表面活性剂对土壤中多环芳烃生物有效性影响的研究进展

表面活性剂能够改变多环节烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）在土壤中的溶解度、吸附/解吸平衡和与土壤微生物的相互作用,从而改变PAHs的生物有效性,表面活性剂主要通过降低土壤-水之间的界面张力,增加PAHs的溶解度、促进PAHs的运输等方式来加强PAHs的生物有效性,但由于表面活性剂本身对微生物的毒害作用或无毒的表面活性剂优先作为微生物的生长基质,可能会对PAHs的生物有效性起到抑制作用,另外,表面活性剂对土壤中不同形态的PAHs生物有效性的影响不同,表面活性剂、PAHs和土壤微生物的类型浓度以及土壤的物理化学条件等都对PAHs的生物有效性有影响。     

土壤中多环芳烃污染对植物生理生态的影响

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛存在于天然环境中的持久性有机污染物,对土壤的污染尤为突出,给生态环境、植物和人类健康造成严重的潜在威胁.当前,修复受PAHs污染的土壤是国际土壤和环境领域研究的热点,而植物修复是最具潜力的环境修复技术之一.本文对近年来土壤PAHs及其与其他污染物复合胁迫对植物生长及其形态结构、光合作用和抗氧化系统等影响研究的最新进展进行综述,并对今后的重要领域和研究热点进行了展望.     

表面活性剂TW-80对土壤中多环芳烃生物降解的影响

以表面活性剂TW80为供试物,进行了为期150d的实验研究,并分别在30、60和150d间隔采样监测PAHs降解率。结果表明,30d后,土壤中PAHs的降解率达90%,比对照提高约30%.60d后,浓度为10000mg·kg^-1表面活性剂的土壤和对照中,PAHs降解率从65.1%和60%迅速提高到93.8%和79.2%.其它处理中,PAHs的平均降解率仅比30d的结果提高4%.150d后,所有处理中PAHs的降解率均达到90%以上。可以认为,表面活性剂能提高PAHs的生物可利用性,加快PAHs的降解速率,从而减少污染暴露时间。但表面活性剂浓度过高可抑制微生物活性。研究还发现,TW80土壤中含有优势真菌。经鉴定为常见青霉、蠕形青霉、淡紫青霉和顶孢头孢霉。它们是土壤PAHs迅速降解的动因.     

红树林湿地多环芳烃污染研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类广泛存在于天然环境中的有机污染物,对生态环境和人类健康造成严重的潜在威胁。本文概述了红树林湿地中多环芳烃的来源和分布,其对红树植物的生理毒性效应、红树植物的生物修复作用和生物降解等方面的最新研究进展进行了总结,并对未来PAHs在红树林的研究趋势进行了展望分析。     

多环芳烃在土壤中的行为

多环芳烃（PAHs)在土壤中达到吸附平衡时存在“快”和“慢”两个吸附过程,植物能够从土壤中吸收低分子量的PAHs并向植物的地上部分迁移转化,但PAHs在植物体内主要的累积方式是植物地上部分的空气污染,微生物对PAHs的降解依然是去除PAHs的主要方式,主要通过微生物产生的酶的作用,本文详细分析了影响PAHs生物去除的各种因素。     

微生物降解多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是具有严重危害的环境污染物质。介绍PAHs的降解菌,降解机理和PAHs的生物修复方面的研究进展。土壤中PAHs的生物修复被认为是解决污染的有效方法,目前,菲的生物降解途径已经比较清楚,但对结构更为复杂的多环芳烃研究较少。文章还对消除环境中多环芳烃的相关生物技术提出展望。     

污染土壤中多环芳烃的共代谢降解过程

1　前　言多环芳烃是一类普遍存在于环境中的重要有机污染物 ,因其致癌性、致畸性、致突变性而被认为是危险物质。由于其水溶性低 ,辛醇 水分配系数高 ,因此 ,该类化合物易于从水中分配到生物体内、沉积层中。土壤成为多环芳烃的重要载体 ,多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复也因此倍受关注。多环芳烃在土壤中有较高的稳定性 ,其苯环数与其生物可降解性明显呈负相关关系。很少有能直接降解高环数多环芳烃的微生物。研究表明 ,高分子量的多环芳烃的生物降解一般均以共代谢方式开始[1 3] 。共代谢作用可以提高微生物降解多环芳烃的效率 ,改变微生物碳…     

微生物降解多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃是一类长久存在于环境中,具有毒性、致突变与致癌等特性的环境优先污染物。本文对降解多环芳烃的微生物类群进行了阐述,介绍了在土壤与厌氧条件下细菌降解多环芳烃的研究情况,最后介绍了降解多环芳烃的相关酶类以及分子生物学的研究,并对消除环境中多环芳烃的相关生物技术提出展望。     

