草鱼PAX7基因的克隆、序列分析及组织表达

配对盒基因7(Paired box 7 gene,PAX7)在神经嵴发育及原肠胚形成、肌肉自主更新与再生中扮演着重要角色,对细胞更新、分化、凋亡等起着十分重要的调控作用。参照Gen Bank中斑马鱼、线鳍电鳗和虹鳟等物种PAX7序列的保守区域设计简并引物,进行反转录PCR扩增,获得草鱼PAX7基因的部分序列,长645 bp,编码214个氨基酸,包含编码128个氨基酸的PAX7蛋白配对框(PD)。氨基酸序列比对结果发现,草鱼PAX7基因与其他物种具有高度的相似性,与斑马鱼、线鳍电鳗、日本青鳉、金头鲷、虹鳟、大西洋鲑、北极嘉鱼、人、野牦牛、褐家鼠和小鼠的PAX7氨基酸序列同源性可达90%-97%;各物种PAX7部分氨基酸序列的系统进化树结果显示,草鱼与斑马鱼、日本青鳉、北极嘉鱼、大西洋鲑、虹鳟、线鳍电鳗和金头鲷聚为一大支,小鼠、褐家鼠,野牦牛与人类另聚一支,所得结果符合物种传统分类进化地位。运用实时荧光定量PCR检测草鱼PAX7基因在各组织中的差异表达,结果显示PAX7基因在肌肉中表达量最高;其次是前肠和皮肤,在心、脑、肾和肝中仅少量表达,所得结果与该基因的功能相一致。     

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)FGF21基因克隆及其表达分析

采用RT-PCR技术从草鱼肝脏中克隆了成纤维细胞生长21(FGF21)基因序列,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术对该基因在草鱼幼鱼不同组织中表达进行了研究。结果表明,草鱼FGF21基因(Gen Bank登录号为MF_094727)c DNA序列全长615 bp,其中5'端非翻译区51 bp,开放阅读框564 bp,编码187个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,草鱼FGF21基因与斑马鱼同源性最高(78.86%),与犀角金线鲃、鲤、虹鳟、大西洋鲑、罗非鱼和日本青鱂的同源性分别为77.66%、73.94%、53.29%、52.41%、43.71%和35.96%,与人和小鼠同源性较低,分别为31.87%和30.39%。q PCR分析表明:FGF21基因在草鱼幼鱼肝脏、前肠、中肠、后肠、心脏、肌肉、肾脏和全脑中均有表达,在肌肉、前肠和中肠表达量最高,表明该基因可能在草鱼肌肉和肠道等组织发挥重要作用。     

草鱼生肌因子5基因的克隆及其组织表达谱分析

目的:获得草鱼生肌因子5(Myf-5)基因序列,分析其在草鱼不同组织和不同发育阶段中的表达规律。方法:根据鲤鱼Myf-5基因序列设计引物,用草鱼肌肉组织总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增其Myf-5基因序列;利用半定量RT-PCR分析草鱼Myf-5基因在草鱼不同组织和不同发育阶段的mRNA表达特性。结果:获得了草鱼Myf-5基因开放读框序列723 bp,GenBank登录号为GU290227;该基因编码由240个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,具有MyoD家族基因的典型性碱性螺旋-环-螺旋(bHLH)结构,其氨基酸序列与斑马鱼、鲤鱼、虹鳟、大西洋鲑等的同源性较高(74%~97%),与哺乳动物和禽类如人、小鼠、大鼠、猪、牛和鸡的同源性较低(56%~60%);在草鱼红肌、白肌、肝胰脏、肾脏、脑和肠中均检测到Myf-5基因的表达,红肌、白肌和脑组织中Myf-5基因mRNA的表达量显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);草鱼Myf-5基因的表达随着其生长发育呈下降趋势,在较大规格试验鱼(500 g)中的表达显著低于其他2种规格(50~60 g、120~130 g)的试验鱼(P<0.05)。结论:获得了草鱼Myf-5基因序列,其在红肌、白肌和脑组织中的表达量显著高于其他组织,并随生长发育呈下降趋势,为研究Myf-5在草鱼肌肉发育过程中的作用提供了基础资料。     

