β-半乳糖苷酶和阿拉伯糖异构酶共表达一步法催化乳糖到塔格糖

[目的] 构建一株以廉价原料乳糖为底物合成塔格糖的重组菌株,实现一步法高效生物合成稀有糖——塔格糖。[方法] 从Escherichia coli K-12基因组中,PCR扩增出阿拉伯糖异构酶araA和β-半乳糖苷酶lacZ基因,以SD-AS为连接子,利用pET28a-1载体串联表达于Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）,获得重组菌E.coli BL21/pET28a-araA-lacZ,对重组菌全细胞催化合成塔格糖的条件进行了工艺优化与放大研究。[结果] araA和lacZ基因在E.coli BL21中同时高效表达,在最优条件（pH 8.0、温度50℃、5 mmol/L Mn²⁺、添加0.5 mol/L硼酸和0.1% SDS）下,E.coli BL21/pET28a-araA-lacZ全细胞转化100 g/L乳糖,合成塔格糖最高产量达24.03±2.03 g/L,乳糖到塔格糖的摩尔转化率为45.67%,随着底物乳糖浓度的提高,塔格糖产量呈不同程度的提高,当投加500 g/L底物乳糖时,全细胞合成塔格糖产量最高达83.81±1.38 g/L。[结论] 通过2个关键靶酶的编码基因araA和lacZ在E.coli BL21细胞中进行共表达,实现了以重组菌全细胞为催化剂转化廉价底物乳糖,一步法高效合成稀有糖塔格糖,该研究为生物法制备低能量的功能性稀有糖奠定了较好的研究基础。     

Enzymatic synthesis of D-tagatose from lactose with the combination of β-galactosidase and L-arabinose isomerase

将大肠杆菌K-12中的β-半乳糖苷酶基因lacZ和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因araA以串联方式克隆到载体pET-28a(+)上,并转入大肠杆菌BL21( DE3)中进行表达.通过SDS-PAGE分析发现,重组菌株能表达出大量可溶性β-半乳糖苷酶蛋白和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶蛋白.以重悬菌液为酶源,可将乳糖降解为D-半乳糖,并将D-半乳糖转化为D-塔格糖.在温度为50℃,pH 7.0的缓冲液中,经一段时间反应后,D-塔格糖的转化率可达21％以上.加入Mn2+、Co2+和Fe2+均能够使D-塔格糖的转化率提高.     

联合β-半乳糖苷酶和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶法合成D-塔格糖的研究

将大肠杆菌K-12中的B-半乳糖苷酶基因lacZ和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因araA以串联方式克隆到载体pET-28a（＋）上,并转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中进行表达。通过SDS—PAGE分析发现,重组菌株能表达出大量可溶性B．半乳糖苷酶蛋白和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶蛋白。以重悬菌液为酶源,可将乳糖降解为D-半乳糖,并将D-半乳糖转化为D-塔格糖。在温度为50℃,pH7．0的缓冲液中,经一段时间反应后,D-塔格糖的转化率可达21％以上。加入Mn^2＋、Co^2＋和Fe^2＋均能够使D-塔格糖的转化率提高。     

发酵乳杆菌来源l-阿拉伯糖异构酶理性设计及在d-塔格糖生产中的应用

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶(L-arabinose isomerase,L-AI)是D-半乳糖异构化生成D-塔格糖的关键酶。为提高L-阿拉伯糖异构酶对D-半乳糖的活性及在生物转化中的转化率,本研究对发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)CGMCC2921来源的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶进行重组表达和生物转化应用,并对其底物结合口袋进行理性设计以提高酶对D-半乳糖亲和力和催化活性。结果显示,突变体F279I对D-半乳糖的转化率提高至野生型酶的1.4倍,进一步叠加获得的双突变体M185A/F279I的K_m和k_cat分别为530.8mmol/L与19.9s^-1,底物亲和力显著提高,催化效率提高至野生型酶的8.2倍。以400 g/L乳糖为底物时,突变酶M185A/F279I转化率高达22.8%。本研究在乳糖高值化生产塔格糖方面具有重要的应用价值。     

