微创机器人辅助下心脏手术中体外循环的各种引流方法比较

目的：分析比较机器人系统辅助下微创心脏手术中体外循环的各种静脉引流方式和辅助引流方法的特点和管理。方法24例患者接受体外循环下微创机器人辅助（ Da vinci S）心脏手术,股动静脉插管建立体外循环,不同的辅助引流方法分三组,D1组离心泵辅助引流12例,D2组负压辅助引流7例,D3组颈内静脉插管辅助引流5例。结果三组间平均静脉引流量和平均每公斤静脉引流量基本相似,无统计学差异。三组术中转流基本平稳,血流动力学相对稳定,各项监测指标均在正常范围,手术视野暴露清晰满意,全组的平均体外循环时间为139.7±35.5min,平均主动脉阻断时间为84.2±28.8 min。结论在股静脉引流的基础上,根据不同的手术方式和手术医生的要求,灌注师应用不同的辅助引流方式并制定不同的灌注对策,用于保证转流过程中充分的引流和灌注,是机器人辅助微创心脏手术顺利、成功的重要因素之一。     

体外循环技术在非心脏外科手术及急诊抢救中的应用

目的:研究体外循环技术在非心脏外科手术中和急诊抢救中的应用。方法:选取自2012年2月~2013年12月间本院收治的40例非心脏外科手术患者,所有患者采用外循环技术治疗,针对患者的手术方法以及手术过程中的临床表现进行研究,主要对体外循环时间、阻断时间等统计分析。结果:经过本院针对40例的非心脏外科手术治疗,采用体外循环技术分别对12例患者开展股转流术、14例患者行上下腔静脉插管转流术、8例患者行降主动脉和右心房插管输血术、8例患者采用股静脉插管转流术联合升主动脉、静脉以及上腔静脉术。其中经过本院的治疗,在体外的循环时间为18~170min之间,有10例阻断的时间为30~48min,39例患者手术成功出院,另外有1例患者手术时心脏骤停抢救无效死亡。结论:体外循环技术应用在非心脏外科的手术和抢救之中,往往采用传统的方法难以完成高难度的非心脏手术外科疾病手术治疗,但是可以为非心脏外科手术中大出血的急诊提供新的救治手段。     

体外循环长时间转流535例临床估价

目的：介绍长时间体外循环管理的方法和经验。方法：我院自1984年至1995年12月共施行体外循环时间超过120分钟的心脏直视手术535例,其中男性345例,女性190例;年龄3～71岁．体表面积0．55～2．2平方米。双瓣替换术151例．二尖瓣替换术113例,法乐氏四联症107例,冠状动脉旁路移植术62例,主动脉瓣替换术30例．复杂畸形25例．其它47例。全组病例均采用中深度低温及中深度血液稀释,心肌保护采用灌注含钾冷停跳液。复跳后．适当延长辅助循环时间。术中采用血液超滤法,并尽可能采用搏动性血流,以确保重要脏器有充沛的血供。结果：全组病例中．体外循环时间为70～214分钟,心脏停跳时间72～230分钟。术中自动复跳209例．自动复跳率占39％。结论：在长时间体外循环心脏直视手术中．综合应用上述措施．可显著提高体外循环质量．增加手术成功率。     

同期施行冠状动脉搭桥和心脏瓣膜手术的体外循环

目的总结和分析同期施行冠状动脉搭桥和心脏瓣膜手术的体外循环方法。方法125例患者分为3组:M组(冠脉病变及二尖瓣病变)75例,A组(冠脉病变及主动脉瓣病变)34例,D组(冠脉病变及二尖瓣和主动脉瓣病变)16例。心肌保护采用4:1冷含血停搏液,应用单纯顺灌、顺灌逆灌结合、顺灌桥灌结合、顺逆灌和桥灌结合技术。结果术中转流平稳,血流动力学稳定,监测指标均在正常范围,无手术死亡。结论同期施行冠状动脉搭桥和心脏瓣膜手术,术中良好的心肌保护方法和合理的体外循环灌注是保证手术顺利成功的重要因素。     

421例重症心脏瓣膜替换术中的体外循环探讨

本文报告1993－1996年12月施行421例重症心脏瓣膜术替换术的体外循环经验。病人年龄26－66岁,体重39－88kg。其中作二尖瓣替换术208例;二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣替换术148例;主动脉瓣替换术59例;其余6例行双瓣伴作冠状动脉搭桥手术。体外循环转流时间90－357min,主动脉阻断时间50－170min,心脏停跳时间54－175min。术中灌注压8－12kPa,中心静脉压0－0．98kPa。自动复跳245例,占60％。全组421例中,手术死亡数16例,病死率为3．8％。为了提高重症心脏手术的体外 循环质量,增加手术成功率,作者强调：①选用优质模式肺,以保证长时间转流,②长时间转流必须采用高流量灌注,维持良好动脉压;③选用顺灌伴逆灌的心肌保护方法;④适当延长辅助循环时间。     