红笛鲷(Lutjanus sanguineus)C型凝集素基因的克隆与组织表达分析

根据已知的海水鱼类C型凝集素基因的核苷酸保守区序列设计一对简并引物,先后通过RT-PCR和RACE PCR法从红笛鲷脾脏中首次克隆获得红笛鲷C型凝集素(CTL)基因的c DNA全长(登录号:AGT37609)。该序列长828 bp,开放阅读框663 bp,编码220个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,红笛鲷CTL基因氨基酸序列与其他物种CTL的相似性在30%-68%之间。系统进化分析表明,红笛鲷C型凝集素与鳉鱼、条石鲷、斜带石斑鱼CTL蛋白亲缘关系最近,聚成一支。通过荧光定量PCR分析红笛鲷基因的组织差异表达,红笛鲷CTL基因在肝、脾以及皮肤中表达水平较高,其次是头肾、肾、胃、肠及肌肉,在心脏与脑中表达量较低。     

黄鳝性逆转过程中Gsdf基因cDNA片段的克隆和表达分析

通过RT-PCR法从黄鳝性腺中首次克隆获得黄鳝Gsdf(gonadal soma-derived factor)基因的片段序列,该片段序列长218 bp,编码72个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析表明黄鳝Gsdf基因片段与其他物种的相似性在61%~76%之间,其中与舌齿鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)GsdfⅠ型、舌齿鲈GsdfⅡ型同源性最高,均为76%;系统进化树显示,黄鳝Gsdf与尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)Gsdf基因聚成一支,与鲈形目鱼类亲缘关系较近。此外,不同性腺组织的基因检测结果显示,黄鳝Gsdf在卵巢和间期性腺的表达量很低,两者没有显著性差异(P0.05);在精巢组织中的表达量显著高于卵巢、间期性腺组织的表达量(P0.05)。上述结果表明Gsdf基因可能在黄鳝的性腺尤其是精巢的分化和发育过程中起着重要的作用。     

草鱼过氧化氢酶全长cDNA的克隆、序列同源分析与组织表达

过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)是生物体内抗氧化防御系统的关键酶之一,在清除过氧化氢而避免机体产生氧化应激的过程中起重要作用.本研究从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏中克隆了CAT完整编码序列(complete coding sequence,CDS).该CAT序列(GenBank登陆号:FJ560431)全长2 263 bp,包括完全开放阅读框(ORF) 1 575 bp、5'非编码区(UTR) 118 bp和3' UTR 570 bp.其ORF编码525个氨基酸残基,理论分子量为59.59 kD,等电点为7.02.在草鱼CAT cDNA的终止密码子附近,其3' UTR具有长且完整的AC重复序列,与斑马鱼、鲢鱼及啮齿类动物CAT的3' UTR AC重复序列相似.序列比较表明,草鱼CAT的核苷酸及推测氨基酸序列与其它多种物种的一致性均较高,其一致性分别为93.4%~43.0%和98.1%~63.3%.同时,草鱼CAT cDNA的推测氨基酸序列具有与其它动物高度保守的特征性基序,包括亚铁血红素结合信号序列"RLFSYPDTH"、酶活性中心序列"FDRERIPERVVHAKGA"及3个催化位点残基His74、Asn147和Tyr357.此外,草鱼CAT还具有保守的亚铁血红素结合口袋与NADPH 结合位点.根据草鱼CAT基因的上述特征,推测其属于CAT基因家族中的单功能或典型CAT基因亚群.采用实时荧光定量PCR (Q-PCR)检测草鱼CAT的组织表达特征.结果显示,草鱼CAT mRNA在所检测的11种组织器官中均有表达,其中在肝中表达水平量较高,在红肌、白肌和脂肪中表达量较低.本研究结果将有助于进一步探讨鱼类CAT基因的结构与功能,并为研究其抗氧化分子机理奠定基础.     

