抑制剂及其组合对尿素15N在小麦土壤系统中的行为和归宿的影响

应用加有脲酶抑制剂(HQ)、硝化抑制剂(DCD)及其组合的标记尿素进行春小麦盆栽试验.结果表明,在生长季节结束时,小麦回收,土壤残留和损失的肥料N各占施入N量的17.65～23.69%、43.72～56.32%和19.99～36.77%.其中,与单施尿素相比,两种抑制剂配合使用处理的肥料N总回收率高16.78%,小麦回收高5.96%.施用氮肥对籽粒贡献最大,占吸收肥料N量43.3～62.0%.     

脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂对植稻土壤中尿素N行为的影响

采用自制根盒试验,主要研究了脲酶抑制剂氢醌（HQ）,硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）及二者组合对离水稻根际不同距离处NH4^--N和NO3^-N分布的影响,结果表明,DCD及其与HQ组合均能显著促进稻株地上部分生长,始终显著降低水稻根际与近根际土中NH4^ -N含量直至施肥后60d,施肥后20d时,DCD及其与HQ组合可使非根际土中NH4^ -N含量显著增加,随后,却出现相反现象,施肥后20d时,距根际不同距离的土壤中,配施DCD或DCD＋HQ处理均能显著降低NO3^-N含量,随后,近根际和非根际仍保持上述现象直至施肥后40d;同未施DCD处理相比,根际土壤却较早出现NO3^--N含量高峰,正好与水稻N营养需求时期相一致,因此,DCD及其与HQ组合可减少水稻根际环境下尿素N损失潜势,通过不种稻土壤和距根际3cm处的土壤中尿素无机氮形态分布的差异,充分显示了研究水稻根际土壤氮素转化及相关抑制剂对其影响时,以取离根际3cm外的土壤作为非根际明显优于不种稻土壤。     

分次追施N肥对苹果砧木—平邑甜茶吸收15N-尿素以及叶片衰老的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupenhensis)为实验材料,研究等氮(N)量分次追施N肥(一次、二次和三次)对平邑甜茶叶片衰老及15N-尿素吸收、利用的影响.采用15N示踪技术,研究不同施肥处理下植株的生长、酶活性和15N吸收利用等参数.研究结果表明:植株的株高、茎粗、叶面积和叶绿素含量(SPAD)在生长前期均以一次性追肥处理最高,三次追肥处理最低,且与一次追肥处理差异显著;在生长中期均以二次追肥处理最高,一次追肥处理最低;在生长后期均以三次追肥处理最高,一次追肥处理最低,且与三次追肥处理差异显著;叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在生长前期均以一次追肥处理最高,三次追肥处理最低,且与一次追肥处理差异显著;在生长中期均以二次追肥处理最高,一次追肥处理最低;在生长后期均以三次追肥处理最高,一次追肥处理最低,且与三次追肥处理差异显著;生长后期植株各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全N量的贡献率差异显著,三次追肥处理显著高于一次和二次追肥处理;生长后期三次追肥处理植株的总N量、吸收的15N量及15N肥料利用率均为最大.三次追肥处理能提高叶片全N量,延缓生长后期叶片衰老,提高N肥利用率.     

甜樱桃对^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材,研究了其在萌芽前土施^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的^15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（Ndff）均随时间推移逐渐升高,盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高;果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%;果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%;果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根^15N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官^15N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期^15N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的^15N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官^15N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对^15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

脲酶／硝化抑制剂对土壤有效态氮、微生物量氮和小麦氮吸收的影响

研究了脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)、硝化抑制剂(DCD)及二者组合在草甸棕壤上施用对尿素态N转化及土壤总有效态N、微生物量N的影响．结果表明,尿素配施NBPT、DCD及抑制剂组合能够增加尿素水解后土壤NH4^+含量2％-53％。显著降低了氧化态N的浓度,抑制了土壤中铵态N的氧化,增加土壤总有效N34％-44％,小麦吸N量增加0．26％-6．79％。其中以脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂组合的效果最明显．抑制剂施用增加了微生物在小麦生长初期对有效态N固持,有利于后期土壤有效态N的矿化．     