基于双酶级联协调表达策略高效催化合成D-甘露醇北大核心CSCD

D-甘露醇(D-mannitol)作为合成抗肿瘤药和免疫刺激剂的重要前体被广泛应用于制药和医疗等行业,酶法合成D-甘露醇反应成本昂贵无法满足工业化生产。本研究首先筛选关键酶获得较优性能的甘露醇脱氢酶Lp MDH和用于辅因子NADH再生的葡萄糖脱氢酶Ba GDH,在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中共表达,实现了基于双酶级联反应催化底物D-果糖合成D-甘露醇,D-甘露醇的初步摩尔转化率为59.7%。针对双酶级联催化反应中辅酶再生用酶与催化用酶表达量不协调的问题,通过增加Bagdh拷贝量来提高辅因子循环能力,获得了双酶催化速率平衡的重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21/pETDuet-Lpmdh-Bagdh-Bagdh。进一步对重组菌的全细胞转化条件进行优化,确定了最适转化条件为反应温度30℃,初始pH值6.5,菌体量OD600=30,底物D-果糖100.0 g/L,辅底物葡萄糖与底物1︰1摩尔当量。于最优转化条件下5 L发酵罐转化24 h,D-甘露醇的最高产量为81.9g/L,摩尔转化率为81.9%。本研究提供了一种绿色、高效生物催化生产D-甘露醇的方法,为实现其规模化生产奠定了基础,同时也对其他相关稀有糖醇的研究具有指导意义。     

固定化细胞有机相催化不对称还原β-羰基酯

将酵母细胞用海藻酸钙包埋后用于有机相催化不对称还原4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯制备光学活性的4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯,从中筛选得到具有较高立体选择性和还原能力的菌株假丝酵母SW0401,将此菌株的细胞固定化细胞作为研究对象,系统考察了固定化条件、固定化细胞大小、反应溶剂、初始底物浓度、辅助底物、固定化细胞热处理和抑制剂对还原反应的影响。结果表明,上述因素对反应的摩尔转化率和产物（S）-CHBE光学纯度有显著影响。固定化时所用缓冲液的pH值为7．0时和固定化细胞颗粒平均直径为2.5mm较合适,以正己烷为反应介质时反应的摩尔转化率和产物光学纯度最优,初始底物浓度以54.7mmol／L为宜,辅助底物以1-己醇为佳。对固定化细胞的热处理和添加抑制剂烯丙醇均能够明显改善产物的光学纯度,但对提高摩尔转化率有负面影响。     

生物转化生产D-塔格糖的食品级菌种选育及L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的克隆表达

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶(L-arabinose isomerase,L-AI)是一种可以催化D-半乳糖为D-塔格糖的胞内异构化酶。随着塔格糖在食品工业中越来越广泛的应用,能够将半乳糖转化为塔格糖的食品级微生物以及食品级来源的L-AI受到更大的关注。文中从各种酸奶制品、泡菜及其他一些食品中采集不同的样品,筛选出1株具有L-AI酶活的食品级菌株,经过生理生化鉴定以及16S rDNA序列测定,确定该菌株为戊糖片球菌,命名为Pediococcus pentosaceus PC-5。以该菌基因组为模板,克隆L-AI基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21成功地异源表达。表达产物经粗提取后,在40℃下加入Mn2+,使D-半乳糖转化为D-塔格糖的转化率为33%。     

DA-F127水凝胶包埋固定化含腈水合酶细胞

腈水合酶是一类可催化腈类化合物转化生成相应酰胺类物质的酶。含腈水合酶的游离细胞催化水合反应存在酶容易失活、细胞无法重复利用、分离纯化困难等缺陷,细胞固定化技术可有效解决这些问题。为探索合适的固定化方法,以含腈水合酶的重组E.coli细胞为研究对象,以固定化酶活回收率和批次反应情况为评价指标,筛选比较了几种常用的包埋固定化方法。结果表明,DA-F127水凝胶包埋固定化细胞不仅具有较高的酶活回收率,而且稳定性也很好。对该方法进行了固定化条件和操作稳定性优化,当DA-F127浓度为15%、UV光源距离为20cm、光照时间为6min、菌体含量为20mg/g 固定化细胞时,酶活回收率为89.74%,并且可以催化9批次150g/L的3-氰基吡啶完成转化,第九批次转化率可达98.26%。与游离细胞催化过程相比,单位质量游离细胞的烟酰胺产量提高了12倍,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

