细胞外钙调素对百合花粉细胞内钙离子浓度的影响

以川百合（Lilium davidii Duchartre)花粉为材料,利用低温装载法在完整花粉粒中成功地装置了酯化形式的钙离子荧光指示剂fluo-3AM,利用激光共聚焦显微技术研究了细胞外钙调素对细胞内游离钙离子浓度的影响,结果发现外源纯化钙调素可以使细胞内游离钙离子的浓度升高,在一定范围内促进效果与钙调素浓度呈正相关。不能透过细胞膜的钙调素拮抗剂Ｗ７－agarose和植物钙调素抗血清处理都可 使花粉细胞质中游离钙离子浓度降低,表明内源细胞外钙调素可能在维持和促进花粉细胞质中游离离子方面具有重要作用。     

蚕豆下表皮细胞外钙调素的存在及其对气孔运动的调节

细胞外钙调素可能作为多肽第一信使,调节细胞增殖,花粉萌发,特定基因表达等生理过程,气孔能灵敏地对外界刺激作出反应,快速开闭,本文用免疫电镜和免疫荧光显微镜技术证明保卫细胞及其它表皮细胞胞外都存在钙调素;外源纯化钙调素能促进气孔关闭,抑制气孔开放,最适浓度为10^-8mol/L;不能透过质膜的大分子钙调素拮抗剂W—-agarose和钙调素抗血清都能抑制气孔关闭,促进开放,说明保卫细胞的内源胞外钙调素确实能促进气孔关闭,抑制开放。而且只能在细胞外起作用,推测在自然情况下,保卫细胞内源胞外钙调素可能作为胞外第一信使和其它信号分子一起调节气孔的开关运动,而且可能在环境刺激与细胞响应之间起重要作用。     

蚕豆下表皮细胞外钙调素的存在及其对气孔运动的调节

细胞外钙调素可能作为多肽第一信使,调节细胞增殖、花粉萌发、特定基因表达等生理过程.气孔能灵敏地对外界刺激作出反应,快速开闭.本文用免疫电镜和免疫荧光显微镜技术证明保卫细胞及其它表皮细胞胞外都存在钙调素.外源纯化钙调素能促进气孔关闭、抑制气孔开放,最适浓度为10-8mol/L;不能透过质膜的大分子钙调素拮抗剂W7-agarose和钙调素抗血清都能抑制气孔关闭、促进开放,说明保卫细胞的内源胞外钙调素确实能促进气孔关闭、抑制开放,而且只能在细胞外起作用.推测在自然情况下,保卫细胞内源胞外钙调素可能作为胞外第一信使和其它信号分子一起调节气孔的开关运动,而且可能在环境刺激与细胞响应之间起重要作用.     

钙信使系统对机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮培养细胞中H_2O_2爆发的调控

机械刺激可诱导烟草悬浮培养细胞H2O2的爆发,外源Ca2＋有强化作用,而Ca2＋螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca2＋通道阻塞剂La3＋、胞内Ca2＋通道阻断剂钌红,以及钙调素拮抗剂氯丙嗪和三氟拉嗪则削弱机械刺激诱导的氧化爆发。这暗示以钙和钙调素为核心的钙信使系统对机械刺激诱发的烟草悬浮培养细胞中H2O2的爆发有调控作用。     

细胞外钙调素诱导番茄悬浮细胞rbcS-3A基因表达(英文)

利用番茄 (LycopersicumesculentumMill.)悬浮培养细胞为材料 ,以3 2 P标记的寡核苷酸 (40bp)为探针检测了细胞外钙调素对番茄细胞rbcS_3A及rbcS_3C基因表达的影响。当向暗中培养的番茄悬浮细胞 (第 7天 )中加入外源纯化钙调素 (10 -7mol/L)并处理 2 4h后 ,rbcS_3A基因的表达明显增加 ,而相同浓度的S_10 0蛋白和BSA则没有作用。加入外源钙调素 (10 -7mol/L)对rbcS_3C基因的表达没有影响。上述结果表明细胞外钙调素对暗中培养的番茄rbcS基因的表达有调控作用 ,并且这种调控作用具有亚型特异性 ,即对番茄rbcS_3A基因的表达有诱导作用 ,而对番茄rbcS_3C基因的表达没有作用。     

