水杨酸和硝普钠对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以番茄品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,采用营养液培养法,研究单独和复配施用外源水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.结果显示:SA、SNP、SA+SNP处理均能显著提高盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量、幼苗根系活力,并显著降低叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)含量,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,促进幼苗的生长发育,其中SA+SNP复配处理效果最好.研究表明,外源SA和SNP处理均能通过提高番茄幼苗保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,且SA+SNP复配处理在提高番茄幼苗耐盐性方面具有协同增效作用.     

外源NO和SA对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化及AsA-GSH循环的影响

以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,在水培条件下研究单独和复配施用一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)、水杨酸(SA)对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的生长、叶片光合作用、膜脂过氧化及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的影响。结果显示,盐胁迫能显著影响番茄幼苗的生长、光合作用和活性氧代谢系统的相关指标。单独或复配施用SNP、SA均能有效缓解番茄幼苗的盐渍伤害,并以SNP和SA复配处理效果最好。处理3~7 d时,叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、净光合速率(Pn)、APX、GR、DHAR的活性、AsA和GSH含量分别较胁迫处理有不同程度的提高;而H2O2、MDA、DHA、GSSG的含量和电解质渗漏率分别较胁迫处理有不同程度的降低。研究结果表明盐胁迫下外源NO、SA单独或复配处理均能通过维持或协调作用促进番茄相关抗氧化酶活性的提高和抑制抗氧化剂含量的降低,起到维持AsA-GSH循环高效运转、减轻膜脂过氧化、促进光合作用、改善植株生长发育和提高幼苗盐渍抗性的作用,且NO和SA复配处理时具有协同增效的作用。     

外源SA和NO对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、光合及离子分布的影响

以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,采用营养液培养法,研究单独和复配施用外源水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对100mmol/L NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、光合及离子分布的影响。结果表明:(1)单独和复配外施SA、SNP均能有效抑制NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片光合色素(Chla、Chlb、Chla+b和Car)含量、Chla/b值、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEt)、表观光能利用效率(LUEapp)和表观CO2利用效率(CUEapp)的下降及Car/Chla+b值和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的升高,并以SA和SNP复配处理效果最明显。(2)NaCl胁迫下,外源SA、SNP单独和复配处理的番茄幼苗各器官(叶、茎和根)中Cl-、Na+含量和Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+值显著降低,而K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的含量却不同程度提高,其中以SA和SNP复配处理效果最好。(3)单独和复配外施SA、SNP均能有效减轻NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制作用,并促进各器官生物量的积累和壮苗的形成,且以SA和SNP复配处理效果更佳。研究表明,复配外施SA和SNP在诱导番茄幼苗提高抗(耐)盐能力方面具有协同增效作用。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下珙桐幼苗抗氧化系统和基因表达的影响

通过对珙桐(Davidia involucrata)幼苗进行水杨酸(SA)处理,探讨在盐胁迫下SA对珙桐叶片膜脂过氧化程度、活性氧(ROS)积累、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量等生理指标及基因表达的影响。结果表明：施用2 mmol·L^-1的SA可以显著降低盐胁迫下珙桐幼苗的相对电导率,抑制丙二醛(MDA)和ROS的积累,提高相对含水量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和APX)活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。施用SA导致盐胁迫下2 581个珙桐基因表达发生变化,其中1 516个上调表达,1 065个下调表达。KEGG分析发现,差异表达基因富集在包括苯丙烷类生物合成在内的9条通路。此外,转录组与实时荧光定量PCR结果均显示,在盐胁迫条件下,转录因子基因DiWRKY40、DiNAC25、DiMYB4和DiMYB86的表达受到SA的显著诱导。研究表明,外源SA可在盐胁迫下刺激珙桐幼苗产生逆境应答,引起基因表达发生变化,进而缓解盐胁迫对珙桐幼苗的伤害。     

