水稻品种对褐稻虱的抗性

本文运用苗期抗性筛选法,测定了9个水稻品种对褐稻虱的抗性及其与秧龄的关系,表明秧龄对高抗品种的抗性表现影响不显著,而部分中抗品种的抗性则随秧龄增长而加大。抗性机制研究证明:高抗品种7105具有很强的不嗜性和抗生性;而包选2号和辐包矮21等中抗品种则以耐虫性为主,兼有不同程度的抗生性。     

有机稻田褐稻虱种群动态及天敌作用分析

为组建有机稻田褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群生态控制系统,系统调查实施有机耕作1年后褐稻虱种群动态,并应用生命表技术评价自然天敌的作用。结果表明,有机晚稻田中褐稻虱种群发生2个世代。高峰期分别为9月底~10月初、10月下旬,平均百丛达502.3,164.5头,种群增长率为常规稻田的31.76%。水稻移栽后天敌数量迅速回升,有机稻田中蜘蛛、捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌分别比常规稻田增长66.10%,166.67%,44.24%。将各类天敌作用相加,以"捕食及其它"、"寄生"对褐稻虱种群的控制作用最强,其EIPC值均显著高于常规稻田相应天敌因子EIPC。     

真水狼蛛对褐飞虱捕食作用的初步研究

应用二次正交旋转组合的设计方法,研究了在不同的天敌密度、害虫密度、温度和光照时间的动态系统中,真水狼蛛对稻田主要害虫褐飞虱的捕食作用。得出其控制作用的数学模型为:y=27.4087 3.1667 x_1 6.8333 x_2-1.1667 x_3 0.5000 x_4-0.4258 x_1~2-0.9258 x_2~2-3.1758 x_3~2 .2500 x_1x_2 0.5000 x_1x3-1.5000 x_3x_4通过模型的主效应分析.得出了各环境因子对天敌捕食作用的影响。真水狼蛛对褐飞虱的日捕食量为19.372头。     

非嗜食植物次生物质对褐稻虱种群的干扰作用

应用干扰作用控制指数(the interference index of population control,IIPC)评价了3种异源植物次生物质对褐稻虱种群控制的干扰作用.结果表明,非嗜食植物薇甘菊、飞机草(浓度均为0.01 gDW/mL)和苦楝油(200倍)对褐稻虱种群的增长起着明显的干扰作用,其中对成虫产卵驱避的IIPC分别为0.4383、0.4308、0.4795,对褐稻虱种群的防治效果可达73.89%、76.07%和81.34%.其作用主要表现为对成虫的产卵驱避,对若虫的毒杀作用较弱,对褐稻虱种群的IIPC分别为0.2611、0.2393和0.1966;此外表明对褐稻虱种群的寄生性天敌安全.     

寄主经历对稻褐飞虱致害特性的影响

对寄主经历不同的稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens 3龄若虫致害特性的研究结果表明：在抗虫品种Mudgo上的生活经历显著提高试虫在含Bphl基因的Mudeo、IR26、IR28、IR34上的蜜露排泄量、存活率及试虫对Mudgo的选择性：而ASD7上的经历仅显著提高试虫在ASD7上的蜜露量和存活率。不同品种上的经历对试虫的影响有所不同。同时,各经历试虫 在抗虫品种上的蜜露排泄量显著小于在TNl上的排泄量。     

野生稻对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性鉴定

采用国际水稻所制定的《水稻系统评价标准》,对广西1400多份野生稻种质资源进行了对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性筛选鉴定,明确了广西野生稻资源中的药用野生稻绝大多数对褐稻虱和白背飞虱具有强的抗性,而普通野生稻则多为感虫。     

利用分子探针法研究稻田蜘蛛集团对褐飞虱的捕食作用

为褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stal）的绿色防控提供理论参考依据,于2011年和2012年在调查了浙江富阳不同品种稻田褐飞虱和蜘蛛的发生密度后,利用荧光定量PCR分子探针技术分析了9科27种3 807头蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。研究结果表明,在水稻Oryza sativa L.不同生育期,稻田总的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均随调查时间呈规律性变化,且在调查时间点间出现了显著性差异（P<0.05）;各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率均随水稻生育期的发展呈增加趋势,整体上,狼蛛科Lycosidae、皿蛛科Linyphiidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、肖蛸科Tetragnathidae、跳蛛科Salticidae和园蛛科Araneidae捕食率在DAT21,DAT35和DAT77,DAT91之间有显著性差异（P<0.05）;2012年两品种稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均显著高于2011年的值,两年间汕优63（SY63）稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度均显著高于IR64的密度;2012年各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率显著高于2011年的值（P<0.05）,且狼蛛科和球腹蛛科对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率在两品种间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;稻田4种蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg & Strand)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum (Boes. et Str.）、食虫瘤胸蛛Oedothorax insecticeps (Boes. et str.)和锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thoren)的捕食阳性率均随褐飞虱种群密度的增加而增加,该捕食功能反应曲线可用非线性模型P=aN/(1+bN)拟合;除锥腹肖蛸外,其它3种的捕食功能反应曲线均呈饱和状态;拟环纹豹蛛捕食褐飞虱的DNA残留量显著高于八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和食虫瘤胸蛛的残留量（P<0.05）。本研究结果充分说明稻田各蜘蛛类群对不同生育期、不同品种水稻的褐飞虱均具有较强的捕食作用,是生物防治策略中的重要因素,应加强田间蜘蛛的保护工作和增强自然天敌的控害功能。     

