity were highly conserved.

Conclusions/Significance

The data, for the first time, demonstrate postnatal inhibition of myostatin not only promotes gains in muscle mass similar to resistance training,but improves metabolic homeostasis. In several instances, these effects were either distinct from or complimentary to those of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516. The data further suggest that strategies to increase muscle mass, and not necessarily oxidative capacity, may effectively counter insulin resistance and T2DM.     

Streptomyces antibioticalis, a Novel Species from a Sanitary Landfill Soil

A novel isolate belonging to the genus Streptomyces, strain SL-4^T, was isolated from soil sample collected from a sanitary landfill, New Delhi, India. The taxonomic status of this isolate was studied by polyphasic approach including morphological, physiological and chemo-taxonomic characterization. Spore chains of SL-4^T were open loops, hooks or extended spirals of wide diameter (retinaculiperti). The cell wall peptidoglycan of the isolate SL-4^T contained L,L-diaminopimelic acid, suggesting that the strain has a cell wall of chemotype-I. The polar lipid profile of the isolate was of Type II, with phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The 16SrRNA gene sequence similarity between SL-4^T and its phylogenetic relatives Streptomyces atrovirens NRRLB 16357^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ026672","term_id":"68137786","term_text":"DQ026672"}}DQ026672), S. albogriseolus NRRLB 1305^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AJ494865","term_id":"21742835","term_text":"AJ494865"}}AJ494865), S viridodiastaticus NBRC 13106^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184317","term_id":"90960133","term_text":"AB184317"}}AB184317), S. caelestis NRRL 2418^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"X80824","term_id":"587528","term_text":"X80824"}}X80824), S. flavoviridis NBRC 12772^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184842","term_id":"90960663","term_text":"AB184842"}}AB184842), S. pilosus NBRC 12807^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184161","term_id":"90959977","term_text":"AB184161"}}AB184161) and S. longispororuber NBRC 13488^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184440","term_id":"90960256","term_text":"AB184440"}}AB184440) was 99.65, 99.65, 99.64, 99.23, 99.15, 99.14 and 99.13 % respectively. Subsequent DNA–DNA hybridization experiments with the test strain and its clade members showed 55.27, 44.27, 36.86, and 15.65 % relatedness between SL-4^T and its relatives S. atrovirens,S. albogriseolus, S. viridodiastaticus and S. longispororuber respectively. The genotypic and phenotypic data was analyzed to verify possibility of the isolate SL-4^T representing novel member of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name S. antibioticalis is being proposed. The type strain is SL-4^T (=CCM 7434^T=MTCC 8588^T).     

Novel Variant Serotype of Streptococcus suis Isolated from Piglets with Meningitis

Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. In previous studies, 33 serotypes of S. suis have been identified using serum agglutination. Here, we describe a novel S. suis strain, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302, isolated from an outbreak of acute piglet meningitis in eastern China. Strong pathogenicity of meningitis caused by strain {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302 was reproduced in the BALB/c mouse model. The strain showed a high fatality rate (8/10), higher than those for known virulent serotype 2 strains P1/7 (1/10) and 9801 (2/10). Cell adhesion assay results with bEnd.3 and HEp2 cells showed that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302 was significantly close to P1/7 and 9801. Both the agglutination test and its complementary test showed that strain {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302 had no strong cross-reaction with the other 33 S. suis serotypes. The multiplex PCR assays revealed no specified bands for all four sets used to detect the other 33 serotypes. In addition, genetic analysis of the whole cps gene clusters of all serotypes was performed in this study. The results of comparative genomics showed that the cps gene cluster of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302, which was not previously reported, showed no homology to the gene sequences of the other strains. Especially, the wzy, wzx, and acetyltransferase genes of strain {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302 are phylogenetically distinct from strains of the other 33 serotypes. Therefore, this study suggested that strain {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CZ130302","term_id":"57728550","term_text":"CZ130302"}}CZ130302 represents a novel variant serotype of S. suis (designated serotype Chz) which has a high potential to be virulent and associated with meningitis in animals.     

Inhibition of the group I mGluRs reduces acute brain damage and improves long-term histological outcomes after photothrombosis-induced ischaemia

Group I mGluRs (metabotropic glutamate receptors), including mGluR1 and mGluR5, are GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) and play important roles in physiology and pathology. Studies on their role in cerebral ischaemia have provided controversial results. In this study, we used a PT (photothrombosis)-induced ischaemia model to investigate whether antagonists to the group I mGluRs may offer acute and long-term protective effects in adult mice. Our results demonstrated that administration with mGluR5 antagonist MPEP [2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine] or mGluR1 antagonist {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY367385","term_id":"1257996803","term_text":"LY367385"}}LY367385 by intraperitoneal injection at 3 h after PT decreased brain infarct volume evaluated one day after ischaemia. Additive effects on infarct volume were observed upon co-injection with MPEP and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY367385","term_id":"1257996803","term_text":"LY367385"}}LY367385. These antagonists also significantly alleviated neurodegeneration and apoptosis in the penumbra. In addition, when evaluated 2 weeks after PT, they reduced infarct volume and tissue loss, attenuated glial scar formation, and inhibited cell proliferation in the penumbra. Importantly, co-injection with MPEP and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY367385","term_id":"1257996803","term_text":"LY367385"}}LY367385 reduced the expression levels of calpain, a Ca²⁺-activated protease known to mediate ischaemia-induced neuronal death. Injection of calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor, could inhibit neuronal death and brain damage after PT but injection of calpeptin together with MPEP and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY367385","term_id":"1257996803","term_text":"LY367385"}}LY367385 did not further improve the protective effects mediated by MPEP and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY367385","term_id":"1257996803","term_text":"LY367385"}}LY367385. These results suggest that inhibition of group I mGluRs is sufficient to protect ischaemic damage through the calpain pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of group I mGluRs can mitigate PT-induced brain damage through attenuating the effects of calpain, and improve long-term histological outcomes.     

Design of tandem genes cluster and expression vector for biosynthesis of soybean isoflavones

A tandem gene cluster CHS-CHI-IFS (rIFS) for secondary metabolites of plant isoflavones was constructed by using the chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and isoflavone synthase (IFS) (GenBank accession numbers {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU526827","term_id":"170783761","term_text":"EU526827"}}EU526827, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU526829","term_id":"170783765","term_text":"EU526829"}}EU526829, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU526830","term_id":"170783767","term_text":"EU526830"}}EU526830) in a single recombination event with the pET22b vector. The resulting expression vector pET-rIFS was heterogeneously expressed. The highlights of the vector include ease of handling, high efficiency and universal application among diverse plant species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at developing a novel method of constructing tandem gene cluster for future research involving secondary metabolism of isoflavones and isoflavones engineering.Key words: Isoflavones biosynthesis, Novel method, Secondary metabolism, Tandem gene cluster     

Genome sequences published outside of Standards in Genomic Sciences, January-March 2012

The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliographic data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.

Phylum Crenarchaeota

• Pyrobaculum strain 1860, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003098","term_id":"356640791","term_text":"CP003098"}}CP003098 [1]

Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus

• “Thermus sp.” Strain CCB_US3_UF1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003126","term_id":"359289533","term_text":"CP003126"}}CP003126 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003127","term_id":"359291781","term_text":"CP003127"}}CP003127 (plasmid) [2]