水杨酸调控盐胁迫下羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的机理

盐胁迫是植物种子萌发与植株生长的重要限制因子。以羽衣甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.acephala)名古屋为材料,研究不同盐分对其种子萌发的影响,探索水杨酸(SA)及其合成抑制剂氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的调控效应。实验结果表明,150与200 mmol·L^–1 NaCl处理后的羽衣甘蓝种子活力显著降低。盐胁迫显著降低种子的吸水速率、种子活力与幼苗质量,降低苯丙氨酸裂解酶活性与内源SA含量,提高过氧化氢(H2O2)与超氧阴离子(O2^–.)含量。SA可以缓解盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子活力的抑制作用,通过促进内源SA合成,从而提高种子吸水率与种子活力,促进种子对K^+、Mg^2+的吸收,降低Na+含量。此外,外源施加SA能够显著增强超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,降低H2O2与O2^–.的积累。相反,氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理能够增强盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用,推测这与AIP处理能够显著降低种子内源SA含量密切相关。研究表明外源SA主要通过提高保护酶活性、降低活性氧积累和维持体内离子平衡来增强羽衣甘蓝的耐盐性。     

水杨酸调控盐胁迫下羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的机理

盐胁迫是植物种子萌发与植株生长的重要限制因子。以羽衣甘蓝(Brassica oleraceavar. acephala)名古屋为材料,研究不同盐分对其种子萌发的影响,探索水杨酸(SA)及其合成抑制剂氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的调控效应。实验结果表明, 150与200 mmol·L~(–1) NaCl处理后的羽衣甘蓝种子活力显著降低。盐胁迫显著降低种子的吸水速率、种子活力与幼苗质量,降低苯丙氨酸裂解酶活性与内源SA含量,提高过氧化氢(H2O2)与超氧阴离子(O_2~(.–))含量。SA可以缓解盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子活力的抑制作用,通过促进内源SA合成,从而提高种子吸水率与种子活力,促进种子对K~+、Mg~(2+)的吸收,降低Na+含量。此外,外源施加SA能够显著增强超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,降低H_2O_2与O_2~(.–)的积累。相反,氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理能够增强盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用,推测这与AIP处理能够显著降低种子内源SA含量密切相关。研究表明外源SA主要通过提高保护酶活性、降低活性氧积累和维持体内离子平衡来增强羽衣甘蓝的耐盐性。     

根施SA对番茄幼苗盐害损伤的修复效应

探讨根施水杨酸(SA)缓解番茄幼苗盐胁迫伤害的调节作用,为合理利用SA解决番茄栽培中的盐害问题和培育抗盐番茄品种提供科学依据。以"秦丰保冠"番茄品种幼苗为试材,在营养液栽培条件下,研究50-800μmol/L SA对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,盐胁迫下,不同浓度SA处理的番茄幼苗生长抑制均能得到有效缓解,同时叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)不同程度升高,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)、最小荧光(Fo)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)显著降低,其中SA浓度为200μmol/L时,各指标变幅均达到最大;在盐胁迫下,番茄幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛含量和电解质渗出率显著升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化不显著,施加各浓度外源SA处理促进了上述3种酶活性的升高,同时使叶片丙二醛含量和电解质渗出率显著降低,并以200μmol/L SA处理时变化最显著。外源SA主要通过增强幼苗叶片的光合能力来缓解盐胁迫造成的氧化伤害,进而提高番茄植株的耐盐性。本试验条件下,以200μmol/L SA处理效果最好。     

水杨酸对小白菜幼苗抗盐性的诱导效应

采用外源水杨酸(SA)叶面喷施的方法,研究不同浓度SA(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 mmol/L)对盐胁迫下小白菜(Brassica chinensis)‘上海青’幼苗生长及其生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,0.5 mmol/L SA诱导能显著提高幼苗的株高、单株干重、叶面积和含水量等;降低叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质渗出率;增强叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。说明适宜浓度的外源SA可以通过提高植株渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,保护膜结构和功能,减轻盐胁迫对小白菜的伤害。本试验表明,SA最佳诱导浓度为0.5 mmol/L。     

