The Relationship between Systemic Resistance Induced by Pruning and Accumulation of Antifungal Substances in Barley Seedlings

Infection by a compatible race of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei on barley secondary leaves was significantly suppressed upon pruning of the primary leaves when E. graminis hordei was inoculated 3–12 h after the pruning, but it, was rather enhanced during 15–21 h. The accumulation of antifungal substances was detected in hot ethanol extracts of barley seedlings from 15–27 h after pruning the primary leaves. Taking the time of the infection process of a challenger (E. graminis, hordei) into consideration, timing of systemic resistance induced upon pruning coincided with the accumulation of antifungal substances.     

Salicylic Acid Is Not the Translocated Signal Responsible for Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance but Is Required in Signal Transduction

Infection of plants by necrotizing pathogens can induce broad-spectrum resistance to subsequent pathogen infection. This systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is thought to be triggered by a vascular-mobile signal that moves throughout the plant from the infected leaves. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the induction of SAR. Because SA is found in phloem exudate of infected cucumber and tobacco plants, it has been proposed as a candidate for the translocated signal. To determine if SA is the mobile signal, grafting experiments were performed using transgenic plants that express a bacterial SA-degrading enzyme. We show that transgenic tobacco root-stocks, although unable to accumulate SA, were fully capable of delivering a signal that renders nontransgenic scions resistant to further pathogen infection. This result indicated that the translocating, SAR-inducing signal is not SA. Reciprocal grafts demonstrated that the signal requires the presence of SA in tissues distant from the infection site to induce systemic resistance.     

一种改进的诱发拟南芥产生系统抗病性的方法

报告了诱发拟南芥产生系统抗性的改进的方法。通过直接用荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluores-cent)M18菌悬液浇灌植株根际代替收集菌体与土壤混合的方法、以直接播种替代移苗以及以病原菌喷雾接种法替代蘸叶接种法,在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thali-ana)生态型Columbia中,有效地建立了诱导性系统抗性(induced systemic resistance,ISR)的实验模式。这种改进的方法简化了操作步骤,缩短了试验周期,使大规模筛选ISR突变体成为可能,同时还能避免因移栽引起的各种其他抗性反应的干扰。     

植物系统获得的抗病性和信号传导

植物在长期的进化过程中,需要不断地抵抗病原微生物的侵害。在这种长期相互影响的共进化过程中,植物逐渐形成一系列复杂而行之有效的保护机制来抵御病原微生物的侵染。在植物抵御病原微生物侵染的过程中,宿主植物的抗病基因（R）产物与病原微生物无毒基因（Avr）产物的...     

植物SAR和ISR中的乙烯信号转导网络

乙烯作为重要的信号分子在植物SAR和ISR中发挥重要作用。受病原物和其它激发子处理后,植物体内乙烯被合成,为内质网上一个His激酶类受体家族(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)所感知,在铜离子的转运活性下,乙烯与受体的结合使Raf-类Ser/Thr激酶CTR1失活。在CTR1的下游,EIN2、EIN3、EIN5/AIN1、EIN6、EIN7是乙烯反应的正调节子,负责乙烯信号的传导。EIN2编码功能未知的新的膜整合蛋白,而EIN5/AIN1、EIN6和EIN7尚未从分子水平上进行鉴定。定位在核内的DNA结合蛋白EIN3,直接作用于ERF1,调节乙烯反应基因的转录,激活植物防御素和病程相关蛋白基因的表达,使植物建立抗病性反应。     

Agmatine Metabolism and Hordatine Formation in Barley Seedlings

In the shoots of dark-grown barley seedlings coumaroylagmatineconcentration reaches a peak 3 d after germination; however,none could be detected 5 d after germination. Concentrationsof hordatines A, B and M show maxima 6 d after germination andthe concentrations decline to less than 50 per cent of the maximumby the 11th d. Putrescine, agmatine and spermidine peak respectively3,4 and 8 d after germination. Putrescine concentration declinesrapidly between the 8th and 9th d after germination. Agmatinecoumaroyl transferase (ACT) activity is greatest 3–4 dafter germination and activity is undetectable 5 d from germination.In the shoots of barley seedlings grown under diurnal illumination,hordatine M reached a peak 7 d after germination but no distinctpeaks could be found for hordatines A and B or coumaroylagmatine. Hordeum vulgare L., barley, coumaroylagmatine, hordatines, agmatine coumaroyltransferase, putrescine, spermidine     

系统获得性抗性移动信号Pip/NHP研究进展

系统获得性抗性(SAR)是一种因病原微生物初次侵染植物局部叶片而被激活的整株水平上的持久广谱抗性。在初次侵染部位快速产生的抗性信号,可通过韧皮部传输到植物其它部位,从而激活SAR。哌啶酸/N-羟基哌啶酸(Pip/NHP)作为新发现的移动信号分子,在SAR信号通路中具有重要作用。该文综述了Pip/NHP的合成、转运以及对SAR调控作用的最新研究进展。     