Phylum Proteobacteria

• “Achromobacter arsenitoxydans” SY8, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGUF00000000","term_id":"359366799","term_text":"AGUF00000000"}}AGUF00000000 [3]
• Acidovorax sp. Strain NO1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGTS00000000","term_id":"363417938","term_text":"AGTS00000000"}}AGTS00000000 [4]
• Acinetobacter baumannii AB4857, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHAG00000000","term_id":"371492156","term_text":"AHAG00000000"}}AHAG00000000 [5]
• Acinetobacter baumannii AB5075, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHAH00000000","term_id":"371492114","term_text":"AHAH00000000"}}AHAH00000000 [5]
• Acinetobacter baumannii AB5256, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHAI00000000","term_id":"371492153","term_text":"AHAI00000000"}}AHAI00000000 [5]
• Acinetobacter baumannii AB5711, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHAJ00000000","term_id":"371492197","term_text":"AHAJ00000000"}}AHAJ00000000 [5]
• Aeromonas salmonicida, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGVO00000000","term_id":"356689990","term_text":"AGVO00000000"}}AGVO00000000 [6]
• Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans RHAA1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHGR00000000","term_id":"359757447","term_text":"AHGR00000000"}}AHGR00000000 [7]
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGVZ00000000","term_id":"358008163","term_text":"AGVZ00000000"}}AGVZ00000000 [8]
• Azoarcus sp. Strain KH32C, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012304","term_id":"358635055","term_text":"AP012304"}}AP012304, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012305","term_id":"358639587","term_text":"AP012305"}}AP012305 [9]
• Burkholderia sp. Strain YI23, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003087","term_id":"357934279","term_text":"CP003087"}}CP003087 (Chromosome 1), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003088","term_id":"357937049","term_text":"CP003088"}}CP003088 (Chromosome 2), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003089","term_id":"357938589","term_text":"CP003089"}}CP003089 (Chromosome 3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003090","term_id":"357939954","term_text":"CP003090"}}CP003090 (plasmid BYI23_D), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003091","term_id":"357941606","term_text":"CP003091"}}CP003091 (plasmid BYI23_E) {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003092","term_id":"357941997","term_text":"CP003092"}}CP003092 (plasmid BYI23_F) [10]
• Brucella suis VBI22, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003128","term_id":"358257303","term_text":"CP003128"}}CP003128, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003129","term_id":"358259429","term_text":"CP003129"}}CP003129 [11]
• Comamonas testosteroni ATCC 11996, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHIL00000000","term_id":"371454882","term_text":"AHIL00000000"}}AHIL00000000 [12]
• “Commensalibacter intestini” A911^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGFR00000000","term_id":"353673384","term_text":"AGFR00000000"}}AGFR00000000 [13]
• Edwardsiella ictaluri, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001600.1","term_id":"238867551","term_text":"CP001600.1"}}CP001600.1 [14]
• Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens SDM, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGSY00000000","term_id":"357435944","term_text":"AGSY00000000"}}AGSY00000000 [15]
• “Gluconobacter morbifer” G707^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGQV00000000","term_id":"356416073","term_text":"AGQV00000000"}}AGQV00000000 [16]
• Legionella dumoffii TEX-KL, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGVT00000000","term_id":"358009168","term_text":"AGVT00000000"}}AGVT00000000 [17]
• Legionella dumoffii NY-23, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGVU00000000","term_id":"358009167","term_text":"AGVU00000000"}}AGVU00000000 [17]
• Legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 Strain 570-CO-H, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003192","term_id":"364506764","term_text":"CP003192"}}CP003192 [18]
• Marinobacterium stanieri S30, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFPL00000000","term_id":"339778849","term_text":"AFPL00000000"}}AFPL00000000 [19]
• “Marinobacter manganoxydans” MnI7-9, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CP001978 to CP001980","start_term":"CP001978","end_term":"CP001980","start_term_id":"311692891","end_term_id":"311697125"}}CP001978 to CP001980 [20]
• Mesorhizobium alhagi CCNWXJ12-2T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHAM00000000","term_id":"359256606","term_text":"AHAM00000000"}}AHAM00000000 [21]
• Mesorhizobium amorphae, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGSN00000000","term_id":"355545111","term_text":"AGSN00000000"}}AGSN00000000 [22]
• Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FO082060","term_id":"351716053","term_text":"FO082060"}}FO082060 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FO082061","term_id":"351720036","term_text":"FO082061"}}FO082061 [23]
• Mitsuaria sp. Strain H24L5A, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CAFG01000001 to CAFG01000607","start_term":"CAFG01000001","end_term":"CAFG01000607","start_term_id":"354809229","end_term_id":"354808623"}}CAFG01000001 to CAFG01000607 [24]
• Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGFM00000000","term_id":"357601355","term_text":"AGFM00000000"}}AGFM00000000 [25]
• Pantoea ananatis B1-9, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CAEI01000001 to CAEI01000169","start_term":"CAEI01000001","end_term":"CAEI01000169","start_term_id":"344197887","end_term_id":"344197719"}}CAEI01000001 to CAEI01000169 [26]
• Pantoea ananatis LMG 5342, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE617160","term_id":"365184443","term_text":"HE617160"}}HE617160 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE617161","term_id":"365188784","term_text":"HE617161"}}HE617161 (pPANA10) [27]
• Pantoea ananatis Strain PA13, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003085","term_id":"354986417","term_text":"CP003085"}}CP003085 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003086","term_id":"354685304","term_text":"CP003086"}}CP003086 [28]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFXI00000000","term_id":"343788111","term_text":"AFXI00000000"}}AFXI00000000 [29]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFXJ00000000","term_id":"343788109","term_text":"AFXJ00000000"}}AFXJ00000000 [29]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFXK00000000","term_id":"343788110","term_text":"AFXK00000000"}}AFXK00000000 [29]
• Pseudomonas chlororaphis GP72, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHAY01000000","term_id":"359757954","term_text":"gb||AHAY01000000"}}AHAY01000000 [30]
• Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003150","term_id":"359757955","term_text":"CP003150"}}CP003150 [31]
• Pseudomonas fluorescens Wayne 1R, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CADX01000001 to CADX01000090","start_term":"CADX01000001","end_term":"CADX01000090","start_term_id":"354924103","end_term_id":"354924014"}}CADX01000001 to CADX01000090 [32]
• Pseudomonas fluorescens Wood1R, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAFF01000001","term_id":"354698772","term_text":"CAFF01000001"}}CAFF01000001 to {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAFF01001437","term_id":"354697336","term_text":"CAFF01001437"}}CAFF01001437 [32]
• Pseudomonas psychrotolerans L19, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHBD00000000","term_id":"359372666","term_text":"AHBD00000000"}}AHBD00000000 [33]
• Pseudoalteromonas rubra ATCC 29570^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHCD00000000","term_id":"540289291","term_text":"AHCD00000000"}}AHCD00000000 [34]
• Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM-LAC, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGSX00000000","term_id":"357435965","term_text":"AGSX00000000"}}AGSX00000000 [35]
• Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003093","term_id":"357433120","term_text":"CP003093"}}CP003093 [36]
• Rickettsia slovaca, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002428","term_id":"360041315","term_text":"CP002428"}}CP002428 [37]
• Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum RKS5078, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003047","term_id":"357204415","term_text":"CP003047"}}CP003047 [38]
• Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGVV00000000","term_id":"359507569","term_text":"AGVV00000000"}}AGVV00000000 [39]
• Sphingobium sp. Strain SYK-6, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012222","term_id":"345135066","term_text":"AP012222"}}AP012222 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012223","term_id":"345138980","term_text":"AP012223"}}AP012223 [40]
• Sphingomonas sp. Strain PAMC 26605, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHIS00000000","term_id":"366040305","term_text":"AHIS00000000"}}AHIS00000000 [41]
• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia RR-10, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGRB00000000","term_id":"359757773","term_text":"AGRB00000000"}}AGRB00000000 [42]
• Strain HIMB30, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGIG00000000","term_id":"349602640","term_text":"AGIG00000000"}}AGIG00000000 [43]
• Taylorella equigenitalis, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003059","term_id":"347973256","term_text":"CP003059"}}CP003059 [44]
• Vibrio campbellii DS40M4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGIE00000000","term_id":"358251732","term_text":"AGIE00000000"}}AGIE00000000 [45]
• Vibrio fischeri SR5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHIH00000000","term_id":"371496097","term_text":"AHIH00000000"}}AHIH00000000 [46]
• Yersinia enterocolitica, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGQO00000000","term_id":"351780838","term_text":"AGQO00000000"}}AGQO00000000 [47]

Phylum Tenericutes

• Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE613254","term_id":"357978897","term_text":"HE613254"}}HE613254 [48]
• Mycoplasma haemocanis strain Illinois, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003199","term_id":"363988676","term_text":"CP003199"}}CP003199 [49]
• Mycoplasma iowae, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGFP00000000","term_id":"349504222","term_text":"AGFP00000000"}}AGFP00000000 [50]
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae Type 2a Strain 309, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012303","term_id":"358640274","term_text":"AP012303"}}AP012303 [51]

