单胎头位初产妇产程图分析

目的：探讨存在难产因素初产妇产程图的临床意义。方法：对2009年6月至2010年6月在济南军区总医院住院分娩的326例单胎头位初产妇的产程图进行回顾性分析。结果：产程图异常组中难产因素的构成比和剖宫产率均高于产程图正常组;存在难产因素的组别（胎方位异常组、宫缩乏力组、巨大儿组）产程中各阶段时限均较正常产妇组长,宫颈扩张速度均较正常组慢,胎头位置均高于正常组,以上差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：在产程中对产程图中各阶段时限、宫颈扩张速度及胎头位置等指标进行监测,来预测和及时发现头位难产因素的存在,及时给予处理,改善母儿预后。     

徒手转胎纠正128 例头位难产的临床效果观察

目的:探讨应用徒手转胎术纠正头位难产的临床效果,为提高经阴道分娩的成功率提供参考。方法:选取2014年6月-2015年12月我院收治的128例头位难产患者作为研究对象,随机为研究组和对照组,每组64例。对照组在第二产程初期采用胎头吸引术,研究组患者通过徒手旋转胎头术调整胎头方位。观察并比较两组产后出血量、第二产程时间及新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA)评分。结果:研究组患者阴道自然分娩成功率(95.31%)高于对照组(73.44%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组产后出血量和第二产程时间均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组新生儿NBNA评分高于对照组,但两组之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:徒手转胎术与胎头吸引术两种干预方式对新生儿行为神经的影响无明显区别,但徒手转胎术可以有效缩短头位难产产妇的产程,并能显著提高阴道分娩率,有益于母婴的预后,值得临床推广应用。     

腰硬联合镇痛配合对侧侧俯卧位在胎方位异常分娩中的临床研究

目的探讨活跃期后通过腰硬联合麻醉镇痛分娩配合对侧侧俯卧位在纠正胎头位置异常的临床效果。方法选择2014年10月~2015年12月在我院计划阴道分娩足月单胎头位初产妇240例,按住院单双号随机分为观察组及对照组各120例,两组产妇均确诊为枕横位或枕后位且进行腰硬联合麻醉镇痛分娩。观察组根据枕横位或枕后位枕部位置,协助产妇取对侧侧俯卧位;对照组根据产妇喜好取舒适随意卧位。观察两组产妇纠正胎头位置异常的效果。结果两组产妇分娩方式、第一产程耗时、产后出血及新生儿窒息率比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腰硬联合镇痛分娩配合对侧侧俯卧位可有效纠正胎头位置异常,缩短产程,提高自然阴道分娩率,减少母婴并发症的发生。     

县乡两级医院自控硬膜外分娩镇痛对产程及分娩结局的影响

目的观察县乡两级医院产妇行自控硬膜外分娩镇痛对产程及分娩结局的影响,评价县乡两级医院产妇行自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的安全性与可行性。方法选择足月单胎头位妊娠并经阴道试产的初产妇200例,均无硬膜外镇痛禁忌证,根据分娩镇痛要求,将其纳入镇痛组(P组,100例)及对照组(C组,100例)。记录两组第一、二产程及总产程时间,分娩方式,产后出血及催产素使用率,新生儿娩出后1、5min Apgar评分,分娩镇痛的不良反应等。结果 P组较C组的第二产程和总产程显著延长,催产素使用率P组明显高于C组;两组第一产程中转剖宫产率,器械助产率,羊水胎粪污染率,新生儿娩出后1、5min Apgar评分,分娩镇痛的不良反应均无统计学差异。结论硬膜外分娩镇痛可使第二产程及总产程延长、催产素使用率增加,但不增加急诊剖宫产率和经阴道器械助产率,明显降低了社会因素手术率,对分娩结局无不良影响,用于县乡两级医院产妇是安全可行的。     