细胞外钙调素诱导番茄县浮细胞rbcS—3A基因表达

利用番茄（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｕｍ ｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍ Ｍｉｌｌ．）县浮培养细胞为材料,以＾３２Ｐ标记的寡核苷酸（４０ｂｐ）为探针检测了细胞外钙调素对番茄细胞ｒｂｃＳ－３Ａ及ｒｂｃＳ－３Ｃ基因表达的影响。当向暗中培养的番茄悬浮细胞（第７天）中加入外源纯化钙调素（１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）并处理２４ｈ后,ｒｂｃＢ－３Ａ基因的表达明显增加,而相同深度的Ｓ－１００蛋白和ＢＳＡ则没有作用。加入外源钙调素（１     

细胞外钙调素——一种植物中的多肽信使?

钙调素历来被认为是细胞内钙信号的多功能受体蛋白,国内外10多年的研究已证实,它普遍存在于人、动物细胞外与植物质外体.我们的工作证明了钙调素不仅普遍存在于植物细胞外,而且在胞外位点具有促进悬浮培养细胞及其原生质体的增殖、调节花粉萌发与伸长和促进rbc小亚基基因的光不依赖性表达等多种重要生物学功能.在花粉体系中,还证明了胞外钙调素具有跨膜与胞外信号转导机制,其中包括异三聚体G蛋白、PLC/IP3/IP3R和胞内钙信号等组分的参与.因此,认为细胞外钙调素可能是植物中的一种多肽信使,这对传统上认为植物中不存在进行胞间通讯的多肽信使的观点,提出了新的质疑.     

钙和钙调素对机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮培养细胞耐热性的调控

机械刺激（mechanical stimulation,MS）可提高烟草悬浮培养细胞的钙调素（calmodulin,CaM）活性,诱导烟草悬浮培养细胞耐热性的形成,外源Ca2＋可加强,而Ca2＋螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca2＋通道阻塞剂La3＋和胞内Ca2＋通道阻断剂钌红（RR）,以及CaM拮抗剂氯丙嗪（CPZ）和三氟拉嗪（TFP）则削弱这种耐热性的形成。这些暗示Ca2＋和CaM参与MS诱导的烟草悬浮培养细胞耐热性形成的调控。     

外源DMSO和ASA对微囊藻毒素胁迫下烟草细胞ROS生成和抗氧化系统的影响

采用2μg/mL微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)、2μg/mL MC-RR 0.5%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和2μg/mL MC-RR 2 mmol/L抗坏血酸(ASA)分别处理烟草悬浮细胞,研究上述各处理对烟草悬浮细胞活性氧(ROS)产生和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,MC-RR单独处理后烟草悬浮细胞中ROS、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和细胞内源ASA的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性明显升高,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量有一个先降后升的变化过程。在分别加入外源抗氧化剂DMSO或ASA后,细胞内ROS和MDA含量下降,ASA、GSH含量和SOD、POD酶活性基本可恢复到对照水平。以上结果说明,微囊藻毒素单独处理细胞可造成氧化胁迫,其所诱导的ROS的大量积累很有可能是其产生细胞毒害的关键因子,外源抗氧化剂ASA和DMSO可缓解MC-RR对细胞的毒害作用,对细胞起一定保护作用。     

机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮培养细胞耐热性及其与过氧化氢的关系

机械刺激可诱发烟草悬浮培养细胞中H2O2的积累,提高烟草悬浮培养细胞在高温胁迫下的存活率和再生能力,缓解高温胁迫下的细胞活力丧失和膜伤害,外源H2O2预处理也可提高烟草悬浮细胞的耐热性。这些暗示H2O2作为信号分子可触发机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮细胞耐热性形成。     

Apoplastic calmodulin receptor-like binding proteins in suspension-cultured cells of Arabidopsis thaliana