壳聚糖球固定化酵母细胞的研究

以戊二醛为交联剂,将壳聚糖球交联引入醛基,然后将交联的壳聚糖球浸泡在酵母细胞悬浮液中,制备了固定化酵母细胞壳聚糖球。以苯乙酮酸为底物,催化合成了D-扁桃酸。最优固定化条件是戊二醛的质量分数w(GA)=1%,酵母细胞与交联壳聚糖球的质量比m(Y):m(CB)0=0.5,交联时间为6h,固定化时间为18h,底物浓度为10mmol/L,在此条件下反应最大转化率和产物光学纯度分别高达67.86%和98.05?。固定化酵母壳聚糖球具有良好的重复使用性和贮存稳定性。     

用P.pastoris表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶及其酶活性分析

目的:用毕赤酵母表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶。方法:用PCR法扩增大肠杆菌的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因,构建含L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因的毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K-ai。通过电转法将pPIC9K-ai转化毕赤酵母GS115基因组。先筛选出高G418抗性的克隆,然后再从高拷贝的克隆中筛选出高表达重组L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的重组子作为工程菌GS115(pPIC9K-ai)。结果:在甲醇诱导下,摇瓶发酵GS115(pPIC9K-ai)3d,分泌表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶32 mg/L。结论:毕赤酵母表达的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶具有转化D-半乳糖为D-塔格糖的生物活性。每升GS115(pPIC9K-ai)发酵液能转化D-半乳糖生成30 mgD-塔格糖。     

Bioconversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose: continuous packed bed reaction with an immobilized thermostable L-arabinose isomerase and efficient purification by selective microbial degradation

The continuous enzymatic conversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose with an immobilized thermostable L-arabinose isomerase in packed-bed reactor and a novel method for D-tagatose purification were studied. L-arabinose isomerase from Thermoanaerobacter mathranii (TMAI) was recombinantly overexpressed and immobilized in calcium alginate. The effects of pH and temperature on D-tagatose production reaction catalyzed by free and immobilized TMAI were investigated. The optimal condition for free enzyme was pH 8.0, 60°C, 5 mM MnCl(2). However, that for immobilized enzyme was pH 7.5, 75°C, 5 mM MnCl(2). In addition, the catalytic activity of immobilized enzyme at high temperature and low pH was significantly improved compared with free enzyme. The optimum reaction yield with immobilized TMAI increased by four percentage points to 43.9% compared with that of free TMAI. The highest productivity of 10 g/L h was achieved with the yield of 23.3%. Continuous production was performed at 70°C; after 168 h, the reaction yield was still above 30%. The resultant syrup was then incubated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae L1 cells. The selective degradation of D-galactose was achieved, obtaining D-tagatose with the purity above 95%. The established production and separation methods further potentiate the industrial production of D-tagatose via bioconversion and biopurification processes.     

High production of D-tagatose by the addition of boric acid

An L-arabinose isomerase mutant enzyme from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans was used to catalyze the isomerization of D-galactose to D-tagatose with boric acid. Maximum production of D-tagatose occurred at pH 8.5-9.0, 60 degrees C, and 0.4 molar ratio of boric acid to D-galactose, and the production increased with increasing enzyme concentration. Under the optimum conditions, the enzyme (10.8 units/mL) converted 300 g/L D-galactose to 230 g/L D-tagatose for 20 h with a yield of 77% (w/w); the production and conversion yield with boric acid were 1.5-fold and 24% higher than without boric acid, respectively. In 24 h, the enzyme produced 370 g/L D-tagatose from 500 g/L D-galactose with boric acid, corresponding to a conversion yield of 74% (w/w) and a production rate of 15.4 g/L.h. The production and yield of D-tagatose obtained in this study are unprecedented.     