大黄鱼肝细胞肿瘤相关抗原-127基因克隆及分子特征分析

在构建大黄鱼肌肉组织cDNA文库的基础上,克隆了肝细胞肿瘤相关抗原-127基因.克隆到的基因全长l439bp,其中5′-UTR 124 bp,3′-UTR 640 bp,编码序列675 bp,编码224个氨基酸.生物信息学分析显示,大黄鱼HCA127基因存在多个功能位点,即N端糖基化位点、蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点、酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和亮氨酸拉链结构位点.大黄鱼HCA127氨基酸序列具有较高的保守性,与斑马鱼、胡瓜鱼、大西洋鲑等多种鱼类的相似性在80％以上.在检测的9种组织中,肝细胞肿瘤相关抗原-127基因在肝、肾、肠、鳃、眼、脑组织中表达,其中在脑组织中表达最强,肝和鳃组织中次之,肾和眼组织中表达较微弱.     

青鳉鱼DBI基因全长cDNA的克隆与蛋白结构分析

地西泮结合抑制因子(diazepam binding inhibitor,DBI)具有抑制由葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌、促进胆固醇跨线粒体膜转运和调节脂肪酸合成与代谢等多种生理功能。本研究使用反转录PCR结合RACE方法克隆了青鳉鱼(Oryzias latipes)的DBI基因全长cDNA序列。该序列全长592bp,包含长度为102bp的5'端非编码区(5'-UTR),长度为220bp的3'端非编码区(3'-UTR),和长度为270bp的开放阅读框,推测其编码89个氨基酸。同源性分析结果显示青鳉鱼DBI蛋白序列与大西洋鲑、鲤鱼、斜带石斑鱼、斑马鱼、非洲爪蟾、大鼠和人的同源性分别为82%、76%、76%、75%、72%、71%和70%,说明DBI基因在脊椎动物的进化过程中非常保守。同源建模显示青鳉DBI蛋白的4个α螺旋结构围成一个脂酰CoA结合口袋,与已测定果蝇DBI蛋白具有非常相似的三级结构。本研究结果为阐明脊椎动物在进化过程中DBI分子结构的演变规律及DBI在低等脊椎动物中的作用机理等提供了有意义的科学参考。     

黄河裸裂尻鱼肌酸激酶M-CK cDNA的克隆及组织表达分析

肌酸激酶(CK)能够催化磷酸基在二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和磷酸肌酸之间的可逆性转移,在细胞能量代谢过程中发挥重要作用。本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆了黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi)肌酸激酶基因全长c DNA序列,并进行了生物信息学分析和系统发育关系研究。黄河裸裂尻鱼肌酸激酶c DNA全长1 599 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1 143 bp,编码380个氨基酸,具有典型的N-端结构域和C-端催化结构域。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,黄河裸裂尻鱼肌酸激酶与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和鲤(Cyprinus carpio)M3-CK有较高的同源性,其序列一致度达94%以上。系统发育分析显示,黄河裸裂尻鱼肌酸激酶与斑马鱼和鲤的M3-CK聚在一支,形成一个单系群,初步判定克隆获得的黄河裸裂尻鱼肌酸激酶基因可能与鲤和斑马鱼M3-CK是直系同源基因。利用Real-time PCR方法检测和分析了黄河裸裂尻鱼主要组织肌酸激酶m RNA表达水平,肌肉、肠、眼、心中肌酸激酶转录本表达较高,在肝胰脏和脑中表达微弱。肌酸激酶在肌肉、肠、和心中高表达与其能量代谢功能相适应,而在眼组织中的高表达是否与肌酸激酶的其他功能相关,有待于进一步研究。     