Phylum Firmicutes

• Bacillus cereus F837/76, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003187","term_id":"364509831","term_text":"CP003187"}}CP003187 (chromosome) {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003188","term_id":"364515227","term_text":"CP003188"}}CP003188 (pF837_55kb), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003189","term_id":"364515372","term_text":"CP003189"}}CP003189 (pF837_10kb) [52]
• Brevibacillus laterosporus Strain GI-9, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CAGD01000001 to CAGD01000061","start_term":"CAGD01000001","end_term":"CAGD01000061","start_term_id":"359745324","end_term_id":"359745264"}}CAGD01000001 to CAGD01000061 [53]
• Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGAH00000000","term_id":"364889226","term_text":"AGAH00000000"}}AGAH00000000 [54]
• Enterococcus mundtii CRL1656, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFWZ00000000.1","term_id":"354620965","term_text":"AFWZ00000000.1"}}AFWZ00000000.1 [55]
• Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCB_US3_UF5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003125","term_id":"359285645","term_text":"CP003125"}}CP003125 [56]
• Lactobacillus curvatus Strain CRL705, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGBU01000000","term_id":"354514905","term_text":"gb||AGBU01000000"}}AGBU01000000 [57]
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 8530, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003094","term_id":"355393429","term_text":"CP003094"}}CP003094 [58]
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGKC00000000","term_id":"357540515","term_text":"AGKC00000000"}}AGKC00000000 [59]
• Lactococcus garvieae TB25, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGQX01000000","term_id":"359031556","term_text":"gb||AGQX01000000"}}AGQX01000000 [60]
• Lactococcus garvieae LG9, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGQY01000000","term_id":"359031592","term_text":"gb||AGQY01000000"}}AGQY01000000 [60]
• Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris A76, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003132","term_id":"358748197","term_text":"CP003132"}}CP003132 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003136","term_id":"358750967","term_text":"CP003136"}}CP003136 (pQA505), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003135","term_id":"358750954","term_text":"CP003135"}}CP003135 (PQA518), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003134","term_id":"358750911","term_text":"CP003134"}}CP003134 (pQA549), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003133","term_id":"358750841","term_text":"CP003133"}}CP003133 (pQA554) [61]
• Leuconostoc citreum LBAE C10, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAGE00000000","term_id":"365487970","term_text":"CAGE00000000"}}CAGE00000000 [62]
• Leuconostoc citreum LBAE C11, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAGF00000000","term_id":"365512054","term_text":"CAGF00000000"}}CAGF00000000 [62]
• Leuconostoc citreum LBAE E16, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAGG00000000","term_id":"365528100","term_text":"CAGG00000000"}}CAGG00000000 [62]
• Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Strain J18, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003101","term_id":"948298071","term_text":"CP003101"}}CP003101 [63]
• Paenibacillus peoriae Strain KCTC 3763^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGFX00000000","term_id":"359367787","term_text":"AGFX00000000"}}AGFX00000000 [64]
• Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGKB00000000","term_id":"357540603","term_text":"AGKB00000000"}}AGKB00000000 [65]
• Pediococcus claussenii ATCC BAA-344^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003137","term_id":"361055534","term_text":"CP003137"}}CP003137 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003138","term_id":"361057275","term_text":"CP003138"}}CP003138 (pPECL-1), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003139","term_id":"361057278","term_text":"CP003139"}}CP003139 (pPECL-2), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003140","term_id":"361057281","term_text":"CP003140"}}CP003140 (pPECL-3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003141","term_id":"361057302","term_text":"CP003141"}}CP003141 (pPECL-4), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003142","term_id":"361057319","term_text":"CP003142"}}CP003142 (pPECL-5), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003143","term_id":"361057355","term_text":"CP003143"}}CP003143 (pPECL-6), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003144","term_id":"361057377","term_text":"CP003144"}}CP003144 (pPECL-7), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003145","term_id":"380450589","term_text":"CP003145"}}CP003145 (pPECL-8) [66]
• Staphylococcus aureus M013, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003166","term_id":"359829121","term_text":"CP003166"}}CP003166 [67]
• Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus TW20, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FN433596","term_id":"269939526","term_text":"FN433596"}}FN433596 [68]
• Weissella confusa LBAE C39-2, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAGH00000000","term_id":"365549261","term_text":"CAGH00000000"}}CAGH00000000 [69]

Phylum Actinobacteria

• Corynebacterium casei, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CAFW01000001 to CAFW01000106","start_term":"CAFW01000001","end_term":"CAFW01000106","start_term_id":"356609265","end_term_id":"356606462"}}CAFW01000001 to CAFW01000106 [70]
• Corynebacterium glutamicum, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGQQ00000000","term_id":"658109743","term_text":"AGQQ00000000"}}AGQQ00000000 [71]
• Leucobacter chromiiresistens, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGCW00000000","term_id":"353529976","term_text":"AGCW00000000"}}AGCW00000000 [72]
• Mycobacterium abscessus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGQU00000000","term_id":"353453148","term_text":"AGQU00000000"}}AGQU00000000 [73]
• Propionibacterium acnes ST9, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003195","term_id":"365742920","term_text":"CP003195"}}CP003195 [74]
• Propionibacterium acnes ST22, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003196","term_id":"365740656","term_text":"CP003196"}}CP003196 [74]
• Propionibacterium acnes ST27, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP003197","term_id":"365738411","term_text":"CP003197"}}CP003197 [74]
• Saccharomonospora azurea SZMC 14600, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AHBX00000000","term_id":"359740650","term_text":"AHBX00000000"}}AHBX00000000 [75]
• Streptomyces sp. Strain TOR3209, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGNH00000000","term_id":"359357427","term_text":"AGNH00000000"}}AGNH00000000 [76]
• Streptomyces sp. Strain W007, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGSW00000000","term_id":"364010697","term_text":"AGSW00000000"}}AGSW00000000 [77]

Phylum Spirochaetes

• Borrelia valaisiana VS116, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABCY02000001","term_id":"224510974","term_text":"ABCY02000001"}}ABCY02000001 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001439","term_id":"224497263","term_text":"CP001439"}}CP001439 (plasmid Ip17), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001437","term_id":"224497187","term_text":"CP001437"}}CP001437 (Ip25), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001440","term_id":"224497290","term_text":"CP001440"}}CP001440 (plasmid Ip 28-3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001442","term_id":"224497476","term_text":"CP001442"}}CP001442 (plasmid Ip28-8), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001436","term_id":"224497148","term_text":"CP001436"}}CP001436 (Ip 36), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001433","term_id":"224496993","term_text":"CP001433"}}CP001433 (plasmid Ip 54), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001438","term_id":"224497250","term_text":"CP001438"}}CP001438 (plasmid cp9), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001432","term_id":"224496964","term_text":"CP001432"}}CP001432 (plasmid cp26), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001441","term_id":"224497433","term_text":"CP001441"}}CP001441 (plasmid cp32-5), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001434","term_id":"224497064","term_text":"CP001434"}}CP001434 (plasmid cp32-7), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001435","term_id":"224497109","term_text":"CP001435"}}CP001435 (plasmid cp32-10) [78]
• “Borrelia bissettii” DN127, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002746","term_id":"342222012","term_text":"CP002746"}}CP002746 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002756","term_id":"342223236","term_text":"CP002756"}}CP002756 (plasmid Ip12), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002757","term_id":"342223270","term_text":"CP002757"}}CP002757 (plasmid Ip25), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002758","term_id":"342223295","term_text":"CP002758"}}CP002758 (plasmid 28-3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002759","term_id":"342223320","term_text":"CP002759"}}CP002759 (plasmid Ip 28-4), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002760","term_id":"342223351","term_text":"CP002760"}}CP002760 (Ip28-7), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002761","term_id":"342223388","term_text":"CP002761"}}CP002761 (plasmid Ip54), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002762","term_id":"342223459","term_text":"CP002762"}}CP002762 (plasmid Ip56), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002755","term_id":"342223223","term_text":"CP002755"}}CP002755 (plasmid cp9), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002747","term_id":"342222829","term_text":"CP002747"}}CP002747 (plasmid cp26), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002749","term_id":"342222904","term_text":"CP002749"}}CP002749 (plasmid cp32-3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002750","term_id":"342222947","term_text":"CP002750"}}CP002750 (plasmid cp32-4), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002751","term_id":"342222990","term_text":"CP002751"}}CP002751 (plasmid 32-5), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002752","term_id":"342223034","term_text":"CP002752"}}CP002752 (plasmid cp32-6), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002753","term_id":"342223077","term_text":"CP002753"}}CP002753 (plasmid cp32-7), CP0027554 (plasmid cp32-9), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002748","term_id":"342222857","term_text":"CP002748"}}CP002748 (plasmid cp32-11) [78]
• Borrelia spielmanii A14S, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000001","term_id":"224514548","term_text":"ABKB02000001"}}ABKB02000001 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001468","term_id":"224497637","term_text":"CP001468"}}CP001468 (plasmid Ip17), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001471","term_id":"224497796","term_text":"CP001471"}}CP001471 (Ip28-3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001470","term_id":"224497745","term_text":"CP001470"}}CP001470 (plasmid Ip28-4), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001465","term_id":"224497532","term_text":"CP001465"}}CP001465 (plasmid Ip28-2), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001466","term_id":"224497566","term_text":"CP001466"}}CP001466 (plasmid Ip36), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001464","term_id":"224497496","term_text":"CP001464"}}CP001464 (plasmid Ip38), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001469","term_id":"224497671","term_text":"CP001469"}}CP001469 (plasmid Ip54), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000016","term_id":"224513758","term_text":"ABKB02000016"}}ABKB02000016, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000020","term_id":"224513743","term_text":"ABKB02000020"}}ABKB02000020 (plasmid cp9), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001467","term_id":"224497607","term_text":"CP001467"}}CP001467 (plasmid cp26), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000026","term_id":"224513697","term_text":"ABKB02000026"}}ABKB02000026 (plasmid cp32-3), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000031","term_id":"224513641","term_text":"ABKB02000031"}}ABKB02000031 (plasmid 32-5), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000021","term_id":"224513736","term_text":"ABKB02000021"}}ABKB02000021 (plasmid cp32-12), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABKB02000014","term_id":"224513768","term_text":"ABKB02000014"}}ABKB02000014 (unidentified) [78]

