北京市怀沙-怀九河市级水生野生动物保护区鱼类物种多样性及其资源保护

怀沙河和怀九河是两条自然汇入北京怀柔水库的河流,被规划为北京市第一个市级水生野生动物保护区。2004年3月~2005年2月,作者对该保护区内野生鱼类资源进行了本底调查。调查区域内野生淡水鱼类共计24种(不计引入种),隶属于6目11科24属,以鲤形目鲤科鱼类为主,多为山区溪流小型鱼类。鱼类物种多样性在空间分布上有所不同,两河下游近水库河段物种多样性最高,这可能与两个不同生态环境交界处的边缘效应有关;其多样性在时间上春夏季高于秋冬季。结合区域内的生境特点,建议加强对核心区的保护力度,重新规划缓冲区和过渡区;在保护自然环境的同时,兼顾当地居民的经济利益,达到人与资源的和谐发展。     

广西十万大山地区的鱼类资源现状和保护对策

位于广西西南部的十万大山地区鱼类物种多样性丰富,分布于十万大山的野生鱼类以小型或中小型为主,缺乏经济价值高,产量大的种类,这是该地区野生鱼类资源的主要特点,目前资源量和鱼类物种丰富度都呈现出明显下降的趋势。这主要同有害的渔业生产方式和过密的捕捞强度,小水利设施及外来种的入侵有关。加强宣传力度和强化渔政管理,开发其它副业,拆除废弃的小水利工程,对人工养殖鱼种加强管理,以及开展入侵种对土著种影响的科学研究等是保护这一地区鱼类多样性的重要手段。     

江西齐云山自然保护区鱼类资源

江西齐云山自然保护区是省级自然保护区,区内河流全部汇入赣江上游章江源头之一的上犹江。2006年12月和2007年5月,作者对该保护区内野生鱼类资源进行了本底调查。调查发现区内野生淡水鱼类共计20种,隶属于4目9科19属,多为山区溪流小型鱼类,区系组成以鲤科鱼类为主。鱼类物种多样性在空间分布上有所不同,桶江河下游多样性水平最高,可能与这一河段没有受到水坝分隔的影响,自然环境相对原始,较少人为干扰等有关。     

广西野生淡水鱼类的物种多样性及其资源的可持续利用

广西地形复杂,河流众多,适于不同鱼类的栖息和繁殖.经对分布于广西境内的各水系鱼类资源的调查、对相关馆藏标本的进一步鉴定以及对相关文献的整理,目前已知广西淡水鱼类15目37科143属290种和亚种,其中很多种类具有重要经济价值.对广西及其邻近省区鱼类多样性指数的计算、比较和分析表明,广西地区G指数最高,F指数和G-F指数除低于云南外,高于广东、海南、贵州和湖南.广西野生淡水鱼类的显著特点是物种多样性高,特有属、种多,很多物种分布区狭窄,区系成分表现出明显的东洋界特点,不同水系鱼类组成各具特色.近年来,广西自然水域的野生鱼类资源的破坏较为严重,本文对广西野生淡水鱼类资源的可持续利用进行了讨论.     

北京颐和园昆明湖的鱼类物种多样性

作者分别于2005年9月(秋季)和2006年5月(春季)对北京颐和园昆明湖的鱼类资源进行了调查,共采集到野生鱼类14种,分属于3目7科13属,以鲤形目鲤科鱼类为主;文中描述了各种类的主要外形特征和分布状况。昆明湖鱼类物种多样性存在明显的时空差异,春秋2季鱼类的优势种明显不同,秋季以大鳍(?)数量最多,而春季则以(?)的数量最多;湖岸和湖中央的鱼类种类也存在差异,这可能与鱼类的摄食行为不同有关。     

湖南省野生果树资源的研究

1991－1996年对湖南省野生果树资源进行了研究,基本上摸清了该省野生果树资源的种类、分布及蕴藏量,计有209种及变种,隶属39属18科,并对主要种类的分布特点及蕴藏量进行了评价,为综合开发利用提供了依据。     

赣南桃江和九曲河夏季大刺鳅资源现状评估

大刺鳅（Mastacembelus armatus）主要分布于我国南方各大水系,现阶段野生资源急剧减少,已被福建、广东、湖南等省列为重点保护野生水生动物。为了解赣南地区大刺鳅在主要分布水域桃江和九曲河中的资源状况,于2020年夏季对该水域鱼类和大刺鳅资源状况进行了调查,共采集鱼类34种隶属于4目11科31属。调查结果显示：所有样点本土鱼类中黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）、大刺鳅、鲫（Carassius auratus）为优势物种,桃江中外来物种莫桑比克罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus）占主要优势;随着水利工程建设、外来物种入侵、栖息生境破坏及过度捕捞,大刺鳅资源量呈显著下降趋势。调查分析表明,修复自然河流生境,恢复洄游通道;增强本土物种保护意识,加强外来物种治理;严格禁捕,科学增殖放流对大刺鳅资源保护具有重要意义。     