非体外循环下心脏搭桥术在冠心病患者中的应用效果观察

目的探讨非体外循环下心脏搭桥术治疗冠心病的临床效果。方法选择2015年6月～2017年6月在我院行心脏搭桥术的冠心病患者120例,随机分为对照组和观察组各60例,对照组实施体外循环下心脏搭桥术,观察组实施非体外循环心脏搭桥术,观察两组患者手术情况、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTn-I)含量及并发症发生情况。结果观察组的手术时间、出血及输血量、呼吸机辅助时间及ICU入住时间和住院时间均少于对照组,且术后并发症发生率低于对照组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后24h的CK-MB及cTn-I水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论非体外循环下心脏搭桥术治疗冠心病对心肌的损伤小,患者术后恢复快,安全性高,应用效果显著。     

抑肽酶抑制体外循环中炎症反应的应用研究

目的:总结抑肽酶抑制体外循环心脏直视手术中炎性反应的研究和临床应用。方法:自2001年1月至11月,因心脏瓣膜病变而施行心脏瓣膜置换手术的患者随机分为研究组和对照组,术中应用抑肽酶的患者作为研究组。两组患者的体外循环、麻醉方法、预充液配制及手术方式间无差异。分别在体外循环前、中、后监测IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α变化。结果:两组患者CPB开始前的各炎性因子浓度间无显著性差异(P>0.05),而体外循环开始至结束后对照组患者的各炎性因子浓度均比研究组患者显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:抑肽酶能有效的抑制体外循环术中IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的释放,减轻体外循环术后炎性反应的程度,这对促进患者术后恢复、减少术后并发症具有重要的意义。     

MAXIMA膜式氧合器在体外循环中的应用(附260例报告)

在体外循环中应用MAXIMA膜式氧合器260例,术中各项血气分析指标基本正常,术后发生肺部并发症减少。作者认为:体外循环手术中应用膜式氧合器,尤其对危重病人,可减轻体外循环对肺功能的扰乱。同时也是对心脏功能的支持。     

体外循环心内直视手术中甲基强的松龙对肺保护作用的临床研究

目的：研究在体外循环心脏手术中应用甲基强的松龙的肺保护效果。方法：2000年1月至2001年5月,85例患者在体外循环中应用了甲基强的松龙,作为研究组;1996年9月至1999年12月,143例患者未在体外循环中应用甲基强的松龙,作为对照组。两组病例均静脉复合麻醉,气管插管,中度低温,中深度血液释释,应用冷晶体心肌保护液进行心肌保护。结果：研究组患者体外循环结束时的气道压力、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差的升高幅度和机械通气时间明显少于对照组患者。结论：在体外循环心内直视手术中应用甲基强的松龙,可有效减轻肺损伤,取得良好的肺保护效果。     

肥厚梗阻性心肌病的外科治疗

目的:总结肥厚室间隔切除术治疗肥厚梗阻性心肌病的手术效果,探讨外科治疗策略。方法:2002年3月至2010年10月,外科手术治疗33例肥厚梗阻性心肌病病人。其中男16例,女17例;年龄13～59岁,平均(42.7±13.6)岁;左室流出道压差(LVOTGP)70～120 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133Kpa),平均(95.0±22.6)mmHg。其中合并二尖瓣关闭不全24例,主动脉瓣关闭不全7例,升主动脉增宽3例,冠心病2例。手术在全麻低温体外循环下完成,按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术,同期完成二尖瓣置换术(MVR)7例,二尖瓣成形术(MVP)7例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形术(MVP+AVP)5例,二尖瓣、升主动脉成形术3例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形、冠状动脉旁路移植术(MVP+AVP+CABG)2例。分析比较病人术前超声心动图(UCG),术中经食管心脏超声(TEE),以及术后1周、3月、6月、1年超声心动图结果。结果:手术死亡1例(3.0%,1/33例),主要死因为严重低心排综合症以及多脏器功能衰竭。二次开胸止血1例(3.0%,1/33例)。术中经食管心脏超声示所有病人二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动现象(SAM征)消失。存活病人手术效果良好,解剖狭窄解除,峰值压差降低,SAM现象基本消失。远期随访生存病人症状消失,生活质量明显改善,心功能I～II级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论:外科治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病具有良好的手术效果。了解病生理过程、术中仔细探察、手术切除彻底是手术成功的关键。     

Presence of specific bradykinin receptors in arterial and venous smooth muscle

The relationship between bradykinin action and its concentration was examined on isolated rings of the rabbit aorta, femoral artery, jugular vein and on isolated strips of the rat portal vein. The sensitivity of femoral artery and portal vein smooth muscles to bradykinin was disclosed. Venous smooth muscles were more sensitive to bradykinin as compared with arterial smooth muscles. Dissociation constants for the rabbit aorta, femoral artery, jugular vein and for the rat portal vein were 3.98 X 10(-6), 6.3 X 10(-6), 1.26 X 10(-7), and 7.6 X 10(-9)M, respectively. Effects of endogenous bradykinin in vivo might result from its primary action on the venous smooth muscle, action on the arterial smooth muscle and veno-arterial interactions.     