Tagatose production by immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus l-arabinose isomerase mutant in a packed-bed bioreactor

Using immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus l-arabinose isomerase mutant (Gali 152), we found that the galactose isomerization reaction was maximal at 70 degrees C and pH 7.0. Manganese ion enhanced galactose isomerization to tagatose. The immobilized cells were most stable at 60 degrees C and pH 7.0. The cell and substrate concentrations and dilution rate were optimal at 34 g/L, 300 g/L, and 0.05 h(-1), respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the immobilized cell reactor with Mn2+ produced an average of 59 g/L tagatose with a productivity of 2.9 g/L.h and a conversion yield of 19.5% for the first 20 days. The operational stability of immobilized cells with Mn2+ was demonstrated, and their half-life for tagatose production was 34 days. Tagatose production was compared for free and immobilized enzymes and free and immobilized cells using the same mass of cells. Immobilized cells produced the highest tagatose concentration, indicating that cell immobilization was more efficient for tagatose production than enzyme immobilization.     

Continuous D-tagatose production by immobilized thermostable L-arabinose isomerase in a packed-bed bioreactor

D-Tagatose was continuously produced using thermostable L-arabinose isomerase immobilized in alginate with D-galactose solution in a packed-bed bioreactor. Bead size, L/D (length/diameter) of reactor, dilution rate, total loaded enzyme amount, and substrate concentration were found to be optimal at 0.8 mm, 520/7 mm, 0.375 h(-1), 5.65 units, and 300 g/L, respectively. Under these conditions, the bioreactor produced about 145 g/L tagatose with an average productivity of 54 g tagatose/L x h and an average conversion yield of 48% (w/w). Operational stability of the immobilized enzyme was demonstrated, with a tagatose production half-life of 24 days.     

Characterization of a mutated Geobacillus stearothermophilus L-arabinose isomerase that increases the production rate of D-tagatose

AIMS: Characterization of a mutated Geobacillus stearothermophilus L-arabinose isomerase used to increase the production rate of D-tagatose. METHODS AND RESULTS: A mutated gene was obtained by an error-prone polymerase chain reaction using L-arabinose isomerase gene from G. stearothermophilus as a template and the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed mutated L-arabinose isomerase exhibited the change of three amino acids (Met322-->Val, Ser393-->Thr, and Val408-->Ala), compared with the wild-type enzyme and was then purified to homogeneity. The mutated enzyme had a maximum galactose isomerization activity at pH 8.0, 65 degrees C, and 1.0 mM Co2+, while the wild-type enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 8.0, 60 degrees C, and 1.0-mM Mn2+. The mutated L-arabinose isomerase exhibited increases in D-galactose isomerization activity, optimum temperature, catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for D-galactose, and the production rate of D-tagatose from D-galactose. CONCLUSIONS: The mutated L-arabinose isomerase from G. stearothermophilus is valuable for the commercial production of D-tagatose. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work contributes knowledge on the characterization of a mutated L-arabinose isomerase, and allows an increased production rate for D-tagatose from D-galactose using the mutated enzyme.     

A method for the production of D-tagatose using a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain secreting ß-D-galactosidase from Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus and a recombinant L-arabinose isomerase from