长白山野生兰花植物资源及其开发利用

本文对长白山野生兰花的种类、分布、储量、生境、花期及开发利用等方面做了详细地调查研究 ,为开发本区野生兰花这一宝贵资源提供了科学资料     

青海可可西里地区鱼类资源及其保护的初步研究

青海可可西里地区是世界上最少研究的地区之一。通过多次零星的鱼类调查（１９７３－１９８６）和１９９０年５至８月间对本区进行的全面水生生物和鱼类考察。本文首次报道其有关的浮游植物、浮游动物和鱼类种类分布及生物学特性等问题。诸如浮游动、植物的水平分布、优势和群和生物量及鱼类食性、年龄、生长、繁殖等。     

广西野生阴生观赏植物资源及其特点

为了解广西境内蕴藏的野生阴生观赏植物资源及珍贵种质,采取野外实地考察及标本采集鉴定相结合的方法,对广西全境分布的阴生和半阴生观赏植物资源进行研究。结果表明:广西野生阴生观赏植物有5个基本特点:种类丰富(162科485属1309种)、种质资源珍贵(珍稀植物195种,广西特有植物136种)、生长基质多样(喜钙植物、喜酸植物和中间类型植物)、草本性状比值显著(草本植物约占总种数的66.1%)、野生资源贮藏量的多寡悬殊性。6个主要野生阴生观赏类群为:蕨类植物(43科240种)、兰科(37属126种)、百合科(21属82种)、苦苣苔科(17属63种)、秋海棠科(1属43种)、天南星科(12属30种)。研究结果可为合理开发利用广西野生阴生观赏植物资源提供参考。     

Changes in fish assemblages in catchments in north‐eastern Spain: biodiversity,conservation status and introduced species

1. North‐eastern Spain is a hot spot for the introduction of alien fish species, and its native fish fauna is one of the most endangered worldwide. We used an extensive data set from 2002 to 2003 and historical information from the area to characterize fish diversity and establish conservation priorities in river catchments. 2. Diversity indices were used to characterize fish diversity at the basin scale. An index of conservation status was applied for each species, which considers the occurrence, abundance and endemicity of each taxon. We used indirect ordination methods to test the relationship among basin features and to identify those variables most correlated with each other. To identify physical, biotic and environmental characteristics that seem to make a basin particularly susceptible to invasion, we performed a step‐wise multiple regression to examine the relationship between the number of native, translocated and introduced fish species (including the original native species richness of each basin), and landscape variables. 3. Over a period of approximately 50 years, the mean range size of native fish species has decreased by 60%. The greatest decline occurred in Gasterosteus gymnurus, Anguilla anguilla and Salaria fluviatilis, for which species over 75% of the original distribution area has been lost. The species with the highest conservation index were Gasterosteus gymnurus and Salaria fluviatilis. 4. Basin area and the catchment type explained 70% of variation in native species richness, whereas the number of dams and basin area accounted for more than 80% of variation in the number of introduced species. 5. The original native species richness and the number of introduced species at basin scale were not related, and thus there was no evidence of “biotic resistance” to invasion. The restoration of natural hydrologic processes and the development of specific management tools to protect native species, such as the prioritization of areas for fish conservation and the eradication of local populations of exotic species, are required to restore native fish fauna in these catchments.     

Physiological and behavioural differences of hatchery and wild‐reared steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts of the same genetic origin

In many parts of the world release of hatchery‐reared smolts has long been used to mitigate for the deleterious effects of habitat loss and overfishing on salmonid populations. Of increasing concern is whether this may cause harm by spreading non‐native stocks and potentially releasing incompetent smolts. The objective of this study was to determine if smolt physiology and behavior of juveniles produced from a recently founded native broodstock differ from their wild (naturally‐reared) counterparts. In the fall of 2002 and 2003 juvenile wild steelhead were captured, PIT tagged, and returned ( n  = 1360 in 2002 and n  = 2708 in 2003) to Abernathy Creek. In winter of 2003 and 2004 hatchery‐reared fish were PIT tagged and later released ( n  = 1100 in 2003 and n  = 1400 in 2004) into Abernathy Creek. Gill biopsies were collected from wild and hatchery fish throughout the rearing and out‐migration season. The timing and speed of outmigration was assessed using two stationary PIT tag antennas (92–97% efficient). Hatchery migrants in 2003 were larger, had significantly lower gill Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase activities, and migrated slower than wild fish. Results from the 2004 migratory season will also be presented. This study shows that hatchery rearing can result in smolts which are physiologically and behaviourally different from genetically similar wild fish. Whether these differences are critical enough to affect the rate of adult returns will be determined in future years.     