Non-Bacterial genomes

• Aspergillus flavus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE32177","term_id":"32177"}}GSE32177 [79]
• Bacteriophage SPN3UB, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ288021","term_id":"378408798","term_text":"JQ288021"}}JQ288021 [80]
• Bamboo mitochondria, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"JQ235166 to JQ235179","start_term":"JQ235166","end_term":"JQ235179","start_term_id":"372861916","end_term_id":"372861969"}}JQ235166 to JQ235179 [81]
• Boea hygrometrica chloroplast, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN107811","term_id":"340549387","term_text":"JN107811"}}JN107811 [82]
• Boea hygrometrica mitochondrial, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN107812","term_id":"340549473","term_text":"JN107812"}}JN107812 [82]
• Canine Picornavirus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN831356","term_id":"377826518","term_text":"JN831356"}}JN831356 [83]
• Chandipura virus (CHPV) CIN0327, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU212856.1","term_id":"309261828","term_text":"GU212856.1"}}GU212856.1 [84]
• Chandipura virus (CHPV) CIN0451, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU212857.1","term_id":"309261834","term_text":"GU212857.1"}}GU212857.1 [84]
• Chandipura virus (CHPV) CIN0751, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU212858.1","term_id":"309261840","term_text":"GU212858.1"}}GU212858.1 [84]
• Chandipura virus (CHPV) CIN0755, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU190711.1","term_id":"309099431","term_text":"GU190711.1"}}GU190711.1 [84]
• Chinese Porcine Parvovirus Strain PPV2010, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN872448","term_id":"374676766","term_text":"JN872448"}}JN872448 [85]
• Common midwife toad megavirus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ231222","term_id":"375281729","term_text":"JQ231222"}}JQ231222 [86]
• Dengue Virus Serotype 4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN983813","term_id":"372290533","term_text":"JN983813"}}JN983813 [87]
• Duck Tembusu Virus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF270480","term_id":"367465451","term_text":"JF270480"}}JF270480 [88]
• Duck Tembusu Virus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ314464","term_id":"377824036","term_text":"JQ314464"}}JQ314464 [88]
• Duck Tembusu Virus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ314465","term_id":"377824038","term_text":"JQ314465"}}JQ314465 [88]
• Emiliania huxleyi Virus 202, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ634145","term_id":"356927554","term_text":"HQ634145"}}HQ634145 [89]
• Emiliania huxleyi Virus EhV-88, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF974310","term_id":"347600450","term_text":"JF974310"}}JF974310 [89]
• Emiliania huxleyi EhV-201, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF974311","term_id":"357972615","term_text":"JF974311"}}JF974311 [89]
• Emiliania huxleyi EhV-207, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF974317","term_id":"347600924","term_text":"JF974317"}}JF974317 [89]
• Emiliania huxleyi EhV-208, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF974318","term_id":"347601393","term_text":"JF974318"}}JF974318 [89]
• Glarea lozoyensis, sequence accession GUE00000000 [90]
• Nannochloropis gaditana, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AGNI00000000","term_id":"366047505","term_text":"AGNI00000000"}}AGNI00000000 [91]
• Oryza sativa cv., sequence accession DRA000499 [92]
• Partetravirus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN990269","term_id":"374718987","term_text":"JN990269"}}JN990269 [93]
• Porcine Bocavirus PBoV5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN831651","term_id":"371449604","term_text":"JN831651"}}JN831651 [94]
• Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ282909","term_id":"377824029","term_text":"JQ282909"}}JQ282909 [95]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa lytic bacteriophage PA1Ø, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HM624080","term_id":"315418954","term_text":"HM624080"}}HM624080 [96]
• Pseudomonas fluorescens phage OBP, sequence accesssion {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN627160","term_id":"359842892","term_text":"JN627160"}}JN627160 [97]
• RNA Virus from Avocado, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN880414","term_id":"371444768","term_text":"JN880414"}}JN880414 [98]
• Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage SPN1S, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN391180","term_id":"370344404","term_text":"JN391180"}}JN391180 [99]
• Schistosoma haematobium, sequence accession PRJNA78265 [100]
• Schistosoma mansoni, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"ERP00038","term_id":"550209647","term_text":"ERP00038"}}ERP00038 [101]
• Stenopirates sp., sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN100019","term_id":"340008214","term_text":"JN100019"}}JN100019 [102]
• T7-Like Virus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN651747","term_id":"374713556","term_text":"JN651747"}}JN651747 [103]
• Vibrio harveyi siphophage VHS1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF713456","term_id":"334898816","term_text":"JF713456"}}JF713456 [104]
• Tyrolean ice man, sequence accession ERP001144 [105]

     

LncRNA DQ786243 affects Treg related CREB and Foxp3 expression in Crohn’s disease

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have different functions in cells. They work as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds. Altered lncRNA levels can affect the expression of gene products. There are seldom studies on the role of lncRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Results

Quantitative RT-PCR showed that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ786243","term_id":"110631570","term_text":"DQ786243"}}DQ786243 was significantly overexpressed in clinical active CD patients compared with clinical inactive CD patients (P = 0.0118) or healthy controls (P = 0.002). CREB was also more highly expressed in active CD than in inactive CD (P = 0.0034) or controls (P = 0.0241). Foxp3 was interestingly lower in inactive CD than in active CD (P = 0.0317) or controls (P = 0.0103), but there were no apparent differences between active CD and controls. CRP was well correlated with {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ786243","term_id":"110631570","term_text":"DQ786243"}}DQ786243 (r = 0.489, P = 0.034), CREB (r = 0.500, P = 0.029) and Foxp3 (r = 0.546, P = 0.016). At 48 hours after {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ786243","term_id":"110631570","term_text":"DQ786243"}}DQ786243 transfection, qRT-PCR showed both CREB (P = 0.017) and Foxp3 (P = 0.046) had an increased mRNA expression in Jurkat cells. Western blot showed the same pattern. After {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ786243","term_id":"110631570","term_text":"DQ786243"}}DQ786243 transfection, CREB phosphorylation ratio (p-CREB/t-CREB) was increased (P = 0.0043).