稀土元素对土壤中尿素水解及其水解产物行为的影响

以潮土为供试土壤进行土培试验,研究了农用稀土对同时施加的尿素在土壤中形态转化过程影响,当稀土施用量增至10mg/kg^-1烘干土以上时,土壤中尿素水解后所形成的铵态氮含量显著增加,在不同培养时间内,土壤中源自尿素的硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量随稀土施用量增加呈降低趋势;当施用量增至50mg/kg^-1烘干土时,与对照相比的降低程度达显著水平,施加稀土元素后,土壤有效氮含量明显增加,主要由于土壤铵态氮增加所致,结合土壤pH变化,表明稀土施用量高于10mg.kg^-1烘干土时,可明显延缓尿素在潮土中水解进程并抑制水解产物铵态氮的氧化,利于土训对尿素氮固持。     

氮肥配施生化抑制剂组合对黄泥田土壤氮素淋溶特征的影响

揭示尿素类肥料添加生化抑制剂组合后,在黄泥田土壤中硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)的淋溶损失规律。采用室内土柱淋溶培养试验,研究脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)和硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP)单独添加及配合施用对尿素和尿素硝铵(300 kg N/hm~2)中氮(N)素在土体中淋溶损失的影响。结果表明:尿素和尿素硝铵处理淋溶液中NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N浓度均呈先升后降的变化趋势,而出峰时间不一。NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N淋失量随着时间的延长,处理间差异逐渐变大。NBPT处理可以减缓尿素水解,有效抑制NH~+_4-N生成,延缓其出峰时间,减少NH~+_4-N流失;CP处理可以有效抑制NH~+_4-N向NO~-_3-N转化,减少NO~-_3-N流失。与单独添加NBPT和CP处理相比,两者配施对N素淋溶损失有明显的协同抑制效果在黄泥田土壤中,既能减缓尿素水解,保持土壤中较高NH~+_4-N含量,又能降低淋溶液中NO~-_3-N浓度。培养结束时(第72天),UAN处理中NO~-_3-N、NH~+_4-N、矿质态N淋失总量及硝化率较U处理高34.39%、5.32%、31.72%和15.71%。U+NBPT、U+CP和U+NBPT+CP处理较U处理分别显著降低NO~-_3-N淋失总量达15.58%、114.77%和73.45%;UAN+NBPT、UAN+CP和UAN+NBPT+CP处理较UAN处理分别显著降低达15.88%、54.87%和37.46%。不同处理NO~-_3-N淋失总量大小表现为:UAN UAN+NBPT U UAN+NBPT+CP U+NBPT UAN+CP U+NBPT+CP U+CP CK。在一定施肥量条件下,NBPT和CP单独施用或配施均可降低黄泥田土壤中NO~-_3-N累积淋失量。对各处理淋溶液中NO~-_3-N淋失量(y)随时间(x)的变化进行拟合,其中以线性方程(y=ax+b)的拟合度较高,且各抑制剂处理a、b值均存在明显差异。总体认为,在黄泥田土壤中施用CP及其与NBPT配施可以显著降低土壤NO~-_3-N淋溶损失,减少N素淋失风险,提高肥料利用率。     

抑制剂尿素施用对芹菜生长和品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺、硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑、硝化抑制剂双氰胺与脲酶抑制剂氢醌组合的尿素(D-U、DMP-U、H-D-U)对芹菜生长及硝酸盐含量等影响。结果表明,施用抑制剂尿素能提高芹菜的地上部干重及其占总生物量的比例,降低芹菜叶、茎中的硝酸盐含量,提高芹菜叶、茎中的维生素C、氨基酸和粗蛋白的含量。H-D-U对减少芹菜体内的硝酸盐累积具有最明显的效果。     