Plagioscion squamosissimus (Sciaenidae) and Parachromis managuensis (Cichlidae): a threat to native fishes of the Doce River in Minas Gerais, Brazil

The middle section of the lake basin of the Doce River in Minas Gerais State, Brazil is plagued by grave environmental problems, including the introduction of non-native fish, which reduces the biodiversity of this region. This study reports the presence of two newly-detected non-native species in the Doce River Basin. Sampling efforts included gill nets with mesh size of 3 to 12 mm (measured diagonally) and trawling nets, both of which were used in independent field campaigns in 2002 and 2011. The two new invasive Perciform fishes, Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel 1840) and Parachromis managuensis (Günther 1867) were collected in Caratinga and Rio Doce municipalities. These records and other reports on non-native fishes suggest favorable environmental conditions for the establishment of invasive species in this drainage. These invasive species have behavior and diet observed in other wide distribution exotic fish of Rio Doce Basin representing a threat to the 77 native fishes of this region, 37 of which are endangered.     

Genetic population structure in flatfishes and potential impact of aquaculture and stock enhancement on wild populations in Europe

Marine fish wild stocks are known to be heavily depleted by overfishing and flatfish species are no exception. Wild catches being soon insufficient for responding to consumer demand, the cultivation of marine species appeared as a logical response to the need of seafood. Nevertheless, fish aquaculture also entails major impacts on wild populations from which genetic ones are now better known. The hybridization between domestic and native strains potentially have a genetic impact on recipient populations as long as 1) domestic populations are distinct from native wild ones (through domestication process, genetic improvement of captive stocks) and/or 2) the native wild populations are structured (metapopulation structure, local adaptation). Some of the flatfish species exhibit population differentiation and even local adaptation and the release of domestic genetically modified fishes (selected, transgenic) could threaten their survival in case of introgression. The impact of aquaculture on flatfishes is probably still low as land-based farms and low production levels guaranty low rates of escapes and therefore limited contacts between wild and farmed strains. However, flatfish aquaculture is regarded by experts as a rapidly growing domain that will greatly develop soon. In our opinion, this perspective, added to the quite good performances of farmed flatfishes when released into the wild, fully justifies a stronger interest from the scientific community to the conservation of their wild stocks.     

Current knowledge on non‐native freshwater fish introductions

This review provides a contemporary account of knowledge on aspects of introductions of non‐native fish species and includes issues associated with introduction pathways, ecological and economic impacts, risk assessments, management options and impact of climate change. It offers guidance to reconcile the increasing demands of certain stakeholders to diversify their activities using non‐native fishes with the long‐term sustainability of native aquatic biodiversity. The rate at which non‐native freshwater fishes have been introduced worldwide has doubled in the space of 30 years, with the principal motives being aquaculture (39%) and improvement of wild stocks (17%). Economic activity is the principal driver of human‐mediated non‐native fish introductions, including the globalization of fish culture, whereby the production of the African cichlid tilapia is seven times higher in Asia than in most areas of Africa, and Chile is responsible for c. 30% of the world's farmed salmon, all based on introduced species. Consequently, these economic benefits need balancing against the detrimental environmental, social and economic effects of introduced non‐native fishes. There are several major ecological effects associated with non‐native fish introductions, including predation, habitat degradation, increased competition for resources, hybridization and disease transmission. Consideration of these aspects in isolation, however, is rarely sufficient to adequately characterize the overall ecological effect of an introduced species. Regarding the management of introduced non‐native fish, pre‐introduction screening tools, such as the fish invasiveness scoring kit (FISK), can be used to ensure that species are not introduced, which may develop invasive populations. Following the introduction of non‐native fish that do develop invasive populations, management responses are typified by either a remediation or a mitigation response, although these are often difficult and expensive to implement, and may have limited effectiveness.     