Conclusion

{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ786243","term_id":"110631570","term_text":"DQ786243"}}DQ786243 can be related with severity of CD. It can affect the expression of CREB and Foxp3 through which regulates the function of Treg. CREB itself seems not the mediator of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ786243","term_id":"110631570","term_text":"DQ786243"}}DQ786243 to up-regulate Foxp3. The phosphorylation of CREB might play a more important role in the process.     

Genome sequences of Bacteria and Archaea published outside of Standards in Genomic Sciences, June �C September 2011

The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to this subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliometric data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.

• Phylum Crenarchaeota
• Phylum Euryarchaeota
• Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002779","term_id":"334899445","term_text":"CP002779"}}CP002779 [1]
• Methanocella paludicola, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP011532","term_id":"282154984","term_text":"AP011532"}}AP011532 [2]
• Halorhabdus tiamatea, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFNT00000000","term_id":"543102264","term_text":"AFNT00000000"}}AFNT00000000 [3]
• Thermococcus sp. Strain 4557, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002920","term_id":"340808746","term_text":"CP002920"}}CP002920 [4]
• Phylum Chloroflexi
• Phylum Proteobacteria
• Ralstonia solanacearum strain Po82, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002819","term_id":"334194119","term_text":"CP002819"}}CP002819 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002820","term_id":"334197458","term_text":"CP002820"}}CP002820 (megaplasmid) [5
• Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP000112","term_id":"78217452","term_text":"CP000112"}}CP000112 [6]
• Methylophaga aminisulfidivorans MP^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFIG00000000","term_id":"333790299","term_text":"AFIG00000000"}}AFIG00000000 [7]
• Acinetobacter sp. P8-3-8, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFIE00000000","term_id":"333463740","term_text":"AFIE00000000"}}AFIE00000000 [8]
• Sphingomonas strain KC8, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFMP01000000","term_id":"333609216","term_text":"gb||AFMP01000000"}}AFMP01000000 [9]
• Brucella pinnipedialis B2/94, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002078","term_id":"340558088","term_text":"CP002078"}}CP002078 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002079","term_id":"340560226","term_text":"CP002079"}}CP002079 [10]
• Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium UK-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002614","term_id":"332986951","term_text":"CP002614"}}CP002614 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002615","term_id":"332991407","term_text":"CP002615"}}CP002615 (plasmid) [11]
• Bordetella pertussis CS, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002695","term_id":"332380677","term_text":"CP002695"}}CP002695 [12]
• Alteromonas sp. Strain SN2, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002339","term_id":"332991508","term_text":"CP002339"}}CP002339 [13]
• Escherichia coli O104:H4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFOB00000000","term_id":"340742082","term_text":"AFOB00000000"}}AFOB00000000 ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LB226692","term_id":"753016073","term_text":"LB226692"}}LB226692) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFPS00000000","term_id":"340736249","term_text":"AFPS00000000"}}AFPS00000000 (01-09591) [14]
• Acidithiobacillus caldus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002573","term_id":"340554897","term_text":"CP002573"}}CP002573 (Chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002574","term_id":"340557778","term_text":"CP002574"}}CP002574 (pLAtcm), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002575","term_id":"340558034","term_text":"CP002575"}}CP002575 (pLAtc1), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002576","term_id":"340558045","term_text":"CP002576"}}CP002576 (pLAtc2), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002577","term_id":"340558059","term_text":"CP002577"}}CP002577 (pLAtc3) [15]
• Cupriavidus necator N-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002877","term_id":"338164315","term_text":"CP002877"}}CP002877 (chromosome 1), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002878","term_id":"338167938","term_text":"CP002878"}}CP002878 (chromosome 2), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002879","term_id":"338170382","term_text":"CP002879"}}CP002879 (pBB1), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002880","term_id":"338171767","term_text":"CP002880"}}CP002880 (pBB2) [16]
• Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002821","term_id":"336093334","term_text":"CP002821"}}CP002821 (OM4 chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002822","term_id":"336096622","term_text":"CP002822"}}CP002822 (pHCG3b), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002823","term_id":"336096746","term_text":"CP002823"}}CP002823 (pOC167B) [17]
• Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002826","term_id":"336096911","term_text":"CP002826"}}CP002826 (OM5 chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002827","term_id":"336100253","term_text":"CP002827"}}CP002827 (pHCG3), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002828","term_id":"336100378","term_text":"CP002828"}}CP002828 (pOC167) [17]
• Pantoea ananatis LMG20103, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001875","term_id":"326698716","term_text":"CP001875"}}CP001875 [18]
• Helicobacter bizzozeronii strain CIII-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR871757","term_id":"335332259","term_text":"FR871757"}}FR871757 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR871758","term_id":"335334154","term_text":"FR871758"}}FR871758 (HBZ-1) [19]
• Vibrio anguillarum 775, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CP002284 to CP002285","start_term":"CP002284","end_term":"CP002285","start_term_id":"335340310","end_term_id":"335343122"}}CP002284 to CP002285 [20]
• Zymomonas mobilis subsp. pomaceae, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002865","term_id":"336293797","term_text":"CP002865"}}CP002865 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002866","term_id":"336295481","term_text":"CP002866"}}CP002866 (p29192_1), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002867","term_id":"336295515","term_text":"CP002867"}}CP002867 (p29192_2) [21]
• Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC 31749, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AECL01000000","term_id":"333795931","term_text":"gb||AECL01000000"}}AECL01000000 [22]
• Xanthomonas spp. strain Xrc, sequence accesssion {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002789","term_id":"341934791","term_text":"CP002789"}}CP002789 [23]
• Xanthomonas spp. strain Xoc, sequence accesssion {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AAQN00000000","term_id":"94721237","term_text":"AAQN00000000"}}AAQN00000000 [23]
• Glaciecola sp. Strain 4H-3-7+YE-5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002526","term_id":"332171715","term_text":"CP002526"}}CP002526 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002527","term_id":"332175949","term_text":"CP002527"}}CP002527 (plasmid) [24]
• Escherichia coli Strain HM605, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CADZ01000001","term_id":"335324271","term_text":"CADZ01000001"}}CADZ01000001 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CADZ01000154","term_id":"335324105","term_text":"CADZ01000154"}}CADZ01000154 [25]
• Salinisphaera shabanensis, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFNV00000000","term_id":"543113482","term_text":"AFNV00000000"}}AFNV00000000 [26]
• Methyloversatilis universalis FAM5^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFHG00000000","term_id":"333445722","term_text":"AFHG00000000"}}AFHG00000000 [27]
• Alicycliphilus denitrificans Strain BC, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002449","term_id":"317115299","term_text":"CP002449"}}CP002449 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002450","term_id":"317119630","term_text":"CP002450"}}CP002450 (megaplasmid), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002451","term_id":"317119756","term_text":"CP002451"}}CP002451 (plasmid) [28].
• Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002657","term_id":"329308025","term_text":"CP002657"}}CP002657 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002658","term_id":"329312633","term_text":"CP002658"}}CP002658 (plasmid) [28]
• Oligotropha carboxidovorans Strain OM4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002821","term_id":"336093334","term_text":"CP002821"}}CP002821 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002822","term_id":"336096622","term_text":"CP002822"}}CP002822 (pHCG3b), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002823","term_id":"336096746","term_text":"CP002823"}}CP002823 (pOC167B) [29]
• Oligotropha carboxidovorans Strain OM5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002826","term_id":"336096911","term_text":"CP002826"}}CP002826 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002827","term_id":"336100253","term_text":"CP002827"}}CP002827 (pHCG3), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002828","term_id":"336100378","term_text":"CP002828"}}CP002828 (pOC167) [29]