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: D-Tagatose is a natural monosaccharide which can be used as a low-calorie sugar substitute in food, beverages and pharmaceutical products. It is also currently being tested as an anti-diabetic and obesity control drug. D-Tagatose is a rare sugar, but it can be manufactured by the chemical or enzymatic isomerization of D-galactose obtained by a beta-D-galactosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of milk sugar lactose and the separation of D-glucose and D-galactose. L-Arabinose isomerases catalyze in vitro the conversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose and are the most promising enzymes for the large-scale production of D-tagatose. RESULTS: In this study, the araA gene from psychrotolerant Antarctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp. 22c was isolated, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The active form of recombinant Arthrobacter sp. 22c L-arabinose isomerase consists of six subunits with a combined molecular weight of approximately 335 kDa. The maximum activity of this enzyme towards D-galactose was determined as occurring at 52[DEGREE SIGN]C; however, it exhibited over 60% of maximum activity at 30[DEGREE SIGN]C. The recombinant Arthrobacter sp. 22c L-arabinose isomerase was optimally active at a broad pH range of 5 to 9. This enzyme is not dependent on divalent metal ions, since it was only marginally activated by Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ and slightly inhibited by Co2+ or Ni2+. The bioconversion yield of D-galactose to D-tagatose by the purified L-arabinose isomerase reached 30% after 36 h at 50[DEGREE SIGN]C. In this study, a recombinant Pichia pastoris yeast strain secreting beta-D-galactosidase Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus was also constructed. During cultivation of this strain in a whey permeate, lactose was hydrolyzed and D-glucose was metabolized, whereas D-galactose was accumulated in the medium. Moreover, cultivation of the P. pastoris strain secreting beta-D-galactosidase in a whey permeate supplemented with Arthrobacter sp. 22c L-arabinose isomerase resulted in a 90% yield of lactose hydrolysis, the complete utilization of D-glucose and a 30% conversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose. CONCLUSIONS: The method developed for the simultaneous hydrolysis of lactose, utilization of D-glucose and isomerization of D-galactose using a P. pastoris strain secreting beta-D-galactosidase and recombinant L-arabinose isomerase seems to offer an interesting alternative for the production of D-tagatose from lactose-containing feedstock.     

A feasible enzymatic process for D-tagatose production by an immobilized thermostable L-arabinose isomerase in a packed-bed bioreactor

To develop a feasible enzymatic process for d-tagatose production, a thermostable l-arabinose isomerase, Gali152, was immobilized in alginate, and the galactose isomerization reaction conditions were optimized. The pH and temperature for the maximal galactose isomerization reaction were pH 8.0 and 65 degrees C in the immobilized enzyme system and pH 7.5 and 60 degrees C in the free enzyme system. The presence of manganese ion enhanced galactose isomerization to tagatose in both the free and immobilized enzyme systems. The immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free enzyme at the same pH and temperature. Under stable conditions of pH 8.0 and 60 degrees C, the immobilized enzyme produced 58 g/L of tagatose from 100 g/L galactose in 90 h by batch reaction, whereas the free enzyme produced 37 g/L tagatose due to its lower stability. A packed-bed bioreactor with immobilized Gali152 in alginate beads produced 50 g/L tagatose from 100 g/L galactose in 168 h, with a productivity of 13.3 (g of tagatose)/(L-reactor.h) in continuous mode. The bioreactor produced 230 g/L tagatose from 500 g/L galactose in continuous recycling mode, with a productivity of 9.6 g/(L.h) and a conversion yield of 46%.     

根瘤菌BK-20固定化细胞生产L(+)-酒石酸

顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶(CESH)是根瘤菌BK-20生产L(+)-酒石酸的关键酶。为提高其生产效率和生产稳定性,首先优化根瘤菌BK-20的产酶条件,然后利用固定化细胞连续生产L(+)-酒石酸。结果显示,优化后游离细胞酶活达(3 498.0±142.6)U/g,较优化前提高643%。固定化细胞酶活达(2 817.2±226.7)U/g,其最适包埋剂、菌体浓度和凝胶浓度分别为海藻酸钠,10%(W/V)和1.5%(W/V)。固定化细胞连续反应10批后,其形状和酶活均无明显改变,单批次转化率达98%以上,具有良好的生产稳定性。     

Improved substrate specificity for D-galactose of L-arabinose isomerase for industrial application

L-Arabinose isomerase isolated from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GSAI) was modified to improve its substrate specificity for D-galactose for the production of D-tagatose, a potential reduced-energy sweetener. Among the selected residues, mutation at residue 18 produced a mutant strain, H18T, which exhibited increased activity for D-galactose compared with the wild-type (WT) enzyme. Analysis of the substrate specificity of H18T showed a 45.4% improvement for D-galactose. Replacing histidine with threonine at residue 18 resulted in approximately 2.7-fold and 1.8-fold higher substrate binding and catalytic efficiency, respectively, for D-galactose. Further enhancement of the specific activity and catalytic efficiency of H18T for D-galactose by up to 2.7-fold and 4.3-fold, respectively, was achieved by adding borate during L-arabinose isomerase catalysis. Moreover, H18T showed thermostability and no destabilization was detected, which is promising for the industrial production of D-tagatose.