脱落酸对甜椒幼苗抗寒性的诱导效应及其机理研究

以砂培甜椒幼苗为材料,先用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)进行灌根处理,再分两组分别于常温(25℃～30℃)生长7 d(常温苗)或低温驯化(10℃～15℃)30 d(驯化苗)之后进行低温胁迫(5℃)处理,分析幼苗的生长状况及其细胞质膜伤害、渗透调节物质、活性氧清除系统、内源激素的变化特征,以探讨脱落酸对甜椒抗寒性的诱导效应及机理.结果显示,(1)各浓度ABA对甜椒常温苗和驯化苗的株高、茎重均无显著影响,但显著促进驯化苗的侧根生长,在低温胁迫下,显著降低驯化苗叶片的呼吸速率;(2)常温苗的相对电导率仅在10 mg/L ABA处理中比对照显著降低,而驯化苗在各处理浓度下均显著降低,MDA含量表现出与此类似的变化;(3)叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、钾离子等渗透调节物质含量在各浓度ABA处理常温苗和驯化苗中均有所增加,但仅脯氨酸含量的增加达到显著水平.(4)各浓度ABA处理都一定程度上提高了常温苗的SOD活性,显著降低了常温苗的CAT和POD活性,H2O2积累量均显著降低,但对于驯化苗,1.0 mg/L和10 mg/L ABA处理却显著降低其SOD活性,POD和CAT活性无显著差异,H2O2积累量也无显著变化.(5)茎尖的ZR、JA-Me含量及IAA/ZR、均与对照无显著差异,但IAA、ABA含量、ABA/ZR比值明显提高,其中1.0和10 mg/L处理的内源ABA含量以及10 mg/L处理的ABA/ZR比值显著高于对照.研究表明,脱落酸能通过降低甜椒幼苗呼吸速率,提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、钾离子等渗透调节物质以及ABA的积累来诱导增强甜椒幼苗的抗寒性,减少活性氧自由基的产生和累积量,从而减轻低温胁迫造成的伤害,且低温驯化条件下比常温下效果更加明显.     

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici can Induce Systemic Resistance in Barley Against Powdery Mildew

Drench inoculation of the undisturbed roots of barley seedlings with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici (FORL) significantly reduced the primary infection frequency of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (BGH) on the first leaves. The length of secondary hyphae and subsequent conidial production of BGH were also found to be significantly reduced by preinoculation with FORL. The reduction in infection frequency was observed as early as 48 h after inducer treatment, namely when plants were challenge‐inoculated immediately following inoculation with FORL. The induced resistance continued up to 16 days after treatment as indicated by the reduction in infection frequency, up to 22 days after treatment when evaluated as a reduction in the length of secondary hyphae, and up to 35 days after treatment when evaluated as a reduction in conidial production. Characteristics of FORL that may explain its success as an inducer of resistance against barley powdery mildew are discussed.     

Appearance of Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes in Greening Barley Seedlings

The sequential appearance of chlorophyll-protein complexes (CP)in greening barley leaves was studied by an improved methodof SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Solubilizedthylakoid membranes were purified using a sucrose step gradientand CPs were separated by PAGE with low concentrations of SDSin solubilizing and reservoir buffers. At 10 min after the onsetof illumination, a chlorophyll-protein complex (CPX) was detected.It was a labile CP, its chlorophyll (Chl) being easily releasedfrom the apoprotein during electrophoresis. The P700-chlorophylla/b-protein complex (CPl) appeared after 45–60 min ofillumination together with P700 activity. Light-harvesting chlorophylla/b-protein complex (LHCP) began to accumulate at 2.5 h withthe beginning of Chl b synthesis. In some cases a small amountof CPa could be detected after 6 h of greening. The time-differencespectrum between homogenates of leaves illuminated for 30 and60 min had an absorbance maximum at 677 nm, showing that a redshift indicative of CPl formation began soon after completionof the Shibata shift. The time-difference spectrum between 3.5-hand 4.0-h illuminated leaves resembled the absolute spectrumof fully greened leaves, indicating that at this stage, spectralcomponents were being synthesized at the same ratio at whichthey exist in fully greened tissues. Both absolute and time-differencespectral data supported the SDS-PAGE results. (Received February 27, 1985; Accepted May 8, 1985)     

转录因子WRKY和NPR1在系统获得抗性信号转导中的相互作用机制

WRKY和NPR1是系统获得抗性（SAR）信号转导途径中的2类重要转录因子。简要讨论了WRKY和NPR1在水杨酸（SA）诱导的SAR信号转导途径中的相互作用,以及进一步认识这种相互作用机制对提高植物自身抗性的广泛应用前景。     