• Bradyrhizobiaceae strain SG-6C, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFOF01000000","term_id":"338235257","term_text":"gb||AFOF01000000"}}AFOF01000000 [30]
• Hyphomicrobium sp. Strain MC1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FQ859181","term_id":"337757426","term_text":"FQ859181"}}FQ859181 [31]
• Shewanella sp. Strain HN-41, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFOZ01000000","term_id":"335867028","term_text":"gb||AFOZ01000000"}}AFOZ01000000 [32]
• Myxococcus fulvus HW-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002830","term_id":"337255776","term_text":"CP002830"}}CP002830 [33]
• Nitrosomonas sp. Strain AL212, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_015222","term_id":"325980881","term_text":"NC_015222"}}NC_015222 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_015223","term_id":"325983714","term_text":"NC_015223"}}NC_015223 pNAL21201), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_015221","term_id":"325980815","term_text":"NC_015221"}}NC_015221 (pNAL21202) [34]
• Ruegeria sp. Strain KLH11, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ACCW00000000","term_id":"218703200","term_text":"ACCW00000000"}}ACCW00000000 [35]
• Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae RS-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFPT01000000","term_id":"336283372","term_text":"gb||AFPT01000000"}}AFPT01000000 [36]
• Escherichia coli (ExPEC), sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFAT00000000","term_id":"338771881","term_text":"AFAT00000000"}}AFAT00000000 [37]
• Vibrio mimicus SX-4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ADOO01000000","term_id":"340396595","term_text":"gb||ADOO01000000"}}ADOO01000000 [38]
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strain F2, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFSD00000000","term_id":"338825258","term_text":"AFSD00000000"}}AFSD00000000 [39]
• Pasteurella multocida subsp. gallicida {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"AFRR01000001 to AFRR01000489","start_term":"AFRR01000001","end_term":"AFRR01000489","start_term_id":"338220663","end_term_id":"338215299"}}AFRR01000001 to AFRR01000489 [40]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa 138244, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AEVV00000000","term_id":"537462489","term_text":"AEVV00000000"}}AEVV00000000 [41]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa 152504, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AEVW00000000","term_id":"557220721","term_text":"AEVW00000000"}}AEVW00000000 [41]
• Campylobacter jejuni strain 305, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ADHL00000000","term_id":"315930937","term_text":"ADHL00000000"}}ADHL00000000 [42]
• Campylobacter jejuni strain DFVF1099, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ADHK00000000","term_id":"315928465","term_text":"ADHK00000000"}}ADHK00000000 [42]
• Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani strain 756C, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002789","term_id":"341934791","term_text":"CP002789"}}CP002789 [43]
• Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani strain BLS256, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AAQN01000001","term_id":"94721236","term_text":"AAQN01000001"}}AAQN01000001 [43]
• Rickettsia heilongjiangensis, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002912","term_id":"340807448","term_text":"CP002912"}}CP002912 [44]
• Acidiphilium sp. Strain PM (DSM 24941), sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFPR00000000","term_id":"338209258","term_text":"AFPR00000000"}}AFPR00000000 [45]
• Pseudomonas putida Strain S16, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002870","term_id":"338835784","term_text":"CP002870"}}CP002870 [46]
• Acinetobacter lwoffii, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFQY01000000","term_id":"337752636","term_text":"gb||AFQY01000000"}}AFQY01000000 [47]
• Phylum Firmicutes
• Caldalkalibacillus thermarum strain TA2.A1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFCE00000000","term_id":"334181820","term_text":"AFCE00000000"}}AFCE00000000 [48]
• Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFGI00000000","term_id":"332188986","term_text":"AFGI00000000"}}AFGI00000000 [49]
• Lactococcus garvieae 8831, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFCD00000000","term_id":"333218454","term_text":"AFCD00000000"}}AFCD00000000 [50]
• Natranaerobius thermophilus JW/NM-WN-LF, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001034","term_id":"179349329","term_text":"CP001034"}}CP001034 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001035","term_id":"179352354","term_text":"CP001035"}}CP001035 (plasmid) [51]
• Melissococcus plutonius ATCC 35311, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012200","term_id":"332369543","term_text":"AP012200"}}AP012200 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012201","term_id":"332371286","term_text":"AP012201"}}AP012201 (plasmid) [52]
• Lactobacillus buchneri NRRL B-30929, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002652","term_id":"329127738","term_text":"CP002652"}}CP002652 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002653","term_id":"329130053","term_text":"CP002653"}}CP002653 (plasmid pLBU01), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002654","term_id":"329130100","term_text":"CP002654"}}CP002654 (plasmid pLBU02), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002655","term_id":"329130119","term_text":"CP002655"}}CP002655 (plasmid pLBU03) [53]
• Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 , sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002764","term_id":"333956887","term_text":"CP002764"}}CP002764 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002765","term_id":"333958796","term_text":"CP002765"}}CP002765 (plasmid), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002766","term_id":"333958996","term_text":"CP002766"}}CP002766 (plasmid) [54]
• Bacillus megaterium strain QM B1551, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001983","term_id":"294346812","term_text":"CP001983"}}CP001983 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CP001984 to CP001990","start_term":"CP001984","end_term":"CP001990","start_term_id":"294351929","end_term_id":"294352220"}}CP001984 to CP001990 (plasmids pBM100 through pBM700) [55]
• Bacillus megaterium strain DSM319, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001982","term_id":"294799901","term_text":"CP001982"}}CP001982 (chromosome) [55]
• Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4a strain M7, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002816","term_id":"336021869","term_text":"CP002816"}}CP002816 [56]
• Bacillus coagulans 2-6, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002472","term_id":"335366109","term_text":"CP002472"}}CP002472 [57]
• Streptococcus salivarius strain CCHSS3, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR873481","term_id":"338741860","term_text":"FR873481"}}FR873481 [58]
• Paenibacillus elgii B69, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFHW01000000","term_id":"332713477","term_text":"gb||AFHW01000000"}}AFHW01000000 [59]
• Lactobacillus pentosus MP-10, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR871759","term_id":"334880280","term_text":"FR871759"}}FR871759 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR871848","term_id":"334883124","term_text":"FR871848"}}FR871848 [60]
• Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides KCTC 3652, sequence accession AEOQ00000001 through AEOQ00001160 [61]
• Lactobacillus mali KCTC 3596, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BACP01000001","term_id":"338747920","term_text":"BACP01000001"}}BACP01000001 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BACP01000122","term_id":"338747799","term_text":"BACP01000122"}}BACP01000122 [62]
• Paenibacillus polymyxa Type Strain ATCC 842^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFOX01000000","term_id":"335355762","term_text":"gb||AFOX01000000"}}AFOX01000000 [63]
• Streptococcus salivarius strain JIM8777, sequence accssion {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR873482","term_id":"338744031","term_text":"FR873482"}}FR873482 [64]
• Lactobacillus cypricasei KCTC 13900, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"BACS01000001 to BACS01000487","start_term":"BACS01000001","end_term":"BACS01000487","start_term_id":"338748625","end_term_id":"338748139"}}BACS01000001 to BACS01000487 [65]
• Lactobacillus zeae KCTC 3804, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BACQ01000001","term_id":"338748035","term_text":"BACQ01000001"}}BACQ01000001 to BACQ101000113 [66]
• Listeria monocytogenes Serovar 4a Strain M7, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002816","term_id":"336021869","term_text":"CP002816"}}CP002816 [67]
• Lactobacillus salivarius GJ-24, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFOI00000000","term_id":"335351482","term_text":"AFOI00000000"}}AFOI00000000 [68]
• Lactobacillus johnsonii PF01, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFQJ01000000","term_id":"338762788","term_text":"gb||AFQJ01000000"}}AFQJ01000000 [69]
• Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 1731, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002660","term_id":"336289872","term_text":"CP002660"}}CP002660 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002662","term_id":"336293787","term_text":"CP002662"}}CP002662 [70]
• Lactobacillus suebicus KCTC 3549, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BACO01000000","term_id":"338746125","term_text":"dbj||BACO01000000"}}BACO01000000 [71]
