食用菌鲜味物质研究进展

本文介绍了食用菌鲜味物质的研究进展,可以为食用菌调味品的开发提供理论基础和指导。文章主要综述了食用茼鲜味物质氨基酸和核苷酸的组成、呈鲜特点、提取以及食用菌在调味品中的开发现状。食用菌中氨基酸和核苷酸类的含量都比较高,是食用菌重要的鲜味物质。这些鲜味物质的酶法提取比传统方法的效果好、提取率高。当今食用菌调味品生产工艺简单,大多为粗加工品,且食用菌中的鲜味物质和其它的功能性成分没有充分释放出来,需要研发新方法来充分释放其中的鲜味物质及其它的营养成分,并且要加强食用菌抽提物产品研制的新技术。     

食用菌呈味物质研究进展

食用菌营养丰富,味道鲜美,具有独特的风味（包括香味和滋味）,利用食用菌风味物质开发天然调味料是食用菌深加工的重要方向。对食用菌的呈鲜味物质氨基酸、核苷酸和呈香味成分的研究状况以及食用菌调味品的开发现状和发展趋势进行了综述。     

五种野生食用菌干品营养及鲜味成分分析和评价

对野生松蘑、牛肝菌、白蘑、鸡爪蘑、肉蘑五种食用菌子实体中的蛋白质氨基酸、游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸进行测定,采用氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和等鲜浓度(EUC)评价方法,对五种野生食用菌的营养和鲜味进行评价。结果表明:野生食用菌的AAS、CS、EAAI、EUC存在明显差异。白蘑营养及鲜味最好,其余依次为松蘑、鸡爪蘑、牛肝菌,肉蘑最差。     

鲜味受体研究进展

味觉对于生命具有重要作用,在一定程度上确定了人类对事物的选择。味觉由甜、咸、苦、酸和鲜等5种基本味道组成,味觉的感知是通过存在于舌上味觉表面的特异性受体来实现的,大多数味觉受体都属于G蛋白偶联受体家族。近几年的研究揭示了感知鲜味的2类这样的受体,鲜觉受体的阐明使人们对味觉的理解有了较为全面的认识。     

五种野生食用菌干品营养及鲜味成分分析和评价北大核心CSCD

对野生松蘑、牛肝菌、白蘑、鸡爪蘑、肉蘑五种食用菌子实体中的蛋白质氨基酸、游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸进行测定,采用氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和等鲜浓度(EUC)评价方法,对五种野生食用菌的营养和鲜味进行评价。结果表明:野生食用菌的AAS、CS、EAAI、EUC存在明显差异。白蘑营养及鲜味最好,其余依次为松蘑、鸡爪蘑、牛肝菌,肉蘑最差。     

鲜味的生物化学

鲜味的生物化学顾永清（湖北中医学院生化教研室４３００６１）（一）鲜味物质鲜味是一种基本味。是酸、甜、咸、苦、鲜五种原味之一。食物中的主要鲜味成份是谷氨酸钠、５’－肌苷酸、５’－鸟苷酸、琥珀酸钠,以及天冬氨酸钠和某些二肽（谷氨酰天冬氨酸、谷氨酰谷氨酸、...     

食用菌多糖的提取纯化及生物活性研究进展

食用菌多糖因具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂等生物活性而备受关注。食用菌多糖的结构影响其生物活性,具有(1→3)、(1→4)、(1→6)及混合糖苷键的β-D-葡聚糖是高活性食用菌多糖的结构特征之一,展现出提高抗氧化酶活性、促进分泌抗癌因子、刺激脾脏和胸腺细胞增殖等不同功能。酸碱、超声波及微波、Sevag法、树脂法、亲和层析等不同提取纯化方法会影响食用菌多糖得率,同时会改变食用菌多糖结构,影响其生物活性。详述食用菌多糖的提取纯化方法及其对结构与活性的影响,食用菌多糖的组成结构和构效关系,以及食用菌多糖在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖和降血脂等方面的功能、结构特征及生物活性,并提出了食用菌多糖形成的分子机制、多糖活性位点修饰、多糖代谢动力学等未来研究方向。     

食用菌多糖的提取纯化及生物活性研究进展

食用菌多糖因具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂等生物活性而备受关注.食用菌多糖的结构影响其生物活性,具有(1→3)、(1→4)、(1→6)及混合糖苷键的β-D-葡聚糖是高活性食用菌多糖的结构特征之一,展现出提高抗氧化酶活性、促进分泌抗癌因子、刺激脾脏和胸腺细胞增殖等不同功能.酸碱、超声波及微波、Sevag法、...     

食用菌原生质体技术研究进展

着重介绍原生质体技术在食用菌应用中的相关技术问题的现状和进展。对该技术中有关溶壁、渗透稳定剂、细胞壁的形成、原生质体的再生、诱变与融合、融合子的选择标记、后代鉴别及育种的应用等技术环节做简要的概述。     