产程中改变产妇体位矫正胎方位的临床观察

目的观察产程中通过改变产妇体位对矫正胎方位的效果。方法选择在第一产程中阴道检查发现胎方位异常,辅以B超检查判断为枕后位的产妇24例及枕横位产妇52例为观察组,在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位,利用胎儿重力、羊水浮力、子宫间歇收缩的合力作用,使胎头在下降过程中逐渐从枕后位或枕横位转至枕前位而自然分娩,并与以往未做体位护理的62例进行对照观察比较。结果观察组66例胎儿经阴道娩出,占87%;剖宫产10例,占19%。对照组62例中,仅13例经阴道分娩,占21%;剖宫产49例,占79%。结论临产后尽早发现胎方位异常,并在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位矫正胎方位异常,是降低头位难产发生率的有效方法,从而提高自然分娩率。     

同侧俯卧位对枕后位产程活跃期停滞胎方位纠正率和自然分娩率的影响

目的:研究同侧俯卧位对枕后位产程活跃期停滞胎方位纠正率和自然分娩率的影响。方法:选取我院收治的枕后位产程活跃期停滞产妇160例,采取数字随机法分成同侧组自由组,同侧组采取同侧俯卧位治疗,自由组采取自由卧位治疗,比较两组的治疗对产妇的胎方位纠正率及自然分娩率的影响。结果:同侧组胎方位纠正率90.00%,自由组胎方位纠正率31.25%,同侧组胎方位纠正率高于自由组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。同侧组自然分娩率91.25%,自由组自然分娩率77.50%,同侧组自然分娩率高于自由组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:同侧俯卧位可提高枕后位产程活跃期停滞胎方位纠正率和自然分娩率,并且无创简便,是一种有效的干预方法。     

不同分娩镇痛时机对初产妇产程进展、母婴结局及早期盆底功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同分娩镇痛时机对初产妇产程进展、母婴结局及早期盆底功能的影响。方法：选择2019年4月至2022年8月我院收治的148例拟接受硬膜外分娩镇痛的产妇,按照随机数字表法分为两组。A组（74例）于宫口扩张≤2 cm开始分娩镇痛,B组（74例）于宫口扩张＞2 cm进行分娩镇痛。比较两组产程、宫口扩张全时间、催产素使用、疼痛、母婴结局、盆底肌电指标以及盆底障碍发生情况。结果：A组宫口扩张全时间、第一产程、第二产程、压力性尿失禁发生率低于B组（P＜0.05）,催产素使用率、中转剖宫产率高于B组（P＜0.05）。A组给药30 min（T1）、60 min（T2）、宫口扩张7-8 cm（T3）、宫口扩张全（T4）视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分均低于B组（P＜0.05）。A组Ⅰ类肌纤维肌电压、Ⅱ类肌纤维肌电压高于B组（P＜0.05）,Ⅰ类肌纤维疲劳度绝对值、Ⅱ类肌纤维疲劳度绝对值低于B组（P＜0.05）。结论：宫口扩张≤2 cm实施硬膜外分娩镇痛,可降低分娩对女性盆底肌群的损伤;宫口扩张＞2 cm实施硬膜外分娩镇痛,中转剖宫产率、产程中催产素使用率相对较低,应结合产妇的个体情况,综合考虑利弊选择最佳的镇痛时机。     

产程时间及产程干预对单胎足月初产妇宫缩乏力性产后出血的影响

摘要 目的：探讨产程时间及产程干预对单胎足月初产妇宫缩乏力性产后出血的影响。方法：本次研究纳入2017年1月-2020年12月于我院分娩单胎足月初产妇患者,根据第一产程时间并通过PSM法匹配分组,第一产程时间＜8 h和≥8 h产妇各771例;分析一般资料、产程时间及宫缩乏力性产后出血发生情况,评价产程时间及产程干预与宫缩乏力性产后出血发生情况间关系。结果：两组年龄、孕次及孕周比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;≥8 h组及各亚组第二产程时间和第一产程+第二产程时间均显著长于＜8 h组（P<0.05）;≥8 h组、16~20 h组及≥20 h组产后出血率均显著高于＜8 h组（P<0.05）;接受或未接受产程干预情况下≥8 h组第二产程时间和和第一产程+第二产程时间均显著长于＜8 h组（P<0.05）;≥8 h和＜8 h组接受产程干预后第一产程时间、第二产程时间及第一产程+第二产程时间均显著长于未接受产程干预（P<0.05）;≥8 h组接受产程干预后产后出血率显著高于未接受产程干预（P<0.05）。结论：单胎足月初产妇宫缩乏力性产后出血发生随第一产程时间增加而升高,同时第二产程时间往往随第一产程时间增加而增加。     