Effect of Ilizarov tibial lengthening on limb blood flow

The experiment in 23 adult dogs was based on the study of volumetric blood flow velocity in the superficial femoral artery and femoral vein, pulse changes in blood filling of the m. gastrocnemius in the conditions of tibial lengthening to 17.5-23% from the initial length. Complex changes in the blood flow parameters were revealed after surgical intervention and within 7 distraction days. When the distraction ended, the volumetric blood flow velocity in the femoral artery was reduced by 19% and the blood flow out of the vessel was improved by 17%. When fixation was over, the volumetric blood flow velocity in the vessel increased by 37% and the improved outflow preserved. At each experimental stage, there was an increased volumetric blood flow velocity in the femoral vein as compared to its value in the control group, its correspondence to the superficial femoral artery as well as similar dynamics in blood flow changes in the femoral vessels and m. gastrocnemius. The findings show that the vascular system of bone regeneration provides accelerated arterial blood transportation into the venous system during organotypical bone area formation.     

The distribution and clearances of hormones and metabolites in the circulation of the foetal sheep.

Plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations have been measured in the plasma of blood collected simultaneously from the femoral artery, umbilical vein and carotid artery of the exteriorized foetal sheep. The concentration of vasopressin and catecholamines was consistently lower and of glucose, lactate and corticosteroids consistently higher in the umbilical vein compared with the femoral artery. ACTH concentrations showed no consistent pattern and fluctuated widely at each site, but during synacthen infusion the concentration in the umbilical vein was consistently lower than in the femoral artery. For corticosteroids the concentration in the carotid artery was much lower than that in the umbilical vein; the converse was true for catecholamines. Concentrations in the carotid and femoral artery were similar for all compounds investigated. These results indicate that the placenta is a major site of vasopressin, catecholamine and ACTH clearance and of glucose, lactate and corticosteroid production. The foetal liver is probably a major site of corticosteroid and catecholamine clearance.     

Elevated plasma levels of human urotensin-II immunoreactivity in congestive heart failure

Human urotensin-II (hU-II) is the most potent endogenous cardiostimulant identified to date. We therefore determined whether hU-II has a possible pathological role by investigating its levels in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Blood samples were obtained from the aortic root, femoral artery, femoral vein, and pulmonary artery from CHF patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and the aortic root from patients undergoing investigative angiography for chest pain who were not in heart failure. Immunoreactive hU-II (hU-II-ir) levels were determined with radioimmunoassay. hU-II-ir was elevated in the aortic root of CHF patients (230.9 +/- 68.7 pg/ml, n = 21; P < 0.001) vs. patients with nonfailing hearts (22.7 +/- 6.1 pg/ml, n = 18). This increase was attributed to cardiopulmonary production of hU-II-ir because levels were lower in the pulmonary artery (38.2 +/- 6.1 pg/ml, n = 21; P < 0.001) than in the aortic root. hU-II-ir was elevated in the aortic root of CHF patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (142.1 +/- 51.5 pg/ml, n = 10; P < 0.05) vs. patients with nonfailing hearts without coronary artery disease (27.3 +/- 12.4 pg/ml, n = 7) and CHF patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (311.6 +/- 120.4 pg/ml, n = 11; P < 0.001) vs. patients with nonfailing hearts and coronary artery disease (19.8 +/- 6.6 pg/ml, n = 11). hU-II-ir was significantly higher in the aortic root than in the pulmonary artery and femoral vein, with a nonsignificant trend for higher levels in the aortic root than in the femoral artery. The findings indicated that hU-II-ir is elevated in the aortic root of CHF patients and that hU-II-ir is cleared at least in part from the microcirculation.     