SA浸种对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以小麦盐敏感品种鲁麦15为材料,研究了外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)浸种对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明:盐胁迫下,无论经SA浸种还是未经SA浸种,小麦幼苗的生长均受到明显抑制,干、鲜重显著下降;0.1 mmol/L、0.2 mmol/L和0.3 mmol/L SA溶液浸种均能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制,其中以0.2 mmol/L SA溶液浸种预处理效果最好。实验中,0.2 mmol/L SA浸种可显著提高盐胁迫下小麦种子β-淀粉酶的活性和吸胀速率。此外,与未经SA浸种的盐胁迫小麦幼苗相比,0.2 mmol/L SA浸种的盐胁迫小麦幼苗整株的干、鲜重显著增加,幼苗体内Na~+含量降低,K~+含量和K~+/Na~+比值显著提高;同时,小麦幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性升高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著降低。由此可以得出,SA浸种能有效提高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗体内K~+/Na~+比值,提高SOD、CAT和POD的活性,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,以缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,从而提高耐盐性。     

壳聚糖对黄瓜幼苗抗盐的协同生理作用研究

在200 mm o l.L-1N aC l胁迫条件下,采用根部注射结合叶面喷施的方法,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200、250 m g.L-1)壳聚糖(Ch itosan,CTS)对黄瓜(Cucum is sa tivus L.)幼苗抗盐的生理作用。结果表明:CTS能够显著促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,降低植株盐害指数,最高幅度达36.2%(P<0.01);显著提高幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸(P ro)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性(P<0.01);有效降低叶片细胞脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(M DA)含量和电解质渗透率(P<0.01);筛选出CTS最佳处理浓度为150 m g.L-1,持效期8 d以上。研究表明适宜浓度的CTS具有增强活性氧清除能力、保护生物膜功能、提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐的协同生理作用。     

外源硫化氢和水杨酸对盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗生长与生理特性的影响

以加工番茄KT-7为材料,在水培条件下,研究外源水杨酸(SA,0.15 mmol/L)、硫化氢(H2S)供体硫氢化钠(NaHS,50 mmol/L)对150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下加工番茄幼苗的渗透调节、活性氧代谢和快速叶绿素荧光的影响,以探讨H2S和SA这2种信号分子协同作用、以及实际生产中缓解加工番茄幼苗盐胁...     

钙和水杨酸对亚高温胁迫下番茄叶片保护酶活性的调控作用

为了明确Ca²⁺和水杨酸对番茄耐亚高温特性的调控作用,在番茄第1花序第1花开花当天进行昼间亚高温（35 ℃）胁迫处理,并在亚高温处理区喷施10 mmol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.2 mmol·L^-1水杨酸（SA）水溶液,以25 ℃喷施清水为对照,研究叶片保护酶活性（SOD、POD和CAT）和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化.结果表明：亚高温处理使叶片中SOD、CAT、POD活性降低,在处理结束时,SOD、CAT、POD活性分别比对照降低了14.82%、31.84%和 26.34%.而亚高温条件下喷施CaCl₂和SA可以显著降低番茄叶片MDA含量,提高SOD、POD和CAT活性,并使这些指标达到或超过对照水平.说明Ca²⁺和水杨酸对亚高温条件下番茄植株叶片保护酶活性具有正调控作用,这种调控作用可能对亚高温条件下番茄的光合系统起到保护作用.     

干旱胁迫下外源氯化钙、水杨酸和一氧化氮对石蒜抗旱性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了外源氯化钙（CaCl2）、水杨酸（SA）和NO供体硝普钠（SNP）处理对干旱胁迫下石蒜抗旱性的影响。结果表明,较低浓度的CaCl2对石蒜抗旱性的影响不显著,而随着CaCl2预处理浓度的提高,石蒜的抗旱效果显著增强。较低浓度SA和sNP可显著提高石蒜的抗旱性,而高浓度则会发生毒害作用。利用模糊隶属函数法综合评价渗透调节物质、膜系统和抗氧化酶活性多项指标可以得出,喷施10mmol·L—CaCl2、2mmol-L。SA和0．5mmol·L-1 SNP对石蒜抗旱性的提高具有显著效果。     