徒手转胎位处理头位难产186例临床观察

目的:评价徒手转胎位处理头位难产的临床效果并总结经验。方法收集2014年1月~2015年12月,某院持续横枕位接受徒手旋转处理头位难产80例、持续性枕后位处理者106例。结果分析:两者成功率和为90.2%,其中持续性枕后位成功率100.0%,高于持续横枕位成功率82.3%,差异不显著,具有统计学意义(P0.05);不良妊娠结局发生率3.9%,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)结论:徒手转胎成功率较高。     

导乐陪伴式分娩的临床效果观察

目的:探讨导乐陪伴分娩对产程、剖宫产率及围产期并发症的影响,提高分娩质量.方法:960例初产妇随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用导乐陪伴式分娩,对照组产妇采用传统护理方法分娩,观察两组产程时长、分娩方式、产后24h出血量和新生儿窒息等情况.结果:观察组产程时长显著低于对照组,相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05);观察组阴道分娩率为85.6%,显著高于对照组(55.2%),相比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);观察组产后24h出血量和新生儿窒息显著低于对照组,相比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:导乐式陪伴分娩能有效地缩短产程、降低剖宫产率、减少产后出血和新生儿窒息的发生,值得临床推广应用.     

Neonatal Injury at Cephalic Vaginal Delivery: A Retrospective Analysis of Extent of Association with Shoulder Dystocia

Purpose

To describe the risk factors and labor characteristics of Clavicular fracture (CF) and brachial plexus injury (BPI); and compare antenatal and labor characteristics and prognosis of obstetrical BPI associated with shoulder dystocia with obstetrical BPI not associated with shoulder dystocia.

Methods

This retrospective study consisted of women who gave birth to an infant with a fractured clavicle or BPI between January 2009 and June 2013. Antenatal and neonatal data were compared between groups. The control group (1300) was composed of the four singleton vaginal deliveries that immediately followed each birth injury. A multivariable logistic regression model, with backward elimination, was constructed in order to find independent risk factors associated with BPI and CF. A subgroup analysis involved comparison of features of BPI cases with or without associated shoulder dystocia.

Results

During the study period, the total number of vaginal deliveries was 44092. The rates of CF, BPI and shoulder dystocia during the study period were 0,6%, 0,16% and 0,29%, respectively. In the logistic regression model, shoulder dystocia, GDM, multiparity, gestational age >42 weeks, protracted labor, short second stage of labor and fetal birth weight greater than 4250 grams increased the risk of CF independently. Shoulder dystocia and protracted labor were independently associated with BPI when controlled for other factors. Among neonates with BPI whose injury was not associated with shoulder dystocia, five (12.2%) sustained permanent injury, whereas one neonate (4.5%) with BPI following shoulder dystocia sustained permanent injury (p = 0.34).

Conclusion

BPI not associated with shoulder dystocia might have a higher rate of concomitant CF and permanent sequelae.     

Risk factors for dystocia in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

Dystocia (difficult labor) is an important component of the management of nonhuman primates and results in significant fetal and maternal morbidity and increased use of veterinary resources. Dystocias can arise from abnormalities of the maternal pelvis or fetus or uncoordinated uterine activity. Although risk factors for stillbirths have been established in nonhuman primates, risk factors for dystocias have not. The objective of this study was to determine maternal and fetal risk factors for dystocia in macaques. Retrospective data were collected from 83 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) diagnosed with dystocia. The diagnosis of dystocia was made based on clinical or pathologic evidence. Maternal records of age, reproductive history, experimental history, clinical records, and fetal birth weight and any applicable fetal necropsy reports were reviewed. The gestational age of the fetus, the infant's birth weight, total previous births by the dam, and the proportions of both viable delivery (inverse effect) and surgical pregnancy interventions (direct effect) in the dam's history generated a model that maximized the experimental variance for predicting dystocia in the current pregnancy and explained 24% of the dystocia deliveries. The number of total previous births and proportion of previous cesarean sections accounted for the greatest effect. This model can identify individual dams within a colony that are at risk for dystocias and allow for changes in breeding colony management, more intense monitoring of dams at risk, or allocation of additional resources.     