Calmodulin, a highly conserved protein family that has long been well known as an intracellular calcium sensor, was identified in the culture medium and cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells by immunoblotting assay. A promotion effect by applying exogenous purified calmodulin and an inhibition effect by the addition of anti-calmodulin anti-serum or calmodulin antagonist to the medium on proliferation of suspension cells were found by monitoring incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into nuclear DNA. Radioligand binding analysis with 35S-labeled calmodulin indicated the presence of specific, reversible, and saturable calmodulin binding sites on the surface of both A. thaliana suspension-cultured cells and its protoplasts; among them at least one is on the surface of Arabidopsis protoplasts, with the Kd approximately 9.2 nM, and two are on the out-surface of Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells, with Kd values of approximately 47.5 and 830 nM. Chemical crosslinking of 35S-labeled calmodulin to protoplasts revealed 117- and 41-kDa plasma membrane proteins specifically bound to calmodulin, whereas cross-linking with intact suspension-cultured cells verified more calmodulin binding proteins which might be cell wall-associated in addition to membrane-localized. Taking together, our data provide first evidence for the presence of apoplastic calmodulin receptor-like binding proteins on the cell surface of Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells, which strongly supports our previous idea that apoplastic calmodulin functions as a peptide signal involved in regulation of cell growth and development.     

细胞外钙调素对烟草悬浮培养细胞蛋白质磷酸化作用的影响

用液体闪烁计数法研究了细胞外钙调素对烟草悬浮培养细胞质蛋白质磷酸化的作用。结果表明烟草细胞细胞质蛋白质磷酸化活性在细胞培养过程中逐渐增加,达到最高峰后又开始下降。在细胞质蛋白质磷酸化强度高峰时,加入抗CaM血清后,细胞质蛋白质磷酸化活性受到了部分抑制。加抗CaM血清后再补加CaM能够部分解除抗CaM血清对细胞质部分与细胞核部分蛋白质磷酸化的抑制作用。外加纯化钙调素可以引起烟草悬浮培养细胞细胞质蛋白质磷酸化的活性增强,并且这种增强作用具有时间（高峰为70min）与剂量（最适为CaM10-7mmol/L）依赖性。CaM引起的细胞质蛋白质磷酸化变化与红光所引起的细胞质蛋白质磷酸化变化在时间进程上是不相同的。     

Differential regulation of Ku gene expression in etiolated mung bean hypocotyls by auxins

Plant Ku genes were identified very recently in Arabidopsis thaliana, and their roles in repair of double-stranded break DNA and maintenance of telomere integrity were scrutinized. In this study, the cDNAs encoding Ku70 (VrKu70) and Ku80 (VrKu80) were isolated from mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) hypocotyls. Both genes were expressed widely among different tissues of mung bean with the highest levels in hypocotyls and leaves. The VrKu gene expression was stimulated by exogenous auxins in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The stimulation could be abolished by auxin transport inhibitors, N-(1-naphthyl) phthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid implicating that exogenous auxins triggered the effects following their uptake by the cells. Further analysis using specific inhibitors of auxin signaling showed that the stimulation of VrKu expression by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was suppressed by intracellular Ca(2+) chelators, calmodulin antagonists, and calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of calmodulin in the signaling pathway. On the other hand, exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) stimulated VrKu expression through the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Altogether, it is thus proposed that 2,4-D and IAA (or NAA) regulate the expression of VrKu through two distinct pathways.     

MTP1 mops up excess zinc in Arabidopsis cells

The MTP1 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana belongs to a ubiquitous family of transition metal transporters that extrude metal ions from the cytoplasm. In a recent publication, Yoshihiro Kobae and colleagues show that AtMTP1 localizes to the vacuolar membrane in Arabidopsis roots and suspension-cultured cells. They demonstrate that the mtp1-1 mutant is hypersensitive to zinc and complement the mutant by transforming it with the MTP1 coding sequence downstream of a constitutive (35S) promoter.     

Depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton is involved in stomatal closure-induced by extracellular calmodulin in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis>

Extracellular calmodulin(CaM)plays significant roles in many physiological processes,but little is known about its mechanism of regulating stomatal movements.In this paper,whether CaM exists in the guard cell walls of Arabidopsis and whether depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton is involved in extracellular CaM-induced stomatal closing are investigated.It is found that CaM exists in guard cell walls of Arabidopsis,and its molecular weight is about 17 kD.Bioassay using CaM antagonists W7-agarose and anti-CaM serum shows that the endogenous extracellular CaM promotes stomatal closure and delays stomatal opening.The long radial actin filaments in guard cells undergo disruption in a time-dependent manner during exogenous CaM-induced stomatal closing.Pharmacological experiments show that depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton enhances the effect of exogenous CaM-induced stomatal closing and polymerization reduces the effect.We also find that exogenous CaM triggers an increase in [Ca2+]cyt of guard cells.If [Ca2+]cyt increase is blocked with EGTA,exogenous CaM-induced stomatal closure is inhibited.These results indicate that extracellular CaM causes elevation of [Ca2+]cyt in guard cells,subsequently resulting in disruption of actin filaments and finally leading to guard cells closure.     

Structure based design of a Ca2+-sensitive RhoA protein that controls cell morphology

The Rho proteins are important regulators of cell morphology, and the prototypical protein RhoA is known to regulate contraction, blebbing and bleb retraction. We have identified and experimentally confirmed that RhoA has a binding site for calmodulin, a ubiquitous transducer of the Ca(2+) second messenger. Using structural modeling, a fusion protein was designed wherein RhoA activity was controlled by Ca(2+) via calmodulin. Living cells transfected with this synthetic protein underwent Ca(2+) sensitive and calmodulin-dependent bleb retraction within minutes. Further, the modularity of Ca(2+) signaling was exploited to induce bleb retraction in response to blue light (using channelrhodopsin-2) or exogenous chemicals (with acetylcholine receptor), showing input signal versatility. The widespread use of Ca(2+) signaling in nature suggests that fully exploring its signaling potential may allow powerful applications to other synthetic biological systems.     

Depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton is involved in stomatal closure-induced by extracellular calmodulin in Arabidopsis

CaM ubiquitously presents inside eukaryotic cells. CaM抯 gene expression and its subcellular localization are regulated by light, osmotic stress, pathogens, plant hormones, etc.[1]. Intracellular CaM of plant displays important functions in pathogenesis and wounding reaction[2] and hypersensitive response[3]. CaM has been found extracellular spaces in many plant species, such as soluble extracts of oat coleoptile cell walls[4], the wheat coleoptile cell walls[5], maize root tips cell walls[6…     

Self-reporting Arabidopsis expressing pH and [Ca2+] indicators unveil ion dynamics in the cytoplasm and in the apoplast under abiotic stress

For noninvasive in vivo measurements of intra- and extracellular ion concentrations, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis expressing pH and calcium indicators in the cytoplasm and in the apoplast. Ratiometric pH-sensitive derivatives of the green fluorescent protein (At-pHluorins) were used as pH indicators. For measurements of calcium ([Ca(2+)]), luminescent aequorin variants were expressed in fusion with pHluorins. An Arabidopsis chitinase signal sequence was used to deliver the indicator complex to the apoplast. Responses of pH and [Ca(2+)] in the apoplast and in the cytoplasm were studied under salt and "drought" (mannitol) stress. Results are discussed in the frame of ion flux, regulation, and signaling. They suggest that osmotic stress and salt stress are differently sensed, compiled, and processed in plant cells.     

Primary evidence for involvement of IP3 in heat-shock signal transduction in Arabidopsis

The role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate （IP3） in transducing heat-shock （HS） signals was examined in Arabidopsis. The whole-plant IP3 level increased within 1 min of HS at 37℃. After 3 min of HS, the IP3 level reached a maximum 2.5 fold increase. Using the transgenic Arabidopsis plants that have AtHsp 18.2 promoter-β-glucuronidase （GUS） fusion gene, it was found that the level of GUS activity was up-regulated by the addition of caged IP3 at both non-HS and HS temperatures and was down-regulated by the phospholipase C （PLC） inhibitors {1-[6-（（ 1713-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5（10）-trien- 7-yl）amino）hexyl]-2,5-pyrrolidinedione } （U-73122）. The intracellular-free calcium ion concentration （[Ca^2＋]i） increased during HS at 37℃ in suspension-cultured Arabidopsis cells expressing apoaequorin. Treatment with U-73122 prevented the increase of [Ca^2＋]i to some extent. Above results provided primary evidence for the possible involvement of IP3 in HS signal transduction in higher plants.