斑马鱼M3受体基因克隆、序列分析及表达分布

目的:为了了解斑马鱼乙酰胆碱蕈毒碱受体3(ZM3a和ZM3b)的基因序列以及在不同组织的表达情况。方法:首先利用RT-PCR方法分离克隆斑马鱼M受体ZM3a和ZM3b基因并用生物软件对其进行生物信息分析;再用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测ZM3a和ZM3b基因在组织中的相对表达量。结果:成功获得ZM3a基因cDNA长为2 161bp,编码595个氨基酸。ZM3b基因长为1 729bp,编码494个氨基酸。ZM3a与其他脊椎动物氨基酸相似性在54.7%~64.56%之间,ZM3b与其他脊椎动物相似性在48.01%~51.95%之间。ZM3a和ZM3b基因在脑,尾部神经系统和脊髓等神经系统中表达较高,在其他外周组织中均能检测到表达但表达水平相对较低。结论:不同物种间的M3的氨基酸序列具有较高的保守性。ZM3a和ZM3b在斑马鱼各组织中均有表达,说明ZM3a和ZM3b基因可能参与多种生理功能的调节。     

草鱼与鲢鱼肥胖基因克隆与序列分析

肥胖基因产物leptin是调节哺乳动物摄食、能量代谢等生命活动的重要细胞因子。 应用RT-PCR和RACE法获得了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) leptin基因的全长cDNA序列分别为1 096 bp和1 176 bp,编码173和172个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,草鱼和鲢鱼的leptin序列与其它鲤科鱼类leptin的同源性较高,而与其他鱼类的leptin同源性很低,但所有鱼类的leptin均含有用于形成二硫键的高度保守的半胱氨酸。系统进化树分析显示,草鱼和鲢鱼leptin与其他鱼类leptin聚于一进化分支。应用PCR和Genome Walker方法,进一步获得了草鱼和鲢鱼leptin基因的内含子和5′侧翼区序列。结果表明,获得的草鱼和鲢鱼leptin基因长度分别为2 129 bp和2 192 bp,含有与其他脊椎动物leptin相似的基因结构（含三个外显子和两个内含子）。本研究为深入研究鱼类肥胖基因结构功能关系与鱼类抗肥胖品系定向遗传选育奠定了良好的基础。     

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in milkfish, Chanos chanos

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.99.5) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the maintenance of the homeoviscous fluidity of biological membranes. The stearoyl-CoA desaturase cDNA in milkfish (Chanos chanos) was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE, and it was compared with the stearoyl-CoA desaturase in cold-tolerant teleosts, common carp and grass carp. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the cDNA clone has a 972-bp open reading frame encoding 323 amino acid residues. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that the milkfish stearoyl-CoA desaturase shares 79% and 75% identity with common carp and grass carp, and 63%–64% with other vertebrates such as sheep, hamsters, rats, mice, and humans. Like common carp and grass carp, the deduced amino acid sequence in milkfish well conserves three histidine cluster motifs (one HXXXXH and two HXXHH) that are essential for catalysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity. However, RT-PCR analysis showed that stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression in milkfish is detected in the tissues of liver, muscle, kidney, brain, and gill, and more expression sites were found in milkfish than in common carp and grass carp. Phylogenic relationships among the deduced stearoyl-CoA desaturase amino acid sequence in milkfish and those in other vertebrates showed that the milkfish stearoyl-CoA desaturase amino acid sequence is phylogenetically closer to those of common carp and grass carp than to other higher vertebrates.     

Purification and characterization of a rhamnose-binding lectin with immunoenhancing activity from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) ovaries

A rhamnose-specific lectin was isolated from ovaries of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The grass carp lectin possesses a molecular mass of 205 kDa. It is composed of six subunits each with a molecular mass of 35 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the grass carp shows similarity to those of other fish species with 26-35% amino acid identity. It is mitogenic toward murine splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells.     