Diagnosis of dystocia and management with cesarean section among primiparous women in Ottawa-Carleton.

We carried out a chart review study to determine the rate of diagnosis of dystocia (abnormal progress) and the use of cesarean section to treat dystocia among 3887 primiparous women who gave birth to a single baby in the vertex presentation at four hospitals in Ottawa-Carleton in 1984. Of the 3740 women who had some labour 1127 (30.1%) were given a diagnosis of dystocia. Cesarean section for dystocia was done during all phases of labour (41% of procedures in the latent phase, 38% in the active phase and 21% in the second stage). The cesarean section rate varied among the hospitals from 11.8% to 19.6%. A total of 75% of the cesarean sections were for dystocia, disproportion or failed induction. The findings suggest that cesarean section is being done for disproportion without a trial of labour beyond the latent phase and for dystocia in the absence of fetal distress. If these practices were modified the cesarean section rate could be reduced from 16% to about 8%, the rate found in some other centres and that observed in Canada in the early 1970s.     

A radiographic study of the fetus in late pregnancy and during foaling.

The position, posture and presentation of the fetus were studied by serial radiography of the abdomen in 18 crossbred Pony mares near term and during first- and second-stage labour. In 3 mares the fetal position was assessed before and after induction of parturition with the synthetic prostaglandin, fluprostenol. In late gestation and up to the time of first-stage labour the fetus lay in ventral position with the forelimbs and poll flexed or partly flexed. At this time fetal movements were confined to flexion and extension of neck and forelimbs, but at parturition the head and limbs gradually extended the the forelimbs, head and neck rotated so that dorsal position and cranial extension were achieved. From this position, with the forelimbs and muzzle engaged in the cervical canal, delivery was quickly effected. The trunk and hindlimbs came into dorsal position during second-stage labour. The mechanics of these fetal movements and their relation to causes of dystocia are discussed.     

Constriction ring dystocia

A case of constriction ring dystocia in a 40-year-old multiparous white woman is described. She was postmature; the fetus occupied an unstable lie for which no cause could be demonstrated clinically or radiologically; during the course of an inert labour every third fetal heart sound was abnormal. At cesarean section it appeared that no lower uterine segment had formed and extreme thickness of the myometrium was encountered.     

Seasonal Variation of Dystocia in a Large Danish Cohort

Background

Dystocia is one of the most frequent causes of cesarean delivery in nulliparous women. Despite this, its causes are largely unknown. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been found in the myometrium. Thus, it is possible that vitamin D affects the contractility of the myometrium and may be involved in the pathogenesis of dystocia. Seasonal variation of dystocia in areas with distinct seasonal variation in sunlight exposure, like Denmark, could imply that vitamin D may play a role. This study examined whether there was seasonal variation in the incidence of dystocia in a Danish population.

Method

We used information from a cohort of 34,261 nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies, spontaneous onset of labor between 37 and 42 completed gestational weeks, and vertex fetal presentation. All women gave birth between 1992 and 2010 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby. Logistic regression combined with cubic spline was used to estimate the seasonal variation for each outcome after adjusting for calendar time.

Results

No evidence for seasonal variation was found for any of the outcomes: acute cesarean delivery due to dystocia (p = 0.44); instrumental vaginal delivery due to dystocia (p = 0.69); oxytocin augmentation due to dystocia (p = 0.46); and overall dystocia (p = 0.91).

Conclusion

No seasonal variation in the incidence of dystocia was observed in a large cohort of Danish women. This may reflect no association between vitamin D and dystocia, or alternatively that other factors with seasonal variation and influence on the occurrence of dystocia attenuate such an association.     

胎膜早破与分娩方式的关系及产程观察

目的:探讨胎膜早破对分娩方式与结果的影响,提高对产程观察的重视。方法:统计分析249例孕足月胎膜早破者的分娩方式、产程及母儿并发症,并与249例随机抽取同期孕足月无胎膜早破的产妇进行对照。结果:胎膜早破组自然分娩率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),产褥感染、新生儿窒息发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:胎膜早破易感染,并导致胎儿宫内窘迫和新生儿窒息,与难产、剖宫产有相关性,应合理选择分娩方式,积极处理产程,以确保母婴安全。