Pheromone trail decay rates on different substrates in the Pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis

Abstract. Many ants use pheromone trails to organize collective foraging. This study investigated the rate at which a well‐established Pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.), trail breaks down on two substrates (polycarbonate plastic, newspaper). Workers were allowed to feed on sucrose solution from a feeder 30 cm from the nest. Between the nest and the feeder, the trail had a Y‐shaped bifurcation. Initially, while recruiting to and exploiting the feeder, workers could only deposit pheromone on the branch leading to the feeder. Once the trail was established (by approximately 60 ants per min for 20 min), the ants were not allowed to reinforce the trail and were given a choice between the marked and unmarked branches. The numbers of ants choosing each branch were counted for 30 min. Initially, most went to the side on which pheromone had been deposited (80% and 70% on the plastic and paper substrates, respectively). However, this decayed to 50% within 25 min for plastic and 8 min for paper. From these data, the half‐life times of the pheromone are estimated as approximately 9 min and 3 min on plastic and paper, respectively. The results show that, for M. pharaonis, trail decay is rapid and is affected strongly by trail substrate.     

Changes in food selection by workers of the pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis

The results from simple choice test experiments with laboratory and field colonies of pharaoh's ants have revealed two behavioural traits that influence the way in which foraging worker ants respond to foods. Initially, worker ants from laboratory colonies showed a distinct preference for certain foods (e.g. honey and peanut butter). However, when given only these 'preferred' foods continuously for several weeks, workers showed a marked preference for other foods when offered a choice. This 'satiation' response occurred even though the initial diet was originally highly attractive to foraging workers. In addition, workers show a marked tendency to alternate between carbohydrate foods and protein foods. Thus, workers from colonies fed predominantly on proteins, subsequently showed a marked preference for carbohydrates, and vice versa. The 'satiation' and 'alternation' responses to foods ensure that colonies receive a diet that is both varied and balanced. In addition, these aspects of feeding behaviour have important consequences for the use of food-based baits in control measures against Monomorium pharaonis (L.).     

褐飞虱抗药性研究现状

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。文章综述国内外关于褐飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括褐飞虱抗性测定方法、抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性遗传、抗性机理及抗性治理等。田间褐飞虱种群对新烟碱类药剂产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对吡虫啉产生高水平到极高水平抗性,对氯噻啉和噻虫嗪分别产生中等水平和低水平的抗药性,对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺仍然处于敏感性阶段。此外,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮(昆虫生长调节剂)产生低水平到中等水平抗性。长期大面积使用化学药剂是褐飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强褐飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

Caste regulation in the pharaoh's ant Monomorium pharaonis: the influence of queens on the production of new sexual forms

ABSTRACT. In colonies of Monomorium pharaonis (L.), the presence of fertile queens normally prevents the production of new queens and males (sexuals). The inhibitory effect of the presence of fertile queens is not shared by virgin queens or by freshly killed dead queens, but can be substituted by the artificial introduction of eggs. Moreover, fertile queens made sterile by exposure to a Juvenile Hormone analogue lose their ability to prevent the rearing of new sexuals. Thus, the inhibitory action of queens is mediated via the eggs that they lay, such that the rearing of new sexuals is limited to the times when either the number or fecundity of extant queens is reduced. Workers appear able to detect changes in the number of eggs present in the colony. When eggs are plentiful (i.e. when queens are laying at maximum rates), only worker brood is reared, but if egg numbers decline, workers will respond by rearing a new batch of males and queens. This method of caste regulation is highly efficient, and the inhibitory action of eggs on the production of sexuals is comparable to the action of 'queen substances' reported in some other social insects.     

褐飞虱对马拉硫磷的抗性遗传和交互抗性研究

毒力测定显示,抗马拉硫磷品对杀螟松、二嗪磷、异丙威和仲丁威都有明显的交互抗性产生,但对醚菊酯和吡虫啉没有表现出显的交互抗性。抗性遗传研究显示,正交和反交后代F1和F1'的显性值D分别为0.4014和0.3780,说明抗性主效基因是不完全显性的。通过自交后代F2和回交后代BC的LD-p线观察及与期望曲线比较,证明抗性遗传由两个或两个以上的基因控制。     

Caste regulation in the pharaoh's ant Monomorium pharaonis: recognition and cannibalism of sexual brood by workers

Abstract In colonies of the pharaoh's ant Monomorium pharaonis (L), new males and queens can be produced at any time by the removal of the inhibitory effect of the presence of existing fertile queens. When queens are absent, workers rear sexual larvae and will also accept sexual larvae introduced from other nests. However, in the presence of fertile queens workers cannibalize sexual brood, and will not accept male or queen larvae or pre-pupae from other nests, although worker brood is always accepted and reared. Worker larvae are covered in bifurcated hairs, whereas sexual larvae are essentially hairless. Workers may use these morphological cues to distinguish between sexual and worker brood stages.     