Structural Changes in Starch Molecules during the Malting of Barley

Barley was made into a normal and an over-modified malt, and the loss in starch was 14.6% and 67.7%, respectively. Starch granules, isolated from the barley and malts, were observed by scanning electron and light microscopes. In normal malt, 14% of the large granules were eroded and the small granules remained almost intact. In the case of over-modified malt, 38% of the large granules were eroded, and a marked reduction was found in the population of the small granules. Iodine affinities and blue values of the starches increased as malting proceeded. The malting of barley resulted in an apparent increase in the amylose component of the starch but hardly affected its molecular size distribution when examined by Bio-Gel A-50m column chromatography. The fine structures of the barley and malt amylopectins were compared by Shephadex G-50 and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatographies after debranching with pullulanase. No change was observed during malting in spite of a significant reduction in the amylopectin component of the starch.     

植物中 RNA 分子系统运输的研究进展

RNA 分子主要以单链的形式存在于生物体内,既担负着贮存及转移遗传信息的作用,又能作为核酶直接在细胞内发挥代谢功能 . 在植物中 RNA 也可作为活跃的信号分子调控基因表达和发育 . 介绍了包括病毒 RNA 、 RNA 沉默信号、特异内源 RNA 等 RNA 分子,在植物体内的系统运输及其在植物基因表达调控中所起作用的研究进展 .     

Photoregulation of beta-Tubulin mRNA Abundance in Etiolated Oat and Barley Seedlings

The effect of light on the abundance of β-tubulin mRNA was measured in etiolated Avena sativa L. and Hordeum vulgare L. seedlings. Slot blot analysis employing an oat β-tubulin cDNA clone was used to measure β-tubulin mRNA levels. White light induced a 45% decrease in oat β-tubulin mRNA abundance by 2 hours after transfer. A saturating red light pulse induced 40 and 55% decreases in β-tubulin mRNA levels in oats and barley, respectively. Recovery of β-tubulin mRNA levels was observed after a red light pulse but not after transfer to continuous white light. The red light induced decrease in oat β-tubulin mRNA abundance was not reversible by a subsequent far-red light treatment. The mesocotyl portion of etiolated oat seedlings exhibited a more dramatic decrease in β-tubulin mRNA abundance in response to red light than did the coleoptile portion. The results indicate that the well-documented effects of red light on the growth of etiolated seedlings are accompanied by changes in the expression of the β-tubulin genes.     

Genetics of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley

A comprehensive, critical review on the present knowledge regarding the genetics of resistance of barley to the powdery mildew fungus is presented. The review deals with six kinds of resistance: Race-specific resistance; Mlo resistance; partial resistance; induced resistance; passive resistance; and non-host resistance. Most of the sections are subdivided into: phenotype of the interaction; resistance mechanisms; and genetics. A distinction is made between three groups of genes involved in the defense of plants to diseases: those that serve exclusively to mediate resistance; those that are mobilized to strengthen the plants' defense; and those that serve exclusively functions other than disease defense, but may bring about resistance. The more than 200 gene symbols assigned to race-specific mildew resistance genes over time are summarized and revised to 85 symbols that may be considered valid.     

Role of Catalase in Inducing Chilling Tolerance in Pre-Emergent Maize Seedlings

The mechanisms of chilling acclimation and the role of antioxidant enzymes, catalase in particular, in inducing chilling tolerance in pre-emergent maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings have been investigated. Seedlings were acclimated to chilling stress in two different ways. Three-day-old seedlings did not survive 7 d of 4[deg]C stress unless acclimated by exposure to either 14[deg]C for 1 d or 4[deg]C for 1 d followed by recovery at 27[deg]C for 1 d. Although no changes in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were observed, both kinds of acclimated seedlings had higher catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities compared with nonacclimated seedlings during low-temperature stress and recovery conditions. To study the role of CAT in chilling tolerance, aminotriazole (AT) was used as a tool to artificially inhibit CAT activity and to initiate oxidative stress in the seedlings. Treatment of acclimating seedlings with 3 mM AT for 18 h abolished the acclimation phenomenon. AT treatment was found to be specific to CAT inhibition, because the total activities or isozyme profiles of the other investigated antioxidant enzymes were not altered in AT-treated seedlings. Protein carbonyl content, an indication of oxidative damage, was increased 2-fold in nonacclimated and AT-treated acclimated seedlings. These results collectively indicate that acclimation to prolonged chilling stress can be achieved by briefly pre-exposing the seedlings to 4[deg]C chilling stress and that acclimation-induced (oxidative stress-induced) CAT seems to play a major role, probably along with other antioxidant enzymes, in inducing chilling tolerance in pre-emergent maize seedlings.     