• Brevibacillus laterosporus LMG 15441, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFRV00000000","term_id":"338776733","term_text":"AFRV00000000"}}AFRV00000000 [72]
• Lactobacillus salivarius NIAS840, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFMN00000000","term_id":"334308865","term_text":"AFMN00000000"}}AFMN00000000 [73]
• Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CNCM I-2494, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002915","term_id":"340364148","term_text":"CP002915"}}CP002915 [74]
• Megasphaera elsdenii, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE576794","term_id":"341821300","term_text":"HE576794"}}HE576794 [75]
• Lactobacillus versmoldensis KCTC 3814, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"BACR01000001 to BACR01000102","start_term":"BACR01000001","end_term":"BACR01000102","start_term_id":"338748138","end_term_id":"338748037"}}BACR01000001 to BACR01000102 [76]
• Lactobacillus pentosus IG1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"FR874848 to FR874860","start_term":"FR874848","end_term":"FR874860","start_term_id":"339636574","end_term_id":"339639349"}}FR874848 to FR874860 [77]
• Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius Strain Tc-4-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002902","term_id":"339287872","term_text":"CP002902"}}CP002902 [78]
• Streptococcus thermophilus Strain JIM8232, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR875178","term_id":"339277069","term_text":"FR875178"}}FR875178 [79]
• Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strain ATCC 35246, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002904","term_id":"338846021","term_text":"CP002904"}}CP002904 [80]
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XH7, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002927","term_id":"341825903","term_text":"CP002927"}}CP002927 [81]
• Leuconostoc kimchii Strain C2, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002898","term_id":"338851854","term_text":"CP002898"}}CP002898 [82]
• Lactobacillus malefermentans KCTC 3548, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"BACN01000001 to BACN01000172","start_term":"BACN01000001","end_term":"BACN01000172","start_term_id":"338736862","end_term_id":"338736691"}}BACN01000001 to BACN01000172 [83]
• Weissella koreensis KACC 15510, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002900","term_id":"338855046","term_text":"CP002900"}}CP002900 [84]
• Phylum Tenericutes
• Mycoplasma bovis Strain Hubei-1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002513","term_id":"338226653","term_text":"CP002513"}}CP002513 [85]
• Mycoplasma fermentans Strain M64, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_014921","term_id":"319776738","term_text":"NC_014921"}}NC_014921 [86]
• Haloplasma contractile, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFNU00000000","term_id":"543107448","term_text":"AFNU00000000"}}AFNU00000000 [87]
• Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Strain SC01, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFHO01000000","term_id":"336091059","term_text":"gb||AFHO01000000"}}AFHO01000000 [88]
• Phylum Actinobacteria
• Kocuria rhizophila P7-4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFID00000000","term_id":"333463600","term_text":"AFID00000000"}}AFID00000000 [89]
• Streptomyces S4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CADY01000000","term_id":"334306078","term_text":"emb||CADY01000000"}}CADY01000000 [90]
• Corynebacterium nuruki S6-4^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFIZ00000000","term_id":"333352007","term_text":"AFIZ00000000"}}AFIZ00000000 [91]
• Propionibacterium humerusii, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFAM00000000.1","term_id":"328908381","term_text":"AFAM00000000.1"}}AFAM00000000.1 [92]
• Strain JDM601, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002329","term_id":"333484608","term_text":"CP002329"}}CP002329 [93]
• Streptomyces sp. strain Tü6071, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFHJ01000000","term_id":"332514755","term_text":"gb||AFHJ01000000"}}AFHJ01000000 [94]
• Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP000303","term_id":"339478266","term_text":"CP000303"}}CP000303 [95]
• Propionibacterium acnes, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002815","term_id":"335276409","term_text":"CP002815"}}CP002815 [96]
• Amycolicicoccus subflavus DQS3-9A1^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002786","term_id":"333479900","term_text":"CP002786"}}CP002786 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002787","term_id":"333484458","term_text":"CP002787"}}CP002787 (plasmid pAS9A-1), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002788","term_id":"333484486","term_text":"CP002788"}}CP002788 (plasmid pAS9A-2). [97]
• Gordonia neofelifaecis NRRL B-59395, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AEUD01000000","term_id":"326199990","term_text":"gb||AEUD01000000"}}AEUD01000000 [98]
• Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans strain CB1190, sequence accession NC_015312-4 and CP002595-7 [99]
• Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum KACC 91563, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"CP002794 to CP002796","start_term":"CP002794","end_term":"CP002796","start_term_id":"338753582","end_term_id":"338755560"}}CP002794 to CP002796 [100]
• Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 8057, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FQ859185","term_id":"337764029","term_text":"FQ859185"}}FQ859185 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FQ859184","term_id":"337762320","term_text":"FQ859184"}}FQ859184 (megaplasmid) [101]
• Rhodococcus sp. Strain R04, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFAQ01000000","term_id":"338230982","term_text":"gb||AFAQ01000000"}}AFAQ01000000 [102]
• Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau, sequence accession [103]
• Saccharopolyspora spinosa NRRL 18395, sequence accession [104]
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis CCDC5079, sequence accession [105]
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis CCDC5180, sequence accession [105]
• Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002896","term_id":"340523290","term_text":"CP002896"}}CP002896 [106]
• Nesterenkonia sp. Strain F, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFRW01000000","term_id":"340539543","term_text":"gb||AFRW01000000"}}AFRW01000000 [107]
• Streptomyces xinghaiensis NRRL {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"B24674","term_id":"2510184","term_text":"B24674"}}B24674^T, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFRP01000000","term_id":"339790456","term_text":"gb||AFRP01000000"}}AFRP01000000 [108]
• Phylum Chlamydiae
• Chlamydophila abortus variant strain LLG, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFHM01000000","term_id":"1154501422"}}AFHM01000000 [109]
• Chlamydia psittaci 6BC, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002586","term_id":"328914189","term_text":"CP002586"}}CP002586 (chromosome), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002587","term_id":"328915192","term_text":"CP002587"}}CP002587 (plasmid) [110]
• Chlamydia psittaci Cal10, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AEZD00000000","term_id":"328815518","term_text":"AEZD00000000"}}AEZD00000000 (draft chromosome and plasmid) [110]
• Chlamydia trachomatis, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002024","term_id":"339460423","term_text":"CP002024"}}CP002024 [111]
• Phylum Spirochaetes
• Spirochaeta thermophila DSM 6192, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001698","term_id":"306531442","term_text":"CP001698"}}CP001698 [112]
• Brachyspira intermedia, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002874","term_id":"343385146","term_text":"CP002874"}}CP002874 (chromosome) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002875","term_id":"343388016","term_text":"CP002875"}}CP002875 (plasmid) [113]
• Phylum Fibrobacteres
• Phylum Bacteroidetes
• Porphyromonas gingivalis TDC60, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AP012203","term_id":"333802964","term_text":"AP012203"}}AP012203 [114]
• Krokinobacter sp. strain 4H-3-7-5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002528","term_id":"332168736","term_text":"CP002528"}}CP002528 [115]
• Lacinutrix sp. strain 5H-3-7-4, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002825","term_id":"334725715","term_text":"CP002825"}}CP002825 [115]
• Bacterium HQM9, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFPB00000000","term_id":"336042206","term_text":"AFPB00000000"}}AFPB00000000 [116]
• Anaerophaga sp. Strain HS1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFSL00000000","term_id":"339506355","term_text":"AFSL00000000"}}AFSL00000000 [117]
• Capnocytophaga canimorsus Strain 5, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002113","term_id":"339901044","term_text":"CP002113"}}CP002113 [118]
• Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens strain S86, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFOE00000000","term_id":"339831579","term_text":"AFOE00000000"}}AFOE00000000 [119]
• Phylum Verrucomicrobia
• Phylum Lentisphaerae
• Phylum Thermotogae
• Kosmotoga olearia Strain TBF 19.5.1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001634","term_id":"239505242","term_text":"CP001634"}}CP001634 [120]
• Domain Archaea
• "Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum koreensis" MY1, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AFPU00000000","term_id":"339521013","term_text":"AFPU00000000"}}AFPU00000000 [121]