建兰水晶艺叶片的超微结构和转录组学分析

水晶艺建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)因其叶片上呈现出白色透明状,犹如水晶而得名,观赏价值高,但是其形成机理不明确。该研究以建兰‘铁骨水晶’为试验材料,通过对水晶叶片和绿色叶片进行显微结构和超微结构观察,并结合转录组测序等方法,探索建兰水晶艺叶片形成的原因。结果表明:(1)建兰‘铁骨水晶’水晶叶片比绿色叶片薄,叶肉细胞数量减少,形状不规则,且叶绿体含量少;水晶叶片的表皮气孔数量较绿色叶片显著减少;水晶叶片的叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构发育不良,叶绿体双膜和类囊体膜模糊,细胞中存在着大量的嗜锇颗粒。(2)转录组数据分析显示,水晶叶片中与光合作用-天线蛋白、光合作用等代谢途径相关的基因表达量显著下降,而与色素合成代谢途径相关的基因表达量上升。研究推测,建兰水晶艺叶形成的原因可能是由于与光合作用相关的基因表达量降低,导致叶绿体发育不良,叶绿素合成受阻,从而形成白色透明状叶片。     

磷酸二酯酶5（PDE5）在人增生前列腺移行带中的表达及分布

目的:探讨磷酸二酯酶5在人前列腺移行带组织中的表达与分布。方法:应用免疫组化SP法,选择前列腺增生患者34例,检测PDE5表达及分布。结果:34例标本中PDE5均呈阳性表达。PDE5在前列腺移行带的腺组织上皮普遍呈中等表达,间质部分弱表达。结论:PDE5在人增生前列腺组织中分布,但分布不均,表明不同PDE5可能行使不同的功能。     

Effects of imidazole-4-carboxamide and 2-azahypoxanthine on the growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus densiflora seedlings inoculated with Tricholoma matsutake

Imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) and 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX) obtained from Lepista sordida inhibit and promote the growth of herbaceous plants, respectively. In this study, we examined the effects of these compounds on the growth and ectomycorrhizal (EM) colonization of Pinus densiflora seedlings inoculated with Tricholoma matsutake that forms EM associations with pines. The EM colonization by T. matsutake was observed on the root systems of P. densiflora seedlings treated with and without ICA and AHX. The growth of both non-EM and EM P. densiflora seedlings was inhibited by ICA, regardless of the EM colonization. In contrast, AHX promoted the growth of non-EM P. densiflora seedlings, but not of EM seedlings, suggesting that EM colonization interferes with the effect of AHX on P. densiflora growth.     

Mouse neutrophils express functional umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3

Neutrophils play an important role in the initiation of innate immunity against infection and injury. Although many different types of G-protein coupled receptors are functionally expressed in neutrophils, no reports have demonstrated functional expression of umami taste receptor in these cells. We observed that mouse neutrophils express the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 through RNA sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Stimulation of mouse neutrophils with L-alanine or L-serine, which are ligands for the umami taste receptor, elicited not only ERK or p38 MAPK phosphorylation but also chemotactic migration. Moreover, addition of L-alanine or L-serine markedly reduced the production of several cytokines including TNF-α induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through inhibition of NF-κB activity or STAT3 phosphorylation in neutrophils. Our findings demonstrate that neutrophils express the umami taste receptor, through which tastants stimulate neutrophils, resulting in chemotactic migration, and attenuation of LPS-induced inflammatory response. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(11): 649-654]     

The genetic toxicity of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-dibromo-3- chloro-2-methylpropane,and 1,2,3-tribromo-2-methylpropane

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane (DBCMP) and 1,2,3- tribromo-2-methylpropane (TBMP) are contaminants formed during the manufacture of bromobutyl rubber. These chemicals are structurally similar to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), a known genotoxin and rodent carcinogen. The present study compared the genotoxic properties of DBCMP and TBMP to those of DBCP. In the Salmonella assay, DBCP was positive in strains TA98, TA-100 and TA-1535 in the presence of exogenous activation; DBCP was weakly active in TA-1535 in the absence of activation. Neither DBCMP nor TBMP produced reproducible evidence of mutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay despite the use of several different variations of this test. In the mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay DBCP and TBMP were positive in the presence and absence of activation, while DBCMP was positive only in the absence of activation. All three test compounds were active in the Syrian hamster embryo morphologic transformation assay. The results indicated that both DBCMP and TBMP exhibited some genotoxic activity as did DBCP. The presence of the methyl group on the 2-carbon position essentially eliminated the mutagenicity of DBCMP and TBMP in the Salmonella assay.abbreviations CHO Chinese hamster ovary cells - DBCMP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane - DBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane - DMEM Dulbecco's Eagle's minimal E medium - MNNG N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine - S-9 microsomal fraction from rodent liver - TBMP 1,2,3-tribromo-2-methylpropane - TBP 1,2,3-tribromopropane - TFT trifluorothymidine     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of tripeptide derivatives of Cbz-Gly-Leu-Trp-OBzl(CF3)2 as NK1/NK2 ligands

Chemical modifications were obtained on the dual NK₁/NK₂ ligand Cbz-Gly-Leu-Trp-OBzl(CF₃)₂ with a view to optimizing affinities for both NK₁ and NK₂ receptors. Replacement of the Gly residue by other amino acids increased affinities for NK₁/NK₂ receptors or induced selectivity for the NK₁ receptor.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of tripeptide derivatives of Cbz-Gly-Leu-Trp-OBzl(CF3)2 as NK1/NK2 ligands

Summary Chemical modifications were obtained on the dual NK₁/NK₂ ligand Cbz-Gly-Leu-Trp-OBzl(CF₃)₂ with a view to optimizing affinities for both NK₁ and NK₂ receptors. Replacement of the Gly residue by other amino acids increased affinities for NK₁/NK₂ receptors or induced selectivity for the NK₁ receptor.