水芹类黄酮3'-羟化酶基因的克隆与表达特性分析

类黄酮3'-羟化酶(flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase,F3'H)属于细胞色素P450家族(cytochromeP450,CYP450),在植物主要成色物质花青素的合成中发挥重要作用。本实验以‘八卦洲水芹’以及紫色叶柄突变型水芹为实验材料,利用RT-PCR方法,从紫色叶柄突变型水芹的cDNA中克隆得到编码类黄酮3'-羟化酶的基因,命名为OjF3'H1。序列分析显示,OjF3'H1基因全长1575bp,共编码524个氨基酸。OjF3'H1蛋白相对分子质量为58292.59,理论等电点为6.77。系统进化分析显示,OjF3'H1蛋白具有高度保守性,与同属伞形科的胡萝卜F3'H1进化关系最近。OjF3'H1编码的蛋白属于疏水蛋白,无序化比例为5.53%,空间结构主要由α-螺旋和β-折叠组成。实时定量PCR分析显示,OjF3'H1在不同品种水芹茎中相对表达量有明显差异,紫色叶柄突变型水芹中OjF3'H1的表达量明显比‘八卦洲水芹’中高。     

中国桔梗PgF3′5′H基因的克隆及表达分析

利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,从中国桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus)花朵中分离克隆了1个类黄酮-3′,5′-羟基化酶(flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase,F3′5′H)基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为PgF3′5′H(GenBank登录号JQ403611)。PgF3′5′H基因全长1 787bp,包含1个编码532个氨基酸长为1 599bp的开放阅读框。蛋白序列比对显示,PgF3′5′H基因蛋白与其他物种的F3′5′H蛋白有很高的相似性,包含有CYP基序、Ⅰ螺旋区和血红素结合区等保守性序列,以及一段类似于风铃草F3′5′H蛋白的9个氨基酸的特殊区。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,PgF3′5′H的表达量随着花朵发育和花色素的出现而呈递增趋势,在花发育第四阶段的蓝色花蕾中达到最高,而在叶中不表达。研究推测,PgF3′5′H基因可能在中国桔梗蓝色花色素的生化合成途径中起重要作用。     

紫茎泽兰类黄酮3'-羟化酶基因的克隆、序列分析和原核表达

用基因特异引物对紫茎泽兰F3'H基因进行PCR扩增、T-A克隆及测序,采用DNAMAN 5.0和MEGA 3.0等生物信息学软件进行序列分析,并对F3'H基因的组织表达特性及原核表达产物进行了分析。结果表明紫茎泽兰F3'H基因cDNA全长为1722 bp(GeneBank登录号EF137714),编码570个氨基酸,与翠菊、大豆和非洲菊F3'H基因的氨基酸序列同源性分别为64.4%,57.3%和54.5%。Southe(?)杂交表明该基因为单拷贝。Northe(?)杂交表明F3'H基因在紫茎泽兰叶中表达量最高,且其表达受泽兰酮诱导。SDS-PAGE电泳表明F3'H基因经IPTG诱导后在大肠杆菌中能表达56.8 kDa的目的蛋白。     

鹤望兰类黄酮3′,5′-羟化酶基因SrF3′5′H的克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE方法从鹤望兰黄色花萼中克隆到类黄酮生物合成途径关键基因SrF3′5′H。该cDNA全长1 766 bp,具有完整的开放阅读框（ORF）,共1 509个碱基,编码503个氨基酸。氨基酸同源性分析表明,SrF3′5′H编码的氨基酸序列与已报道的其他植物的F3′5′H蛋白具有很高的同源性。系统进化树分析显示,鹤望兰SrF3′5′H与非洲紫罗兰蛋白亲缘关系较近。应用半定量PCR分析表明,SrF3′5′H在始花期转录水平达到最高,且在蓝色花瓣中表达最高,在黄色花萼中几乎没有表达。     

梅花类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因片段基于基因组DNA的简并PCR法克隆(英文)

用本研究设计的“预先去杂—SDS法”从梅花嫩叶提取到高质量的基因组DNA。根据11条已公开发表的并提交到GenBank的类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因cDNA的假定氨基酸序列的保守区设计2个正向简并引物和3个反向简并引物组成6对引物,仅有1对引物能以PCR法同时从梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’和‘粉皮宫粉’的基因组DNA扩增到一个469 bp的核苷酸片段,这3个片段在总体上有99 .72 %的一致性,与11条类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因cDNA的相应区域有65 .57 %的一致性。同时,“GGEK”并非类黄酮3′-羟化酶的特征性模体。这是首次从木本植物的基因组DNA克隆到类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因片段。本研究结果可为梅花类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因全长的克隆奠定基础。     

