橡胶树产胶量影响因素

橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)的乳状汁液是天然橡胶的最主要来源,其产胶量受很多因素的制约。本文从气象因子、土壤营养成分、常见病虫害、割胶制度和技术、品种和胶园管理等方面综合分析了影响橡胶树产胶量的因素及相关机理。温度、降雨和太阳辐射是影响产胶量的主要气象因子,它们相互影响并以累加效应作用于橡胶产胶;主要土壤营养元素氮、钾、磷和镁通过影响光合作用等影响胶乳合成,并因影响胶乳的稳定性而影响排胶;此外,病虫害、割胶制度和技术、橡胶树品种、树龄及胶园管理措施等都会对产胶量产生相应的影响。综合对以上影响因素及机理的分析,本文旨在为橡胶树产胶的科学研究和生产实践提供理论参考。     

新型微生物多糖胶联多糖

本文介绍了新型微生物多糖胶联多糖的结构、来源及生产,通过与其它水溶胶体的比较说明了它的溶液性质,凝胶性质,还涉及其商业可获性和安全性研究,并展望了它在食品中的应用前景。     

酵母醇脱氢酶在反向胶团中的某些特性

酵母醇脱氢酶在反向胶团中的某些特性张强,袁静明,赵葆华（山西大学分子科学研究所,太原０３０００６）反向胶团酶催化是酶学研究的新领域,已涉及到水解酶、转移酶、氧化还原酶等的研究~［１］。醇脱氢酶是糖代谢路线中重要的氧化还原酶之一,但不同来源的醇脱氢酶分?..     

橡胶草的研究进展

天然橡胶是一种不可替代的重要战略工业原料, 用途广泛。巴西橡胶树作为天然橡胶的主要来源, 受种植面积限制, 难以满足全球日益增长的对天然橡胶的需求。而南美叶疫病也是巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)安全的潜在威胁。蒲公英属产胶植物(橡胶草)最早发现于20世纪30年代, 可产生高质量的天然橡胶, 具有生长周期短、地理适应范围广、适合机械化生产等特点, 被认为是一种理想的产胶备选作物。该文从橡胶草种质资源、遗传改良、栽培技术及产胶生物学机制等方面综述了国内外橡胶草的研究进展和存在的问题, 并为我国开展橡胶草相关研究提出建议。     

槐豆胶的流变性及与黄原胶的协效性研究

本文主要对槐豆胶的流变性及槐豆胶与黄原胶的协效增稠性和协效凝胶性进行了研究。结果表明:槐豆胶具有较高的粘度,当胶浓度为1％时,其粘度为660mpa·s;浓度、剪切力、温度、酸碱、冻融等变化与槐豆胶的粘度都有较大的关系;槐豆胶还有一非常显著的特性即是与黄原胶的协效增稠性和协效凝胶性,可作为理想的黄原胶的增稠剂和凝胶剂。     

改性黄原胶酯化条件的优化及结构的表征

为了提高黄原胶的速溶性和粘度,将黄原胶进行改性处理。将黄原胶与马来酸酐进行酯化反应,探讨了黄原胶与马来酸酐摩尔比、反应时间和反应温度等因素的影响,以取代度为指标,利用响应面方法确定,该酯化反应的最优条件为:黄原胶与马来酸酐摩尔比1∶11.5、反应时间24.4 h、反应温度66℃。对改性黄原胶进行红外光谱、光散射和X-射线衍射等结构表征,表明酯化改性成功,且进一步解释了速溶性和粘度提高的原因。改性黄原胶细胞毒性实验,显示无毒性。结果表明,改性黄原胶的速溶性和粘度有很大提高,0.2%改性黄原胶的速溶性和粘度较对照提高了近3倍,在食品、药品等领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

毛胶薯蓣多糖胶与常用植物胶的流变性比较研究

用毛胶薯蓣提取分离毛胶薯蓣多糖胶(DSP)。将DSP与其他四种胶(瓜尔胶、魔芋胶、白芨胶、海藻酸钠)的粘度与浓度、温度、pH、降解时间、冻融变化及耐盐性的关系,以及起泡性能进行了比较研究。结果表明:DSP溶液的浓度与粘度正相关;温度在0~40℃间具有良好的热稳定性,40~90℃间其粘度随温度的升高而降低,且符合阿累尼乌斯动力学曲线;pH的改变、冻融变化和加入氯化钠、氯化钙对DSP粘度的影响甚微;同时DSP还具有优良的起泡性。     

半乳甘露聚糖胶物理增粘技术的研究

本文对瓜尔胶、胡芦巴胶、皂荚胶、野皂荚胶、田菁胶的水合增粘工艺进行了研究,并比较了螺杆盘磨式和轧辊刨片式两种增粘机。与原胶相比,增粘胶1％胶液粘度提高了50％,水不溶物含量降低了15％。     

褐藻多糖

褐藻多糖主要包括褐藻胶、褐藻糖胶和褐藻淀粉。近年来研究表明,褐藻多糖有一定的抗癌、抗HIV-1作用。详细介绍了褐藻多糖的来源、类型、结构及性质;分离、提纯方法以及它们的生理活性和相关的构效关系研究。     