硝化抑制剂对不同旱地农田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养法,研究了硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对施加尿素的沈阳草甸棕壤、运城褐土、美国明尼苏达州粉砂壤土的N2O排放、氮素转化速率和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:抑制剂DCD和DMPP对草甸棕壤的N2O减排率为54.1％ ～75.9％,但对速效氮含量影响不显著,约24％的硝化潜势被DCD所抑制,而在高含水量下DMPP却对硝化潜势无抑制作用;在褐土中,DMPP抑制效果显著,其在两种含水量下的N2O减排率为85.5％和66.7％、对硝化作用潜势抑制率为97.2％和96.4％,但DCD只在低含水量下有少许抑制效果(24.6％ ～57.5％),而在高含水量下则失效;DMPP对粉砂壤土在两种含水量下的N2O减排率为42.9％和53.1％,而DCD在高含水量下未能减排N2O;在草甸棕壤和褐土中,施氮肥有效促进氨氧化细菌(AOB)的生长繁殖,DCD与DMPP使AOB amoA数量减少了4.1％ ～63.5％,有显著抑制作用,而对氨氧化古菌(AOA)和反硝化菌则影响不大;与AOB相比,AOA在数量上占优势,但AOB amoA基因丰度与硝化潜势显著正相关,表明AOB在硝化过程中起了更重要的作用.     

^15N标记稻草中N,C在羊体内的转化和利用

应用~(13)N标记稻草饲喂3只山羊,以探明羊对稻草N、C化合物的消化、吸收、排泄和转化规律。结果表明,已宰杀的2只羊消化、吸收、转化为羊机体的~(15)N占试验日粮中~(15)N富集总量的38.54和23.78％,平均为31.16％。3只羊从粪尿中排泄的~(15)N各占饲料中~(15)N的34.78、33.88和33.18％,平均为33.95±0.80％,已屠宰的2只羊对饲料~(15)N总回收率为73.32和56.96％,损失率为26.68和43.04％。饲料~(15)N的回收利用率与饲料中氨基酸的消化率(％)相吻合。1、2、3号羊对饲料碳水化合物的消化率分别为76.40、68.66和65.19％。其中饲喂2、3号羊的饲料中都含稻草50％左右,羊对碳水化合物的平均消化率为66.93％。     

The fate of labelled15N urea and ammonium nitrate applied to a winter wheat crop

Labelled urea or ammonium nitrate was applied to winter wheat growing on a loamy soil in Northern France. Two applications of fertilizer were given: 50 kg N ha^–1 at tillering (early March) and 110 kg N ha^–1 at the beginning of stem elongation (mid-April). The kinetics of urea hydrolysis, nitrification of ammonium and the disappearance of inorganic nitrogen were followed at frequent intervals. Inorganic nitrogen soon disappeared, mainly immobilized by soil microflora and absorbed by the crop. Net immobilization of fertilizer N occured at a very similar rate for urea and ammonium nitrate. Maximum immobilization (16 kg N ha¹) was found at harvest for the first dressing and at anthesis for the second dressing (23 kg N ha¹). During the nitrification period, the labelled ammonium pool was immobilized two to three times faster than the labelled nitrate pool. No significant net¹⁵N remineralization was found during the growth cycle.The actual denitrification and volatilization losses were probably more important than indicated from calculations made by extrapolation of fluxes measured over short intervals. However microbial immobilization was the most important of the processes which compete with plant uptake for nitrogen.     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass N under zero and shallow tillage for spring wheat,using15N urea