Salicylic Acid in Rice (Biosynthesis,Conjugation, and Possible Role)

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural inducer of disease resistance in some dicotyledonous plants. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) had the highest levels of SA among all plants tested for SA content (between 0.01 and 37.19 [mu]g/g fresh weight). The second leaf of rice seedlings had slightly lower SA levels than any younger leaves. To investigate the role of SA in rice disease resistance, we examined the levels of SA in rice (cv M-201) after inoculation with bacterial and fungal pathogens. SA levels did not increase after inoculation with either the avirulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae D20 or with the rice pathogens Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, and Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of sheath blight. However, leaf SA levels in 28 rice varieties showed a correlation with generalized blast resistance, indicating that SA may play a role as a constitutive defense compound. Biosynthesis and metabolism of SA in rice was studied and compared to that of tobacco. Rice shoots converted [14C]cinnamic acid to SA and the lignin precursors p-coumaric and ferulic acids, whereas [14C]benzoic acid was readily converted to SA. The data suggest that in rice, as in tobacco, SA is synthesized from cinnamic acid via benzoic acid. In rice shoots, SA is largely present as a free acid; however, exogenously supplied SA was converted to [beta]-O-D-glucosylSA by an SA-inducible glucosyltransferase (SA-GTase). A 7-fold induction of SA-GTase activity was observed after 6 h of feeding 1 mM SA. Both rice roots and shoots showed similar patterns of SA-GTase induction by SA, with maximal induction after feeding with 1 mM SA.     

Thermotolerance and antioxidant systems in Agrostis stolonifera: involvement of salicylic acid, abscisic acid, calcium, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene

This study investigated whether pre-treating plants with specific putative signaling components and heat acclimation would induce tolerance of a cool-season grass, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris), to subsequent heat stress and whether thermotolerance induction of those pretreatments was associated with the regulation of antioxidant regenerating enzymes. The treatments included foliar application of salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), calcium chloride (CaCl2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, a precursor of ethylene prior to the exposure of plants to heat stress (35 degrees C) in a growth chamber. Physiological measurements including turf quality, leaf photosynthetic rate, and levels of oxidative damage demonstrated that all treatments increased heat tolerance. The better heat tolerance for pre-treated plants as compared to controls was related to the protection of oxidative damage under heat stress. APX activity increased over the first 2 days and 5 days of heating for ACC and CaCl2 respectively, but for only 12 h for H2O2. SA and ABA pre-treatments had no effects on APX activity earlier, but maintained APX activity at a significantly higher level than in controls after 24 h of heating. SA and ABA pre-treatments had no effects on POX activity. ACC treatment significantly increased POX activity. Pre-treatment with CaCl2, H2O2, and HA reduced POX activity, particularly during the later phase of heating. Plants treated with SA, CaCl2, H2O2 and HA had lower CAT activity than their control plants prior to heating and within 48 h of heat stress. ABA and ACC pre-treatments maintained higher CAT activity than the controls after 48 h of heating. ACC, CaCl2, or HA pre-treatments increased SOD activity only before 5 days of heat stress. SA and ABA pre-treatments had less effect on APX activity earlier under heat stress. These results suggest that specific groups of potential signaling molecules may induce tolerance of creeping bentgrass to heat stress by reducing oxidative damage.     

Interactive role of nitric oxide and calcium chloride in enhancing tolerance to salt stress