绞股蓝法呢基焦磷酸合酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

目的:克隆并分析绞股蓝法呢基焦磷酸合酶(FPS)基因的全长序列。方法:参照罗汉果法呢基焦磷酸合酶基因,设计扩增绞股蓝FPS基因的3′RACE引物,采用3'RACE和5'RACE法克隆绞股蓝FPS基因全长cDNA。结果:获得绞股蓝FPS基因全长cDNA序列共1288个核苷酸,包含一个1026核苷酸的开放读框,编码342个氨基酸残基,推断该蛋白的相对分子质量为3.94×104。NCBI Blast结果显示绞股蓝FPS基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列与已知的植物FPS氨基酸序列的同源性为91%~74%,核酸序列的同源性为88%~78%。结论:克隆了绞股蓝FPS基因全长cDNA序列,为进一步研究绞股蓝FPS基因的表达及三萜皂苷合成通路关键酶分子的进化奠定了基础。     

彩色马铃薯品种‘转心乌’类黄酮-3'5'-羟化酶(F3'5'H)基因的生物信息学和表达分析

类黄酮-3'5'-羟化酶(F3'5'H)基因是合成蓝色飞燕草色素类花色苷的关键酶基因。本研究采用RT-PCR法从彩色马铃薯品种‘转心乌’中克隆到了F3'5'H基因的c DNA,并进行了生物信息学和组织表达模式分析,希望能探明F3'5'H基因在彩色马铃薯花色苷合成中的作用及表达方式。克隆到的F3'5'H c DNA序列全长1 720 bp,编码509个氨基酸残基,同源比对表明F3'5'H与茄科植物聚在一起,其次是其它双子叶植物。F3'5'H具有信号肽和明显的跨膜结构域,属于分泌蛋白且为稳定的亲水蛋白,定位于细胞质。说明F3'5'H在细胞质中的粗糙型内质网上合成前体后,跨膜运输到其它部位或细胞器中发挥作用。α螺旋和无规则卷曲是F3'5'H的主要二级结构元件。F3'5'H具有细胞色素P450的"PPGP"、"AGTDT"、"FGAGRRICAG"三段基序,且只有一个功能结构域,与细胞色素P450的功能结构域相匹配,属于细胞色素P450家族的一员。组织特异性表达结果表明:F3'5'H相对表达量和花色苷含量均是块茎高于叶片和地上茎,它们的变化趋势基本一致,花色苷含量较高的器官,其F3'5'H的相对表达量也高,说明花色苷的积累与F3'5'H的表达正相关。     

柽柳(Tamarix androssowii)Tadir基因的克隆及分析

在柽柳cDNA文库测序中获得了Tadir基因的全长cDNA序列,去除PolyA后,该基因全长724bp。其中5′非翻译区26bp,3′非翻译区143bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长555bp,编码184个氨基酸。基因编码蛋白的分子量为19.69kD,理论等电点为6.96。疏水性分析表明,蛋白的前41个氨基酸为亲水性的。该基因的Genbank登录号为DQ462418(基因),ABE73781(蛋白)。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,0.4mol·L-1NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫后该基因表达量发生变化,其可能与柽柳的耐盐性有关。     

红树林植物木榄水通道基因的克隆和表达

根据植物水通道基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法,从木榄树叶中分离出水通道基因的cDNA片段;3′RACE获得3′端cDNA序列;再经5′RACE获得5′端部分cDNA序列,命名为PIP2,GenBank登录号为EF126757。该基因全长843个碱基,编码281个氨基酸,具有典型的植物水通道基因结构。该基因编码的蛋白质与含羞草(PIP2;5)、欧洲葡萄(PIP)、拟南芥(PIP3)等水通道蛋白的同源性分别为90%、91%、88%。Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在木榄树不同器官中的表达差异明显:根部有较高的表达水平,茎部较弱,而在叶中只能检测到微弱的信号。     