Increased Levels of Cytokinins in Barley Leaves Having the Systemic Acquired Resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker

The role of endogenously induced higher level of cytokinins and exogenously applied kinetin in relation to the development of barley leaf spot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker (syn. Helminthosporium sativum Pammel, King and Bakke) was studied. Spraying barley leaves with kinetin suppressed the number and the size of necrotic spots caused by the fungus. Inoculation of the lower leaves of barley by a spore suspension of the fungus B. sorokiniana induced resistance on the upper leaves against a subsequent challenge inoculation by the same pathogen 10 days later. An increase in the level of cytokinins was observed in these resistant leaves. Elevated levels of cytokinins may cause a type of juvenility in leaf tissues. The juvenile state could be in a causal relationship with the suppression of necrotic spots caused by the fungus.     

Screening for Barley yellow dwarf virus-Resistant Barley Genotypes by Assessment of Virus Content in Inoculated Seedlings

The content of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in roots and leaves of barley seedling plants differing in their level of resistance was assessed by quantitative ELISA 1–42 days after inoculation with the strain of BYDV (PAV). High virus accumulation in roots and low concentration in leaves was characteristic of the period 9–15 days after inoculation. In leaves, the differences in virus content between resistant and susceptible genotypes became significant after 15 days and resistance to virus accumulation was better expressed 30–39 days after inoculation. Roots of resistant materials exhibited evident retardation of virus accumulation and the greatest difference in virus content between resistant and susceptible plants was detected 9 days after inoculation. By these criteria, the selected winter and spring barley cultivars and lines (in total 44 materials) fell in to five groups according to field reactions and the presence or absence of the Yd2 resistance gene. There were highly significant and positive relations between ELISA values and 5‐year field data on symptomatic reactions and grain‐yield reductions due to infection. Using the described method, resistant and moderately resistant genotypes (both Yd2 and non‐Yd2) were significantly differentiated from susceptible genotypes. The possible use of this method in screening for BYDV resistance is discussed.     

盐胁迫下大麦根系多胺代谢与其耐盐性的关系

研究了0～300mmol/LNaCl对大麦(Hordeum-vulgare-L.)幼苗生长速率、根系游离和结合态多胺含量以及多胺生物合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,在0～200mmol/L NaCl处理下精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、多胺氧化酶(PAO)以及转谷酰胺酶(Tgase)活性明显提高,而在300 mmol/L NaCl处理下活性下降。与之对应,游离腐胺（Put）含量随处理盐浓度的提高一直呈上升趋势,亚精胺(Spd)和在根系内检测到的未知多胺(Pax)在低浓度盐处理时含量上升,随盐浓度的提高含量下降。盐处理前后精胺(Spm)含量变化不明显。低浓度盐处理时游离态（Spd+Pax）/Put上升,随盐浓度的提高比值明显下降。结合态Put、Spd和Pax含量以及结合态多胺总量均在低浓度盐处理时上升,随盐浓度的提高含量明显下降。统计分析显示,大麦相对生长速率与游离态（Spd+Pax）/Put和结合态多胺含量间均呈极显著正相关关系,与游离态多胺和结合态多胺的比值间均呈显著负相关关系,上述结果说明盐胁迫下大麦体内游离态Spd、Pax与Put以及结合态形式之间的平衡与大麦耐盐性关系密切,游离态Put向Spd 、Pax以及结合态形式转化均有利于大麦耐盐性的提高.     

盐胁迫下大麦根系多胺代谢与其耐盐性的关系

研究了0－300mmol/L NaCl对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.)幼苗生长速率,根系游离和结合态多胺含量以及多胺生物合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,在0－200mmol/L NaCl处理下精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、多胺氧化酶（PAO）以及转谷酰胺酶（TGase)活性明显提高,而在300mol/L NaCl处理下活性下降,与之对应,游离腐胺（Put)含量随处理盐浓度的提高一直呈上升趋势。亚精胺（Spd)和在根系内检测到的未知多胺（PAx）在低浓度盐处理时含量上升,随盐浓度的提高含量下降,盐处理前后精胺（Spm)含量变化不明显,低浓度盐处理时游离态（Spd PAx)/Put上升,随盐浓度的提高比值明显下降,结合态Put,Spd和PAx含量以及结合态多胺总量均在低浓度盐处理时上升,随盐浓度的提高含量明显下降,统计分析显示,大麦相对生长速率与游离态（Spd PAx）／Put和结合态多胺含量间均呈极显著正相关关系,与游离态多胺和结合态多胺的比值间均呈显著负相关关系,上述结果说明盐胁迫下大麦体内游离态Spd,PAx与Put以及结合态形式之间的平衡与大麦耐盐性关系密切,游离态Put向Spd,PAx以及结合态形式转化均有利于大麦耐盐性的提高。