Nitric oxide (NO), a small diffusible, ubiquitous bioactive molecule, acts as prooxidant as well as antioxidant, and also regulates remarkable spectrum of plant cellular mechanisms. The present work was undertaken to investigate the role of nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and/or calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) in the tolerance of excised mustard leaves to salt stress. After 24h, salt stressed leaves treated with SNP and/or CaCl(2), showed an improvement in the activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR), and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf relative water content (LRWC) and leaf ion concentration as compared with the leaves treated with NaCl only. Salinity stress caused a significant increase in H(2)O(2) content and membrane damage which is witnessed by enhanced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and electrolyte leakage. By contrast, such increases were blocked by the application of 0.2mM SNP and 10mM CaCl(2) to salt stressed leaves. Application of SNP and/or CaCl(2) alleviated NaCl stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) and by enhancing proline (Pro) and glycinebetaine (GB) accumulation with a concomitant decrease in H(2)O(2) content, TBARS and electrolyte leakage, which is manifested in the tolerance of plants to salinity stress. Moreover, application of SNP with CaCl(2) was more effective to reduce the detrimental effects of NaCl stress on excised mustard leaves. In addition to this, ameliorating effect of SNP was not effective in presence of NO scavenger cPTIO [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide]. To put all these in a nut shell, the results advocate that SNP in association with CaCl(2) plays a role in enhancing the tolerance of plants to salt stress by improving antioxidative defence system, osmolyte accumulation and ionic homeostasis.     

Adaptive mechanism of Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi under salt stress: Effect of salicylic acid on salt sensitivity

Our previous study revealed that salicylic acid (SA) accumulates in salt-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) seedlings, and we hypothesized that the accumulation of SA might potentiate oxidative injury in rice seedlings since the inhibition of SA synthesis alleviated the growth inhibition under high salinity. To further clarify the action of SA under salt stress, we investigated the changes in the SA content, the activities of the antioxidative enzymes, and the effects of exogenous SA on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi), a gramineous weed which shows lower SA content and is more salt tolerant than rice. In E. crus-galli seedlings exposed to high salinity, neither free nor conjugated SA content showed any increase, while the fresh weight of the shoot and chlorophyll fluorescence (Φ_PSII) slightly decreased. When E. crus-galli seedlings were treated with salt after foliar application of SA, the absorbed SA resulted in the enhancement of the salt-induced growth inhibition and a striking reduction of the Φ_PSII value. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of E. crus-galli seedlings were induced by the salt treatment. However, SA pre-treatment suppressed such an induction of CAT activity and further promoted SOD activity, both of which led to the elevation of the leaf hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) level. The present results suggested that enlargement of the cellular SA pool facilitates the generation of H₂O₂ through the suppression of CAT activity and through a remarkable promotion of SOD activity, and thereby enhances the oxidative injury caused by salt stress.     

Salt resistance and synergistic effect with vancomycin of alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide P18.

P18 (KWKLFKKIPKFLHLAKKF-NH(2)) is an alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide designed from a cecropin A-magainin 2 hybrid. In this study, P18 was found to show strong antimicrobial activity against several antibiotic-resistant bacterial and fungal strains. Both the salt resistance on antimicrobial activity and the synergistic effect with clinically used antibiotic agents are critical factors in developing effective peptide antibiotic drugs. For this reason, we investigated the salt resistance of P18 to antagonism by NaCl, CaCl(2), and MgCl(2) on antimicrobial activity and the synergistic effect of P18 with vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF). Compared to magainin 2, P18 showed strong resistance on antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains and C. albicans under high NaCl concentrations of 100-200 mM. In addition, P18 displayed much greater salt resistance on antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria at the physiological or elevated concentrations of CaCl(2) and MgCl(2) than magainin 2. Furthermore, the combination study revealed that P18 has a relatively effective synergistic effect with vancomycin against VREF. Thus, these results support that P18 may prove to be a salt-resistant antibiotic peptide potentially useful in the treatment of cystic fibrosis patients as well as a valuable adjuvant for antimicrobial chemotherapy.     

盐胁迫下不同的钙盐对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

利用Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２和ＣａＣｌ２可以提高生长在盐渍条件下小麦幼苗的耐盐能力,增加幼苗的干、鲜重。其原因是由于两种钙盐均能防止膜脂过氧化,降低质膜透性,减少细胞内营养物质外渗,阻止Ｎａ＋进入细胞。实验结果证明,在降低小麦幼苗盐害方面,Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２好于ＣａＣｌ２。讨论了两个钙盐在降低盐害机理方面的差异