Non-Bacterial genomes

• North-European Cucumber Cucumis sativus L., sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"FI132140-FI136208","start_term":"FI132140","end_term":"FI136208","start_term_id":"192759773","end_term_id":"192763063"}}FI132140-FI136208, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"GS765762-GS766880","start_term":"GS765762","end_term":"GS766880","start_term_id":"269146953","end_term_id":"269148071"}}GS765762-GS766880, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"GS815969-GS874855","start_term":"GS815969","end_term":"GS874855","start_term_id":"282718378","end_term_id":"282698342"}}GS815969-GS874855 [122]
• Castor bean Ricinus communis organelle genome, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF937588","term_id":"339516144","term_text":"JF937588"}}JF937588(chloroplast), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ874649","term_id":"322394252","term_text":"HQ874649"}}HQ874649 (mitochondria) [123]
• Stretch Lagoon Orbivirus Umatilla, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ842619","term_id":"332713884","term_text":"HQ842619"}}HQ842619 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ842628","term_id":"332713902","term_text":"HQ842628"}}HQ842628 [124]
• Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAEA01000001","term_id":"344901723","term_text":"CAEA01000001"}}CAEA01000001 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CAEA01554869","term_id":"344345641","term_text":"CAEA01554869"}}CAEA01554869 [125]
• Potato Solanum tuberosum L., sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GS025503","term_id":"255349557","term_text":"GS025503"}}GS025503 through {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GS026177","term_id":"255350231","term_text":"GS026177"}}GS026177 [126]
• ΦCA82, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ264138","term_id":"311336635","term_text":"HQ264138"}}HQ264138 [127]
• Paramecium caudatumreveals mitochondria, sequence accession NC001324 [128]
• bacteriophage IME08, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_014260","term_id":"299778956","term_text":"NC_014260"}}NC_014260 [129]
• virus (ILTV), sequence accession HQ_630064 [130]
• Australian kangaroo Macropus eugenii, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"ABQO000000000","term_id":"377520186","term_text":"ABQO000000000"}}ABQO000000000 [131]
• Aichi virus, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ890523","term_id":"260176795","term_text":"FJ890523"}}FJ890523 [132]
• "Candidatus Tremblaya princeps" Strain PCVAL, sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP002918","term_id":"340536387","term_text":"CP002918"}}CP002918 [133]

     

Characterization of the Invasive,Multidrug Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella Strain D23580 in a Murine Model of Infection

A distinct pathovar of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, ST313, has emerged in sub-Saharan Africa as a major cause of fatal bacteremia in young children and HIV-infected adults. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580, a multidrug resistant clinical isolate of ST313, was previously shown to have undergone genome reduction in a manner that resembles that of the more human-restricted pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It has since been shown through tissue distribution studies that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 is able to establish an invasive infection in chickens. However, it remains unclear whether ST313 can cause lethal disease in a non-human host following a natural course of infection. Herein we report that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 causes lethal and invasive disease in a murine model of infection following peroral challenge. The LD₅₀ of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 in female BALB/c mice was 4.7 x 10⁵ CFU. Tissue distribution studies performed 3 and 5 days post-infection confirmed that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 was able to more rapidly colonize the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and gall bladder in mice when compared to the well-characterized S. Typhimurium strain SL1344. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 exhibited enhanced resistance to acid stress relative to SL1344, which may lend towards increased capability to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract as well as during its intracellular lifecycle. Interestingly, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 also displayed higher swimming motility relative to SL1344, S. Typhi strain Ty2, and the ST313 strain A130. Biochemical tests revealed that {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580 shares many similar metabolic features with SL1344, with several notable differences in the Voges-Proskauer and catalase tests, as well alterations in melibiose, and inositol utilization. These results represent the first full duration infection study using an ST313 strain following the entire natural course of disease progression, and serve as a benchmark for ongoing and future studies into the pathogenesis of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"D23580","term_id":"427513","term_text":"D23580"}}D23580.     

Are Differences in Genomic Data Sets due to True Biological Variants or Errors in Genome Assembly: An Example from Two Chloroplast Genomes

DNA sequencing has been revolutionized by the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Plummeting costs and the massive throughput capacities of second and third generation sequencing platforms have transformed many fields of biological research. Concurrently, new data processing pipelines made rapid de novo genome assemblies possible. However, high quality data are critically important for all investigations in the genomic era. We used chloroplast genomes of one Oryza species (O. australiensis) to compare differences in sequence quality: one genome ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU592209","term_id":"290790694","term_text":"GU592209"}}GU592209) was obtained through Illumina sequencing and reference-guided assembly and the other genome ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ830774","term_id":"662117268","term_text":"KJ830774"}}KJ830774) was obtained via target enrichment libraries and shotgun sequencing. Based on the whole genome alignment, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU592209","term_id":"290790694","term_text":"GU592209"}}GU592209 was more similar to the reference genome (O. sativa: {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY522330","term_id":"42795537","term_text":"AY522330"}}AY522330) with 99.2% sequence identity (SI value) compared with the 98.8% SI values in the {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ830774","term_id":"662117268","term_text":"KJ830774"}}KJ830774 genome; whereas the opposite result was obtained when the SI values in coding and noncoding regions of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU592209","term_id":"290790694","term_text":"GU592209"}}GU592209 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ830774","term_id":"662117268","term_text":"KJ830774"}}KJ830774 were compared. Additionally, the junctions of two single copies and repeat copies in the chloroplast genome exhibited differences. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using these sequences, and the different data sets yielded dissimilar topologies: phylogenetic replacements of the two individuals were remarkably different based on whole genome sequencing or SNP data and insertions and deletions (indels) data. Thus, we concluded that the genomic composition of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU592209","term_id":"290790694","term_text":"GU592209"}}GU592209 was heterogeneous in coding and non-coding regions. These findings should impel biologists to carefully consider the quality of sequencing and assembly when working with next-generation data.     

Expression Profiles of Long Noncoding RNAs and Messenger RNAs in Mn-Exposed Hippocampal Neurons of Sprague–Dawley Rats Ascertained by Microarray: Implications for Mn-Induced Neurotoxicity

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, while excessive expose may induce neurotoxicity. Recently, lncRNAs have been extensively studied and it has been confirmed that lncRNAs participate in neural functions and aberrantly expressed lncRNAs are involved in neurological diseases. However, the pathological effects of lncRNAs on Mn-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. In this study, the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were identified in Mn-treated hippocampal neurons and control neurons via microarray. Bioinformatic methods and intersection analysis were also employed. Results indicated that 566, 1161, and 1474 lncRNAs meanwhile 1848, 3228, and 4022 mRNAs were aberrantly expressed in low, intermediate, and high Mn-exposed groups compared with the control group, respectively. Go analysis determined that differentially expressed mRNAs were targeted to biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Pathway analysis indicated that these mRNAs were enriched in insulin secretion, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Intersection analysis denominated that 135 lncRNAs and 373 mRNAs were consistently up-regulated while 150 lncRNAs and 560 mRNAs were consistently down-regulated. Meanwhile, lncRNA {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BC079195","term_id":"50926238"}}BC079195 was significantly up-regulated while lncRNAs uc.229- and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BC089928","term_id":"59808777"}}BC089928 were significantly down-regulated in three comparison groups. The relative expression levels of 3 lncRNAs and 4 mRNAs were validated through qRT-PCR. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs in hippocampal neurons of Sprague–Dawley rats. The results may provide evidence on underlying mechanisms of Mn-induced neurotoxicity, and aberrantly expressed lncRNAs/mRNAs may be useful in further investigations to detect early symptoms of Mn-induced neuropsychiatric disorders in the central nervous system.     

Both STING and MAVS Fish Orthologs Contribute to the Induction of Interferon Mediated by RIG-I

Viral infections are detected in most cases by the host innate immune system through pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), the sensors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which induce the production of cytokines, such as type I interferons (IFN). Recent identification in mammalian and teleost fish of cytoplasmic viral RNA sensors, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and their mitochondrial adaptor: the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, also called IPS-1, highlight their important role in the induction of IFN at the early stage of a virus infection. More recently, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adaptor: the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, also called MITA, ERIS and MPYS, has been shown to play a pivotal role in response to both non-self-cytosolic RNA and dsDNA. In this study, we cloned STING cDNAs from zebrafish and showed that it was an ortholog to mammalian STING. We demonstrated that overexpression of this ER protein in fish cells led to a constitutive induction of IFN and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). STING-overexpressing cells were almost fully protected against RNA virus infection with a strong inhibition of both DNA and RNA virus replication. In addition, we found that together with MAVS, STING was an important player in the RIG-I IFN-inducing pathway. This report provides the demonstration that teleost fish possess a functional RLR pathway in which MAVS and STING are downstream signaling molecules of RIG-I. The Sequences presented in this article have been submitted to GenBank under accession numbers: Zebrafish STING ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE856619","term_id":"410810118","term_text":"HE856619"}}HE856619); EPC STING ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE856620","term_id":"410810120","term_text":"HE856620"}}HE856620); EPC IRF3 ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE856621","term_id":"410810122","term_text":"HE856621"}}HE856621); EPC IFN promoter ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HE856618","term_id":"410810117","term_text":"HE856618"}}HE856618).