Possible role of adrenomedullin in the regulation of Fontan circulation: mature form of plasma adrenomedullin is extracted in the lung in patients with Fontan procedure

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the pathophysiological significance of molecular forms of adrenomedullin (AM) in patients after the Fontan procedure. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of mature AM (AM-m), an active form, glycine-extended AM (AM-Gly), an inactive form, and total AM (AM-T: AM-m+AM-Gly) were measured by specific immunoradiometric assay in the femoral vein, pulmonary artery and femoral artery of 29 consecutive patients after the Fontan procedure. The eleven patients who had history of Kawasaki disease and have normal coronary and hemodynamics served as control. RESULTS: Patients who underwent Fontan procedure had significantly higher venous concentrations of AM-T, AM-Gly, and AM-m than age-matched normal controls (AM-T, 12.0+/-3.3 vs. 9.6+/-2.0; AM-Gly, 10.4+/-3.0 vs. 8.5+/-1.6; AM-m, 1.6+/-0.7 vs. 1.0+/-0.6 pmol/l, each p<0.05). In patients with Fontan procedure, there were no differences in plasma AM-T, AM-Gly or AM-m levels between the femoral vein and pulmonary artery, however, there was a significant step-down in the AM-m levels, but not in plasma AM-T or AM-Gly levels, between the pulmonary artery and femoral artery (1.3+/-0.6 to 1.0+/-0.6, p<0.05). The venous concentrations of AM-m correlated negatively with systemic blood flow (cardiac output) (r=-0.46, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that in Fontan circulation plasma AM-m is increased in parallel with those of AM-T and AM-Gly and that AM-m is extracted in the lung. Extracted AM-m may be involved in the regulation of pulmonary arterial tonus, although further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact role of AM in Fontan circulation.     

股动脉及股静脉血气在烧伤脓毒症患者早期诊断价值

目的:探索股动脉及股静脉血气对烧伤脓毒症患者早期诊断价值。方法:选择自2009年7月至2014年12月我院收治的特重烧伤患者80例,根据是否患有脓毒症,将35例脓毒症患者作为观察组,45例非脓毒症患者作为对照组。在所有患者左侧股动脉、股静脉置管,并抽血,进行血气分析。结果:动脉血气分析中观察组患者股动脉血中HCO3-水平明显低于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);静脉血气分析中观察组患者股静脉血中Pv CO2显著高于对照组,Pv O2、Sv O2、HCO3-水平明显低于对照组,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者的△PO2、△PCO2、△SO2、△HCO3-、△p H水平均显著高于对照组,且差异均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:股动脉和股静脉血气分析可反映出机体组织的血流灌注情况及氧的供需状态,对烧伤脓毒症患者早期诊断具有重要价值。     

Cardiovascular, respiratory and glottic effects of sodium salicylate administered into different parts of the circulation in rabbits.

The authors studied the effect of sodium salicylate administered into different parts of the circulatory system on various cardiovascular, respiratory and glottic parameters in Pentobarbital-anaesthetized rabbits. The results show that apnoea, bradycardia and hypotension, followed by hypertension, can also be caused by the extrathoracic action of salicylate. Cardiovascular responses induced by injecting salicylate into the carotid circulation are qualitatively the same, even after vagotomy, as in injection into the femoral vein. Salicylate injected into the common carotid artery, the internal carotid artery or the femoral vein causes inspiratory apnoea in rabbits, with powerful electrical activity of the diaphragm and an intrapleural pressure shift to marked inspiratory values. Laryngoconstriction occurs simultaneously, despite inspiratory apnoea. The injection of salicylate into the common carotid artery after bilateral vagotomy induces expiratory (not inspiratory) apnoea, indicating that the vagi play an important role in the origination of inspiratory apnoea in rabbits.     

Evidence for different pre-and post-junctional receptors for neuropeptide Y and related peptides

The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), desamido-NPY and five C-terminal fragments of NPY or PYY were tested on different smooth muscle preparations in vitro. The fragments were NPY 19-36, NPY 24-36, PYY 13-36, PYY 24-36 and PYY 27-36. NPY and PYY appear to exert three principally different effects at the level of the sympathetic neuroeffector junction. Firstly, they have a direct post-junctional effect, leading to constriction of certain blood vessels; this was studied on the guinea-pig iliac vein. Secondly, they potentiate the response to various vasoconstrictors; this was studied on the rabbit femoral artery and vein, using noradrenaline and histamine, respectively, as agonists. Thirdly, NPY and PYY act prejunctionally in that they suppress the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve endings upon stimulation; this was studied in the rat vas deferens. NPY and PYY were approximately equipotent in constricting the guinea-pig iliac vein, while desamido-NPY and the fragments were without effect. Desamido-NPY and the fragments were ineffective also in potentiating the response to noradrenaline in the rabbit femoral artery, nor did they potentiate the response to histamine in the rabbit femoral vein. NPY and PYY potentiated the response to noradrenaline in the artery, as well as the response to histamine in the vein. The NPY- and PYY-induced suppression of noradrenaline release from the prostatic portion of the rat vas deferens was reproduced by PYY 13-36 but not by the shorter fragments nor by desamido-NPY. In conclusion, a C-terminal portion seems to be sufficient for exerting the prejunctional effect of NPY and PYY, while the whole sequence seems to be required for post-junctional (direct and modulatory) effects. An amidated C-terminal is crucial for maintaining the biological activity of NPY. Desamido-NPY and the fragments that were inactive as agonists also seemed inactive as antagonists.