青鱼β-actin基因克隆及其启动子功能的初步检测

高保真PCR克隆青鱼β-actin基因开放阅读框和5’端侧翼序列,DNA测序结果表明：青鱼β-actin基因开放阅读框编码一段含375个氨基酸的蛋白,与其他物种actin家族相比较具有高度保守性。青鱼β-actin与鲤鱼、草鱼及斑马鱼的同源性均为100％,而与人和Norway鼠β-actin的同源性均为99.2％,与鸡和Kenyan爪蟾β-actin的同源性分别为98．9％和98．1％。将青鱼β-actin基因5’端启动调控区插入不含启动子的pEGFP1载体构建青鱼β-actin启动子／EGFP表达载体,与第一次卵裂之前显微注射该重组质粒入泥鳅受精卵,同时也用该重组质粒转染HeLa细胞系。观察结果表明：GFP在50％的泥鳅胚胎和2／3的HeLa细胞有所表达。GFP在泥鳅胚胎的各个部分均有表达,且在某些胚胎中GFP的表达遍布全身。因此,以EGFP为报告基因证实了青鱼β-actin基因启动子为一种非特异性表达的启动子。     

Structural conservation and food habit-related liver expression of uncoupling protein 2 gene in five major Chinese carps

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be 149.4 +/- 15.6 (common carp), 127.4 +/- 22.1(mud carp), 96.7 +/- 12.7 (silver carp), 94.1 +/- 26.8 (bighead carp) and 63.7 +/- 16.2 (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detritus-eating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorous fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.     

Cloning of Black Carp β-actin Gene and Primarily Detecting the Function of Its Promoter Region

A 3 338 bp DNA fragment including the open reading frame and 5′-flanking region of β-actin gene for black carp genome was obtained through PCR amplification. Analysis of the sequencing results indicated the ORF of black carp β-actin gene encoding a 375 amino acid protein that shares a high degree of conservation to other known actins. The black carp β-actin sequence showed 100% identity to common carp, grass carp, and zebrafish, 99.2% identity to human and Norway rat β-actin gene, 98.9% and 98.1% identity to chicken and Kenyan clawed frog β-actin gene, respectively. The promoter region of black carp β-actin gene was inserted into the promoterless pEGFP₁ vector. The recombinant plasmid was microinjected into the fertilized eggs of mud loach before two-cell stage as well as transfected into HeLa cell line. GFP expression was found in 50% of mud loach embryos and 2/3 HeLa cells. The GFP expression could be observed in every part of the mud loach embryos, and in some embryos, the GFP was expressed in the whole body. Thus, the usefulness of black carp β-actin promoter as a ubiquitous expression promoter was confirmed using the EGFP as a reporter gene.     

Cloning of the grass carp growth hormone cDNA

We have constructed a cDNA library in lamda gt11 using mRNA isolated from the pituitary glands of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Based on the published sequence of the rainbow trout growth hormone cDNA, we synthesized two oligonucleotide probes. One of these hybridized strongly with a specific mRNA fragment from the grass carp pituitary. Using this probe, we have isolated six positive clones carrying an insert of approximately 1.2 Kb. By restriction enzyme digestion, all the clones were determined to be identical. Sequence determination on one of them indicated that it has an open reading frame coding for 210 amino acids. Both the nucleotide and translated amino acid sequence are highly homologous to those of the salmon growth hormone and the common carp. A putative signal peptide consisting of hydrophobic amino acids can be identified at the 5' end of the sequence. A polyadenylation signal, ATTAAA, was also present 12 base upstream from the poly A tail.     

Purification and characterization of alpha2-macroglobulin from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus: cloning a segment of the corresponding gene

The plasma protein alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) was purified by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography from grass carp plasma. The alpha2M consists of two different subunits of molecular weight 95 kDa and 80 kDa, respectively. The characteristics of grass carp alpha2M are similar to mammalian alpha2M, in that grass carp alpha2M exists in two forms: a fast-form and a slow-form. The former is complexed with protease. The sequence of grass carp alpha2M-conserved region and a region containing the bait region was determined by sequence analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The deduced amino acid sequence of the conserved region is similar to the alpha2M sequence of common carp, however, the bait region amino acid sequence is dramatically distinct from that of common carp. This may partially explain the differential ability of alpha2M of different species to inhibit different proteases. The alpha2M was able to inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila extracellular protease (AhECPase) and thus may play a role in resistance to infection by this pathogen.