扩展青霉PF898碱性脂肪酶cDNA的克隆及序列分析

扩展青霉 (Penicilliumexpansum)PF898可产生一种具有工业价值的碱性脂肪酶 (PEL) .在测定了其N端 12个氨基酸残基序列的基础上 ,通过RT PCR、5′RACE、基因克隆及序列测定 ,获得了PEL完整的cDNA序列 (GenBank登录号为AF2 84 0 6 4 ) .cDNA全长 10 5 0bp ,包括PEL编码区、3′非翻译区和部分 5′非翻译区基因的序列 .编码区cDNA由 85 5个碱基组成 ,编码 1个由 2 85个氨基酸残基组成的酶蛋白 ,其信号肽及前肽部分由 2 7个氨基酸残基组成 ,成熟肽部分由 2 5 8个氨基酸残基组成 .根据氨基酸组成推导该脂肪酶蛋白的分子量为 2 7 3kD .该脂肪酶的氨基酸序列 130～ 134位上有各类脂肪酶中普遍存在的G X S X G保守序列     

Hyaluronate degradation in 3T3 and simian virus-transformed 3T3 cells

The cellular control of hyaluronate levels was examined in cultures of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 (SV3T3) and 3T3 cells which are known to differ in their metabolism of hyaluronate. When [3H]hyaluronate was added to cultures of the two cell lines, four times more ligand was bound per mg of protein by the SV3T3 cells than by the 3T3 cells. Of the bound [3H] hyaluronate, 40% was degraded by the SV3T3 cells to oligosaccharides characteristic of the breakdown of hyaluronate, but only 2% was degraded by 3T3 cells. Hyaluronidase activity was found in the cell layer and medium of the SV3T3 cultures, but was not detectable in 3T3 cells. The SV3T3 enzyme was active only at acidic pH, but at neutral pH the secreted SV3T3 hyaluronidase was thermally more stable then the cell-associated enzyme. In contrast, both cell lines were found to contain similar amounts of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. We conclude that the elevated capacity of SV3T3 cells to degrade hyaluronate may be partially responsible for their lack of the hyaluronate-containing pericellular coat which is prominent around 3T3 cells.     

Cell density and amino acid transport in 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 revertant cells

The transport of selected neutral and cationic amino acids has been studied in Balb/c 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 revertant cell lines. After properly timed preincubations to control the size of internal amino acid pools, the activity of systems A, ASC, L, and Ly⁺ has been discriminated by measurements of amino acid uptake (initial entry rate) in the presence and absence of sodium and of transportspecific model substrates. L-Proline, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, and glycine were primarily taken up by system A; L-alanine and L-serine by system ASC; L-phenylalanine by system L; and L-lysine by system Ly⁺ in SV3T3 cells. L-Proline and L-serine were also preferential substrates of systems A and ASC, respectively, in 3T3 and SV3T3 revertant cells. Transport activity of the Na⁺-dependent systems A and ASC decreased markedly with the increase of cell density, whereas the activity of the Na⁺-independent systems L and Ly⁺remained substantially unchanged. The density-dependent change in activity of system A occurred through a mechanism affecting transport maximum (V_max) rather than substrate concentration for half-maximal velocity (K_m). Transport activity of systems A and ASC was severalfold higher in transformed SV3T3 cells than in 3T3 parental cells at all the culture densities that could be compared. In SV3T3 revertant cells, transport activity by these systems remained substantially similar to that observed in transformed SV3T3 cells. The results presented here add cell density as a regulatory factor of the activity of systems A and ASC, and show that this control mechanism of amino acid transport is maintained in SV40 virus-transformed 3T3 cells that have lost density-dependent inhibition of growth, as well as in SV3T3 revertant cells that have resumed it.     

3-Bromo-3-deazaneplanocin and 3-bromo-3-deazaaristeromycin: Synthesis and antiviral activity

As an outgrowth of our program to explore 3-deazaadenine carbocyclic nucleosides, 3-bromo-3-deazaneplanocin (5) and 3-bromo-3-deazaaristeromycin (6) have been synthesized from a readily available cyclopentenol and cyclopentanone and either 4-amino- or 4-chloro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (6-amino- or 6-chloro-3-deazaadenine) in 5 steps and 7 steps, respectively. Antiviral analysis found 5 to display significant activity towards a number of (-)-ssRNA and a few dsDNA viruses. Compound 6 was less active than 5 against selected examples of those viruses affected by 5.     

Ether-linked lipids of Balb/c3T3, SV3T3 and concanavalin A-selected SV3T3 revertant cells

Ether-linked lipids were analyzed in Balb/c3T3, SV3T3 and Concanavalin A-selected SV3T3 revertant cells. The three cell lines were found to contain significant quantities of alk-1-enyl- and alkyl-linked phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and small amounts of alkyldiacylglycerols. Compared to 3T3 cells, SV3T3 cells contain a higher amount of alk-1-enyl-linked PC, while in SV3T3 revertant cells the concentrations of the various ether lipids are similar to those of 3T3 cells. The major difference in the composition of ether groups of SV3T3 cells, compared to 3T3 cells, is an increase of 18:0 accompanied by a decrease of 18:1 in the alk-1-enyl-linked PE and PC. Alk-1-enyl-linked PC of SV3T3 revertant cells also shows an increase of 18:0, while the decrease of 18:1 was not statistically significant.     