野生冬虫夏草伴生细菌群落结构及多样性分析

采用基于PCR扩增的变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,研究8种不同地理来源野生冬夏草中伴生细菌的群落结构,通过优势条带切胶测序分析,确定了不同来源冬虫夏草伴生优势细菌的种属信息,分析结果表明冬虫夏草中细菌群落多样性丰富,不同来源冬虫夏草的细菌多样性指数(H’)、丰度(D)和均匀度(J)均有所不同,且伴生细菌群落相似性与样品产地间的距离远近呈一定的正相关。本研究还发现了冬虫夏草样品中的4种共有细菌Flavihumibacter petaseus、Sphingomonas aestuarii、Geobacillus pallidus和Methylovirgula ligni,为进一步研究伴生细菌在冬虫夏草生长发育中所起的作用奠定了基础。     

Promoting Research Integrity in Africa: An African Voice of Concern on Research Misconduct and the Way Forward

African researchers and their collaborators have been making significant contributions to useful research findings and discoveries in Africa. Despite evidence of scientific misconduct even in heavily regulated research environments, there is little documented information that supports prevalence of research misconduct in Africa. Available literature on research misconduct has focused on the developed world, where credible research integrity systems are already in place. Public attention to research misconduct has lately increased, calling for attention to weaknesses in current research policies and regulatory frameworks. Africa needs policies, structural and governance systems that promote responsible conduct of research. To begin to offset this relative lack of documented evidence of research misconduct, contributors working in various research institutions from nine African countries agreed to share their experiences to highlight problems and explore the need to identify strategies to promote research integrity in the African continent. The experiences shared include anecdotal but reliable accounts of previously undocumented research misconduct, including some ‘normal misbehavior’ of frontline staff in those countries. Two broad approaches to foster greater research integrity are proposed including promotion of institutional and individual capacity building to instil a culture of responsible research conduct in existing and upcoming research scientist and developing deterrent and corrective policies to minimize research misconduct and other questionable research practices. By sharing these experiences and through the strategies proposed, the authors hope to limit the level of research misconduct and promote research integrity in Africa.     

BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?

There is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally‐sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. It proceeds from the premise that there are good grounds for thinking that, at least some, international research sponsors exploit trial participants because they do not provide the research population with a fair share of the benefits of research. This provides a prima facie argument for increasing the benefits for research participants. Concern over undue inducement is a legitimate moral concern; however, if this concern is to prevent research populations from receiving their fair share of benefits from research there must be sufficient evidence that these benefits will unduly influence patients’ decision‐making regarding trial participation. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants’ motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects’ behaviour and risk assessment. Admittedly, the available research in this field is limited, but the research that has been conducted suggests that financial rewards do not distort research subjects’ behaviour or blind them to the risks involved with research. Therefore, I conclude that research sponsors should prioritise the prevention of exploitation in international research by providing greater benefits to research participants.     

On the Alleged Right to Participate in High‐Risk Research

Reigning regulatory frameworks for biomedical research impose on researchers and research ethics committees an obligation to protect research participants from risks that are unnecessary, disproportionate to potential research benefits, and non‐minimized. Where the research has no potential to produce results of direct benefit to the subjects and the subjects are unable to give consent, these requirements are strengthened by an additional condition, that risks should not exceed a certain minimal threshold. In this article, I address the question of whether there should be limits of permissible risks in non‐therapeutic research involving competent and healthy subjects. Some commentators argue that competent and informed individuals should have a right to participate even in extremely risky research and that research ethics committees should never reject studies because they are too dangerous. To use David Shaw's expression, competent volunteers should have ‘a right to participate in high‐risk research’. I argue that this idea is ill‐founded, as it does not take into account the social mission and complex collaborative nature of research practice as well as the inequity of power between researchers and subjects. Imposition of limits on permissible risks for healthy volunteers is justified by the need to protect research enterprise and the need to protect the weaker party, namely the subjects. Also, I suggest that the best way to set boundaries on research risks is to leave the judgment of risk acceptability to research ethics committees.     

Importance of basic research in applied phycology

Utilization of algae has extended considerably from the middle of this century, with the consequence of more and more applied research in various directions and fields, the most important of which deals with phycocolloid production and algal cultivation to provide raw material and foodstuff. It is noteworthy that this research can not avoid the use of knowledge obtained by basic research; applied phycology is especially indebted to basic research in adopting biotechnologies which are typically coming from basic research. In counterpart, such a situation is beneficial to basic research. According to the dependence of applied phycology to basic research and the fact that restricted research programs only are nowadays financially supported, the fate of all research seems to be questionable.     