表面活性剂对小麦吸收多环芳烃(PAHs)的影响

通过研究施加两表面活性剂（Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０和ＬＡＳ）后小麦对多环芳烃的吸收情况得出,含有过量菲、芘和苯并（ａ）芘营养液中生长的小麦ＰＡＨｓ含量受表面活性剂影响显著。在培养４０ｄ后,ＣＭＣ以上Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０使小麦根中菲、芘和苯并（ａ）芘含量下降,即促进了小麦茎叶中菲和芘的含量。ＣＭＣ和ＣＭＣ以下ＬＡＳ也使小麦中ＰＡＨｓ含量降低而茎叶中ＰＡＨｓ含量增加,但主要是ＬＡＳ对植物毒害作用结果,与表面活性剂胶束     

多环芳烃厌氧生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中广泛分布的一类持久性有机污染物,对生态环境和公众健康具有极大危害.微生物降解是环境中去除多环芳烃污染的有效途径,近年来PAHs厌氧生物降解研究逐渐取代好氧降解成为人们关注的重点.本文从PAHs厌氧生物降解的研究背景出发,从不同厌氧还原反应体系、厌氧降解微生物、PAHs厌氧生物转化途径等方面阐...     

牧效黄杆菌对蒽菲芘的降解性能研究

采用定时、定量、逐步提高驯化所用碳源物浓度的方法,以萘为唯一碳源驯化长期被焦化废水污染的泥土浸出液,7周后,平板划线分离出两株黄杆菌FCN1及FCN2。并对这两株菌降解多环芳烃的特性及无机离子对反应的刺激作用进行了研究。结果表明,FCN1及FCN2能降解转化蒽、菲、芘。加入FCN1,反应10h后,蒽、菲、芘去除率分别为84％、69％、80％,而加入FCN2,各物质的去除率分别为76％、40％、71％。反应进行106h,FCN1对蒽、菲、芘所产生的总有机碳（TOC）的去除率分别为70％、54％、69％,而FCN2对相应物的TOC去除率分别为63％、50％、46％。Fe^3 、Mg^2 的加入对FCN1降解多环芳烃有促进作用。     

A microcosm system and an analytical protocol to assess PAH degradation and metabolite formation in soils

During bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-polluted soils accumulation of polar metabolites resulting from the biological activity may occur. Since these polar metabolites are potentially more toxic than the parental products, a better understanding of the processes involved in the production and fate of these oxidation products in soil is needed. In the present work we describe the design and set-up of a static soil microcosm system and an analytical methodology for detection of PAHs and their oxidation products in soils. When applied to a soil contaminated with phenanthrene, as a model PAH, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, diphenic acid, and phthalic acid as putative metabolites, the extraction and fractionation procedures resulted in recoveries of 93%, 89%, 100%, and 89%, respectively. The application of the standardized system to study the biodegradation of phenanthrene in an agricultural soil with and without inoculation of the high molecular weight PAH-degrading strain Mycobacterium sp. AP1, demonstrates its suitability for determining the environmental fate of PAHs in polluted soils and for evaluating the effect of bioremediative treatments. In inoculated microcosms 35% of the added phenanthrene was depleted, 19% being recovered as CO₂ and 3% as diphenic acid. The latter, together with other two unidentified metabolites, accumulated in soil.     

土壤,植物样品中多环芳烃（PAHs）分析方法研究

土壤、植物和籽实样品分别用四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙酸乙酯以超声技术提取。提取液经旋转浓缩蒸发仪浓缩,经硅胶柱净化后,由高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）分离,萤光检测分析。对于土壤、植物和籽实样品,其方法回收率根据各个ＰＡＨ化合物的理化性质不同分别为４５．６８－９３．４２、７７．５９－１０８．１３和７９．１１－９８．９６％,结果表明,二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃适合作为土壤样品的提取剂;甲醇、乙酸乙酯分别适合于植物和籽实样     

Effect of different non-ionic surfactants on the biodegradation of PAHs by diverse aerobic bacteria

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of several non-ionic surfactants (Tween-80, Triton X-100 and Tergitol NP-10) on the ability of different bacteria (Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp.) to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bacterial cultures were performed at 25 °C in an orbital shaker under dark conditions in BHB medium containing 1% of surfactant and 500 mg l⁻¹ of each PAH. Experiments performed with Tween-80 showed the highest cell density values and maximum specific growth rate because this surfactant was used as a carbon source by all bacteria. High degree of PAHs degradation (>90%) was reached in 15 days in all experiments. Toxicity increased at early times using Tween-80 but decreased to low levels in a short time after the firsts 24 h. On the other hand, Triton X-100 and Tergitol NP-10 were not biodegraded and toxicity kept constant along time. However, PAHs-degradation rate was higher, especially by the action of Enterobacter sp. with Tween-80 or Triton X-100. Control experiments performed without surfactant showed a significant decrease in biomass growth rate with a subsequent loss of biodegradation activity likely due to a reduced solubility and bioavailability of PAHs in absence of surfactant.     