褐飞虱若虫中肠凋亡细胞的检测

为揭示褐飞虱Niloparvata lugens Stl若虫在发育过程中中肠的凋亡细胞,使用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP-生物素断端标记法(TUNEL)进行中肠组织切片检测,结果表明,1～5龄若虫中肠分别存在2%～5%的凋亡细胞。利用4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸(DAPI)染色法检测表明,存在Ⅰ,Ⅱa和Ⅱb期凋亡的细胞核,其特征包括染色体浓缩、边缘化及细胞核碎裂。透射电子显微镜检测结果表明,早期凋亡的细胞呈现染色质浓缩、边缘化特征,晚期凋亡的细胞出现细胞核碎裂、形成凋亡小体及细胞质空泡化等。本研究揭示了在正常发育过程中褐飞虱若虫中肠有少量的细胞发生了凋亡。通过人工干预的方式调控中肠细胞的凋亡进程有可能使之成为防治该水稻害虫的新靶标。     

贺氏菱头蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和稻褐飞虱的捕食作用研究

应用二次正交旋转组合设计方法建立贺氏菱头蛛Bianor hotingchiehi和食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata insecticeps对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens捕食作用的数学模型分别为:Y'cm=3.9984-0.2083 x1 0.7917 x2 2.1250 x3 0.2917 x4 0.5625 x1x2-0.1875 x1x3 0.1875 x1x4 0.8125 x2x3 0.1875 x2x4 0.1875 x3x4-0.4703 x21 0.0305 x22 0.0305 x23-0.0940 x24;Y'nl=6.2832 0.2917 x1 0.5417 x2-0.1250 x3 3.625 x4-0.0625 x1x2 0.5625 x1x3 0.4375 x1x4-0.4375 x2x3 0.4375 x2x4-0.4375 x3x4-0.2299 x21-0.1047 x22 0.0250 x23 0.2709 x24 .结果表明,食虫沟瘤蛛是稻纵卷叶螟和稻褐飞虱的更为重要的捕食性天敌.贺氏菱头蛛对各种干扰作用表现更为敏感.     

惠州地区褐飞虱对几种药剂的抗药性监测

2009年采用稻茎浸渍法测定广东省惠州地区褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、异丙威、丁烯氟虫腈、烯定虫胺和毒死蜱等杀虫剂的敏感性,测定结果表明:当地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉产生了极高水平抗性(抗性倍数为422.2倍),对噻嗪酮、异丙威产生了中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为11.0和14.0倍),对丁烯氟虫腈仍处于敏感性降低(抗性倍数为3.7倍),对烯定虫胺和毒死蜱敏感(抗性倍数<3倍)。基于褐飞虱对这6种药剂抗性的明显差异,对田间治理褐飞虱合理使用药剂进行了讨论。     

Functional morphology of the postpharyngeal gland of queens and workers of the ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.)

Eelen D., Børgesen L.W. and Billen J. 2006. Functional morphology of the postpharyngeal gland of queens and workers of the ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 87 : 101–111 The postpharyngeal gland (PPG) is unique to ants and is the largest exocrine gland in their head. In queens of the pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis, the gland contains approximately 15 finger‐like epithelial extensions on each side and opens dorsolaterally in the posterior pharynx. In these ants the PPG morphology varies considerably according to age and mating status. The epithelial thickness increases with age and reaches a maximum at 3 weeks in both virgin and mated queens. A considerable expansion of the lumen diameter occurs in both groups between 4 and 7 days. Virgin queens release their secretion into the gland lumen from an age of 7 days, whereas mated queens accumulate large amounts of secretion in their epithelium. The increasing epithelial thickness, together with the increasing lumen diameter, the presence of numerous inclusions in the epithelium and the release of secretion, are indicative for increasing gland activity. The gland ultrastructure indicates involvement in lipid metabolism and de novo synthesis of lipids. The PPG of workers consists of 12 finger‐like tubes at each side. There is a significant difference in epithelial thickness between nurses and repletes and between nurses and foragers. We suggest the PPG serves different purposes in pharaoh's ants: it is likely that the PPG of workers and virgin queens is used to feed larvae. In mated queens the gland probably plays a role in providing the queen with nutritious oils for egg production. The PPG may also function in signalling species nestmate and caste identity, as well as in the reproductive capacity of the queens.