A Framework to Link International Clinical Research to the Promotion of Justice in Global Health

How international research might contribute to justice in global health has not been substantively addressed by bioethics. Theories of justice from political philosophy establish obligations for parties from high‐income countries owed to parties from low and middle‐income countries. We have developed a new framework that is based on Jennifer Ruger's health capability paradigm to strengthen the link between international clinical research and justice in global health. The ‘research for health justice’ framework provides direction on three aspects of international clinical research: the research target, research capacity strengthening, and post‐trial benefits. It identifies the obligations of justice owed by national governments, research funders, research sponsors, and investigators to trial participants and host communities. These obligations vary from those currently articulated in international research ethics guidelines. Ethical requirements of a different kind are needed if international clinical research is to advance global health equity.     

勤云测试

【】充分考虑高校教学和社会服务职能以及内部资源分配对科研活动的影响,本文提出一个研究我国高校知识生产创造活动的理论框架,并基于教育部直属高校2000-2008年的统计数据进行了实证分析。研究发现,高校参与科研活动的高级职称研究人员的比例对发明专利申请增加有显著影响;重视基础研究有助于增加SCI论文;在校本专科生规模对科研产出有负面影响,而研究生数量的增加则对科研活动有积极贡献;加强与企业联系有助于增加高校的发明专利申请和EI期刊论文。     

共词分析国内外生物信息学领域研究态势

生物信息学作为自然科学领域中多学科交叉的新兴学科,其发展研究得到了众多学者的关注。为了解生物信息学在国内外的研究态势,以CNKI中文数据库和Web of science外文数据库中生物信息学领域期刊论文为研究对象,利用R语言编程工具,文献计量和共词分析归纳了国内外生物信息学领域的研究现状、热点及趋势。结果表明:国内外生物信息学研究均处于高速发展期,文献量呈逐年增长趋势,研究领域也在不断拓宽;国内外研究热点均聚焦在基因挖掘、蛋白质结构与功能预测、miRNA分析等,但国内偏向于理论研究,而国际更注重其在疾病治疗、药物设计等方面的应用研究。     

Genetic research and consent: On the crossroads of human and data research

This paper explores the legal and ethical concept of human subject research in order to determine whether genetic research with already available biosamples and data falls within this concept. Although the ethical concept seems to have evolved to recognize research based on data as human research, from a supranational legal perspective this form of research is not considered human subject research. Thus human subject research regulations do not apply and therefore do not invoke the requirement of obtaining consent prior to using an individual’s biosample or genetic data in research. Furthermore, it remains ambiguous in both the legal and ethical realm whether the use of biosamples or genetic data without additional links to the individual would invoke the same safeguards as research involving additional or specific identifiers. Seeing that research based on already available biosamples and genetic data is not governed by rules concerning human subject research, the second part of the paper analyses whether any consent requirements apply for the further use of already available bio‐samples or genetic data in research. Whereas further use of biosamples is subject to considerably lax consent requirements under Article 22 of the Oviedo Convention, under the General Data Protection Regulation further use of genetic data might not be subject to a prior consent requirement at all, unless it is stipulated in national laws. When it comes to clinical trials, however, sponsors will have the possibility under Article 28(2) of Regulation 536/2014 to obtain open consent for further use of data in any kind of future research.     

军队医院科研创新存在的问题及对策分析

科学技术是第一生产力,科技的进步是医学不断发展的基础。随着我国医疗卫生体制改革的不断推进,医院科研管理的作 用越来越突出。近年来,军队医院的科研实力和水平面临着巨大的挑战。因此,建立完善的科研机制,实施科研创新战略是推动卫 生事业改革与发展的动力。科研创新是指在立项、论证、研究方法、数据处理等科研活动中所表现出的与前人不同的思维方式和 行为方式。科研活动本身是以现有的现象、认知和习惯为基础的活动,凭借知识和经验预测科研可能达到的科学目的。在不同层 次对人们熟悉的思维方式高度抽象或转换,是科研创新的主要特征。本研究分析现阶段军队医院科研管理存在的问题,探讨科研 创新的必要性,强调医院科研管理应贯彻系统化思想,建立多元化科研模式。     

Ethical Issues in Adolescents' Sexual and Reproductive Health Research in Nigeria

There is increasing interest in the need to address the ethical dilemmas related to the engagement of adolescents in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) research. Research projects, including those that address issues related to STIs and HIV, adverse pregnancy outcomes, violence, and mental health, must be designed and implemented to address the needs of adolescents. Decisions on when an individual has adequate capacity to give consent for research most commonly use age as a surrogate rather than directly assessing capacity to understand the issues and make an informed decision on whether to participate in research or not. There is a perception that adolescents participating in research are more likely to be coerced and may therefore not fully comprehend the risk they may be taking when engaging in research. This paper examines the various ethical issues that may impact stakeholders' decision making when considering engaging adolescents in SRH research in Nigeria. It makes a case for lowering the age of consent for adolescents. While some experts believe it is possible to extrapolate relevant information from adult research, studies on ethical aspects of adolescents' participation in research are still needed, especially in the field of sexual and reproductive health where there are often differences in knowledge, attitudes and practices compared to adults. The particular challenges of applying the fundamental principles of research ethics to adolescent research, especially research about sex and sexuality, will only become clear if more studies are conducted.