Protein degradation in 3T3 cells and tumorigenic transformed 3T3 cells

To study the relation of overall rates of protein degradation in the control of cell growth, we determined if transformation of fibroblasts to tumorigenicity affected their rates of degradation of short- and long-lived proteins. Rates of protein degradation were measured in nontumorigenic mouse Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, and in tumorigenic 3T3 cells transformed by different agents. Growing 3T3 cells, and cells transformed with Moloney sarcoma virus (MA-3T3) or Rous sarcoma virus (RS-3T3), degraded short- and long-lived proteins at similar rates. Simian virus 40 (SV-3T3)- and benzo(a)pyrene (BP-3T3)-transformed cells had slightly lower rates of degradation of both short- and long-lived proteins. Reducing the serum concentration in the culture medium from 10% to 0.5%, immediately caused about a twofold increase in the rate of degradation of long-lived proteins in 3T3 cells. Transformed lines increased their rates of degradation of long-lived proteins only by different amounts upon serum deprivation, but none of them to the same extent as did 3T3. Greater differences in the degradation rates of proteins were seen among the transformed cells than between 3T3 cells and some transformed cells. Thus, there was no consistent change in any rate of protein degradation in 3T3 cells due to transformation to tumorigenicity.     

Endogenous hyaluronate-cell surface interactions in 3T3 and simian virus-transformed 3T3 cells

3T3 cells have a large, pericellular coat which contains 30 times more hyaluronate than the amount of cell surface hyaluronate associated with simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 (SV-3T3) cells. On the other hand, SV-3T3 cells have high affinity binding sites for exogenously added hyaluronate, whereas 3T3 cells have much lower affinity sites. Removal of cell surface hyaluronate from SV-3T3 cells by treatment with hyaluronidase caused a reproducible increase in their maximum binding capacity for exogenous hyaluronate but no significant change in binding affinity or specificity. For 3T3 cells, however, the maximum amount of binding decreased and the affinity of binding increased after hyaluronidase treatment. When endogenous cell surface hyaluronate was labeled metabolically and then the cells incubated in the presence of exogenous unlabeled hyaluronate, the labeled cell surface hyaluronate was quantitatively displaced from the SV-3T3 cells but was not displaced from the 3T3 cells. Chondroitin sulfate and heparin did not displace cell surface hyaluronate from either cell type. Membranes isolated from SV-3T3 cells bound hyaluronate specifically and with high affinity, whereas membranes from 3T3 cells did not consistently bind a significant amount of hyaluronate. We conclude from these studies that the retention of endogenous hyaluronate on the surface of SV-3T3 cells is mediated by binding sites similar to those detected by the addition of exogenous hyaluronate, and the mechanism of retention of endogenous hyaluronate on the surface of 3T3 cells differs from SV-3T3 cells.     

Synthesis and biological activity of 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3: comparison of the biological activity of 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3 and 3-deoxyvitamin D3

The alteration in the biologic activity of the vitamin D3 molecule resulting from the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom is a subject of fundamental interest. To investigate this problem we synthesized 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3 6 and its hydrogen analog, 3-deoxyvitamin D3 7, and tested the biologic activity of each by in vitro and in vivo methods. Contrary to previous reports which showed that 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3 was as active as vitamin D3 in vivo, we found that the fluoro-analog was less active than vitamin D3. With regard to stimulation of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in the D-deficient hypocalcemic rat, 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3 showed significantly greater biologic activity than its hydrogen analog, 3-deoxyvitamin D3. In the organ-cultured, embryonic chick duodenum, 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3 was approx 1/1000th as active as the native hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, while 3-deoxyvitamin D3 was inactive even at microM concentrations, in the induction of the vitamin D-dependent, calcium-binding protein. With regard to in vitro activity in displacing radiolabeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 from vitamin D binding protein and radiolabelled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from a chick intestinal cytosol receptor, 3 beta-fluorovitamin D3 and 3 beta-deoxyvitamin D3 both showed very poor binding efficiencies when compared with vitamin D3. Our results show that the substitution of a fluorine atom for a hydrogen atom at the C-3 position of the vitamin D3 molecule results in a fluorovitamin 6 with significantly more biological activity than its hydrogen analog, 3-deoxyvitamin D3 7.