Summary Field studies to determine the effect of zero and shallow (10 cm) cultivation on microbial biomass were conducted on several Chernozemic soils in western Canada. Using the CHCl₃ fumigation method, the distribution of microbial biomass N and the immobilization and subsequent release of added¹⁵N (¹⁵N-urea) from the microbial biomass were determined in the A horizon, at the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10 cm depth, during the growing season for spring wheat.Temporal variation in microbial biomass N, associated with the development of the rhizosphere, was characterized by an increase between Feekes stage 1 and 5 or 10 and decrease at Feekes stage 11.4. Over the long term, the variation in biomass N between tillage systems corresponded with crop residue distribution. Immobilization of fertilizer N was related to the increase in biomass N from Feekes stage 1, which in turn, was associated with the incorporation of recent crop residues or levels of labile organic matter in the surface soil. The study demonstrated the relatively rapid remineralization of immobilized fertilizer N under field conditions and emphasized the role of the microbial biomass N as both a sink and source of mineral N.     

长期喷施稀土对土壤-植物(小麦)系统中稀土元素分布、累积及运移的影响

在我国施用稀土时间最长的黑龙江省花园农场,研究比较了施用稀土12 a和不施稀土的对照处理上小麦和土壤中的稀土元素的分布、累积及运移.结果表明,长期叶面喷施稀土并未造成耕层土壤和下部土层的稀土元素的累积.成熟期小麦植株各部位的稀土元素含量顺序为根>叶>茎、壳;稀土元素主要累积在根部,其次是叶,茎和壳累积较少.喷施处理小麦根部的稀土元素累积量高于对照,叶部也有此趋势,而茎、壳等部位差异不大.根、茎、叶、壳稀土元素分布模式与土壤中相似,与施用的常乐稀土差别较大;长期喷施稀土未曾造成籽粒中稀土元素的明显累积.     

用15N叶片标记法研究旱作水稻与花生间作系统中氮素的双向转移

在盆栽条件下 ,采用 1 5N叶片富积标记方法 ,研究了旱作水稻与花生间作系统氮素的双向转移及供氮水平对氮素转移的影响。结果表明 :在 15 kg hm- 2、75 kg hm- 2、 15 0 kg hm- 2等 3个氮肥水平下 ,间作水稻的干物质生物量和氮素吸收量分别为9.4 1g株 - 1、12 .0 6 g株 - 1、13.5 3g株 - 1和 2 0 7.35 mg株 - 1、2 4 1.81mg株 - 1、2 5 9.37mg株 - 1 ,分别比单作水稻增加了 2 1%～ 2 9%、7%～ 2 9%、18%～ 30 %和 4 3.4 3%、4 5 .72 %、32 .81% ,间作对水稻的干物质积累和氮素吸收量有显著促进作用。间作和单作系统中花生的干物质生物量和氮素吸收量间的差异均不显著 ;用花生叶片标记 1 5N试验表明 ,在 3个氮肥水平下花生体内的氮素中分别有 9.93%、5 .6 5 %、4 .2 2 %转移到了水稻植株体内 ,其转移量随土壤氮素水平的提高而降低 ;用水稻叶片标记 1 5N则分别有 4 .39%、2 .0 6 %、1.38%的水稻体内氮素转移到了花生植株体内 ,其转移量也随土壤氮素水平的提高而降低 ;用 1 5N叶片标记的方法证明花生与水稻旱作的间作系统中存在着氮素的双向转移 ,但净转移方向是由花生植株向水稻的氮素转移。对豆科与禾本科间作系统中氮素转移的机理、途径也做了分析和讨论。     

Assessing the impacts of biochar-blended urea on nitrogen use efficiency and soil retention in wheat production

Improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) in crop plants is important to reduce the negative impact of excessive N on the environment. Although biochar-blended fertilizer had been increasingly tested in crop production, the fate of fertilized N in soil and plant had not been elucidated in field conditions. In this study, a novel biochar-blended urea (BU) was prepared by pelleting maize straw biochar, bentonite, sepiolite, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and chitosan with urea (commercial urea without biochar [CU]). N fertilization in a winter wheat field was treated with BU and CU at both 265 kg N ha^?1 (HL) and 186 kg N ha^?1 (LN). Within a treatment plot, a microplot was fertilized with ¹⁵N-labeled urea at a relevant N level. We investigated the influence of fertilizer management on biomass, grain yield, bioaccumulation of nutrient, soil properties, ¹⁵N isotopic abundance, and greenhouse gas emissions. Microscopic and spectroscopic analysis showed that micro/nanonetwork of biochar could bind N to form a loss control agglomerated particle, and organo-mineral coatings on BU may protect N from quick release. Compared with CU, BU significantly increased grain yield by 13% and 38%, and grain N allocation by 19% and 55%, respectively, at HN and LN level. The total recovery of urea ¹⁵N in wheat plant (¹⁵N based NUE) was 32.8% under CU regardless of N rates but increased to 41.7% (HN rate) and 56.3% (LN rate) under BU. Whereas, the soil proportion (soil residual ¹⁵N) was 20.1% and 13.4% under CU but 32.5% and 18.8% under BU, in 0-20cm topsoil, respectively, at HN and LN rate. Compared with the CU, BU had no effect on CO₂ and CH₄ emissions but significantly reduced the total N₂O emission by 23%–28%. These important findings suggested that BU can be beneficial to uplift plant NUE to reduce reactive N loading but boost crop production.     

Natural 15N abundances of maize and soil amended with urea and composted pig manure

To investigate the effect of inorganic fertilizer and composted manure amendments on the N isotope composition (delta ¹⁵N) of crop and soil, maize (Zea mays L.) was cultivated under greenhouse conditions for 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 days. Composted pig manure (delta ¹⁵N= +13.9) and urea (-2.3) were applied at 0 and 0 kg N ha^–1 (C0U0), 0 and 150 kg N ha^–1 (C0U2), 150 and 0 kg N ha^–1 (C2U0), and 75 and 75 kg N ha^–1 (C1U1), respectively. The delta ¹⁵N of total soil-N was not affected by both amendments, but delta ¹⁵N of NH⁺ ₄ and NO^– ₃ provided some information on the N isotope fractionation in soil. During the early growth stage, significant differences (P < 0.05) in delta ¹⁵N among maize subjected to different treatments were observed. After 30 days of growth, the delta ¹⁵N values of maize were +6.6 for C0U0, +1.1 for C0U2, +7.7 for C2U0, and +4.5 for C1U1. However, effects of urea and composted manure application on maize delta ¹⁵N progressively decreased with increasing growth period, probably due to isotope fractionation accompanying N losses and increased uptake of soil-derived N by maize. After 70 days of growth, delta ¹⁵N of leaves and grains of maize amended with composted pig manure were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those with urea. The temporal variations in delta ¹⁵N of maize amended with urea and composted manure indicate that plant delta ¹⁵N is generally not a good tracer for N sources applied to field. Our data can be used in validation of delta ¹⁵N fractionation models in relation to N source inputs.     

南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的效应与去向

采用田间小区和微区试验,研究了施用化学氮肥对南京郊区菜地番茄产量、氮肥去向及氮素损失的影响.结果表明, 由于土壤和有机肥供氮充分,氮肥施用未增加番茄产量.用差值法计算得到的氮肥利用率在14.5%～22.5%之间.¹⁵N标记尿素微区试验表明,施入氮量的16.6%～28.8%被作物吸收,氮素总损失为34.2%～46.0%.施用化学氮肥增加了土壤剖面中的硝酸盐含量,番茄收获时,10%～10.2%的标记尿素被淋洗到40 cm以下土层.增施化学氮肥也显著增加了菜地土壤的反硝化损失和N₂O排放,其中反硝化损失占施入氮量的5.50%～6.01%;N₂O排放量占施入氮量的2.62%～4.92%.但番茄生长期间未检测到氨挥发.减少氮肥用量或施用包衣尿素可降低菜地施用氮肥的环境风险,特别是减少硝酸盐淋洗和硝化反硝化损失.