海南万泉河中发现外来有害种——马那瓜丽体鱼

2011年在海南琼海万泉河发现外来鱼种马那瓜丽体鱼(Parachromis managuensis)。该种为凶猛的肉食性鱼类,已在野外建立种群,可能会对本土鱼类产生不利影响。建议主管部门禁止人为放生。     

塔里木盆地鱼类入侵及区系演变趋势

鱼类入侵是塔里木盆地土著鱼类濒危的关键性影响因素之一,结合历史文献数据及近年调查数据,系统综述了塔里木盆地鱼类入侵现状,并就鱼类入侵引起的鱼类区系均一化问题进行了分析。结果显示,该地区记录鱼类63种,其中土著种19种,入侵种44种。尽管入侵鱼类提升了塔里木盆地鱼类群落属级及科级的多样性水平,但相应的G-F多样性指数却明显下降,表明该区鱼类群落从物种组成简单、分化明显的特点演变为物种成分复杂、分化贫乏的特点。入侵种中源于长江和额尔齐斯河分别有30种(68.2%)和7种(15.9%),源于美欧和亚洲其他区域的有7种(15.9%)。入侵鱼类的进入引起塔里木盆地与其相关区域鱼类区系相似性显著上升(P0.01),并导致该区鱼类区系从单一的中亚高原山区复合体演变为多区系混合体。进一步利用鱼类个体生态矩阵分析方法研究显示,外来种在塔里木盆地适应性广泛,能够占据水域各种栖息生境,显著压缩了土著种的栖息空间,进而通过捕食、食物竞争及其他作用途径严重危及土著鱼类种群的续存,提示须采取有力措施限制入侵种的进一步扩散及对濒危土著物种迅速开展人工保育工作。     

枸杞岛岩礁生境主要鱼类的食物组成及食物竞争

基于2009年3月-2010年2月枸杞岛沿岸岩礁生境渔业资源调查数据,对岩礁生境中的3种定居性鱼类（褐菖鲉、大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼）和3种非定居性鱼类（花鲈、黄姑鱼和小黄鱼）的食物组成及食物关系进行了研究.结果表明： 麦秆虫、钩虾、褐菖鲉幼鱼、鳀鱼和中国毛虾等是6种鱼类的主要饵料生物,且饵料组成随季节而变化.3种定居性鱼类中,大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼在秋季食物竞争激烈;3种非定居性鱼类中,黄姑鱼和小黄鱼在夏季食物竞争激烈;非定居性鱼类和定居性鱼类之间,黄姑鱼分别与褐菖鲉（秋季）和大泷六线鱼（冬季）食物竞争激烈.黄姑鱼是引起岩礁生境中6种主要鱼类食物竞争的关键鱼种.枸杞岛岩礁生境中6种主要鱼类的摄食活动对褐菖鲉幼鱼的资源量有一定影响.     

秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的地理分布及其濒危现状

秤锤树属(SinojackiaHu)和长果安息香属(ChangiostyraxC.T.Chen)是安息香科的少种属,这两属在我国共记录有7个种。本文通过野外调查,分析了中国这两属植物的地理分布、濒危现状及其迁地保护状况。结果表明:秤锤树属植物地理分布较广,但是每个物种的居群数量和居群大小均很小。其中秤锤树(Sinojackiaxylocarpa)和狭果秤锤树(S.rehderiana)已经在其模式标本产地灭绝;棱果秤锤树(S.henryi)在过去的近70年内没有采到过标本,该物种可能存在同物异名现象或已经灭绝;细果秤锤树(S.microcarpa)由于人为破坏严重,居群大小急剧下降;肉果秤锤树(S.sarcocarpa)和怀化秤锤树(S.oblongicarpa)呈零星分布且个体数量很少,处于极濒危状态。另外本次调查发现秤锤树属的一个新的分类群(待鉴定种)。秤锤树属的大多数种和长果安息香属植物的居群更新能力差:虽然结果率较高,但是结籽率较低;坚硬的内果皮阻碍了种子的萌发,这是其居群更新的最大障碍;另外人为破坏对其居群更新的影响也较大。作者建议应该把秤锤树属的所有物种和长果安息香属植物都纳入保护的范围并讨论了这两属植物的保护策略。     

Similarities in correlates of native and introduced fish species richness distribution in Brazilian reservoirs

We assessed the relationships among native and introduced fish species richness and a set of explanatory variables, including area, altitude, reservoir age, temperature, human influence index and fish abundance. We expected to find different relationships based on species origin (i.e., native or introduced). Based on compiled data from Brazilian reservoirs, we modeled the variation in the number of native and introduced fish species by generalized linear mixed models with different spatial autocorrelation structures. Reservoirs located in warmer regions and with higher fish abundance showed higher species richness of both native and introduced fish. Reservoir age tended to be negatively correlated with native species richness. Our results suggest that reservoir communities in warmer regions may be more resistant to local extinctions caused by impoundments, but they are more susceptible to species introductions. Our results also highlight that an extinction debt can be expected for native species because older reservoirs showed lower native species richness.