好氧细菌对多环芳烃降解机制的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是指两个或两个以上的苯环以线性排列、弯接或簇聚方式构成的一类碳氢化合物.这类化合物广泛分布于环境中,具有潜在的致畸性、致癌性和遗传毒性.在自然环境中,好氧细菌对PAHs的生物降解是一种很重要的方式,凸显其在清除环境PAHs污染物中具有广阔的应用前景.在过去二十多年中,科学家们已经从基因水平上对好氧细菌降解PAHs的机制进行了深入的研究,其中包括PAHs降解基因的多样性、与PAHs降解有关的基因以及细菌群体PAHs遗传适应机制等.在此,就好氧细菌对多环芳烃降解机制的研究进展进行了综述和讨论.     

好氧细菌对多环芳烃降解机制的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是指两个或两个以上的苯环以线性排列、弯接或簇聚方式构成的一类碳氢化合物。这类化合物广泛分布于环境中, 具有潜在的致畸性、致癌性和遗传毒性。在自然环境中, 好氧细菌对PAHs的生物降解是一种很重要的方式, 凸显其在清除环境PAHs污染物中具有广阔的应用前景。在过去二十多年中, 科学家们已经从基因水平上对好氧细菌降解PAHs的机制进行了深入的研究, 其中包括PAHs降解基因的多样性、与PAHs降解有关的基因以及细菌群体PAHs遗传适应机制等。在此, 就好氧细菌对多环芳烃降解机制的研究进展进行了综述和讨论。     

植物法生物修复PAHs和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究

选择苜蓿草为供试植物,以污染物含量水平、专性细菌和真菌及有机肥为调控因子,进行了植物法生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究。结果表明,PAHs和矿物油的降解率与有机肥含量呈正相关,增加有机肥5%,可提高矿物油降解率17.6%～25.6%,PAHs降解率9%.在植物存在条件下,土壤微生物降解功能增强。多环芳烃总量的平均降解率比无植物对照土壤提高2.0%～4.7%.投加特性降解真菌可不同程度地提高土壤PAHs总量和矿物油的降解率。真菌对萤蒽、芘和苯(a)蒽/(艹屈)的降解有明显促进作用。而细菌能明显提高苊稀/芴、蒽和苯(a)萤蒽/苯(k)萤蒽的降解率。     

The degradation of three-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by wood-inhabiting fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and soil-inhabiting fungus Agaricus bisporus

The degradation of two isomeric three-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus D1 and the litter-decomposing fungus Agaricus bisporus F-8 was studied. Despite some differences, the degradation of phenanthrene and anthracene followed the same scheme, forming quinone metabolites at the first stage. The further fate of these metabolites was determined by the composition of the ligninolytic enzyme complexes of the fungi. The quinone metabolites of phenanthrene and anthracene produced in the presence of only laccase were observed to accumulate, whereas those formed in presence of laccase and versatile peroxidase were metabolized further to form products that were further included in basal metabolism (e.g. phthalic acid). Laccase can catalyze the initial attack on the PAH molecule, which leads to the formation of quinones, and that peroxidase ensures their further oxidation, which eventually leads to PAH mineralization.A. bisporus, which produced only laccase, metabolized phenanthrene and anthracene to give the corresponding quinones as the dominant metabolites. No products of further utilization of these compounds were detected. Thus, the fungi's affiliation with different ecophysiological groups and their cultivation conditions affect the composition and dynamics of production of the ligninolytic enzyme complex and the completeness of PAH utilization.     

Diffuse PAH contamination of surface soils: environmental occurrence,bioavailability, and microbial degradation

The purpose of this review is to recognize the scientific and environmental importance of diffuse pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Diffuse PAH pollution of surface soil is characterized by large area extents, low PAH concentrations, and the lack of point sources. Urban and pristine topsoils receive a continuous input of pyrogenic PAHs, which induces a microbial potential for PAH degradation. The significance of this potential in relation to black carbon particles, PAH bioaccessibility, microbial PAH degradation, and the fate of diffuse PAHs in soil is discussed. Finally, the state-of-the-art methods for future investigations of the microbial degradation of diffuse PAH pollution are reviewed.