害虫生态调控的生态阈值及关键理论问题

害虫种群可持续控制一直是农业生态学基础研究的关键问题之一,也是保障粮食安全的重要研究领域。如何以采用环境代价小、可持续性强及提质增效的生态技术进行害虫种群管理是近十年来国内外关注的热点问题,但一直缺乏完整具体可操作性的理论框架。本文以害虫生态调控为切入点,对生态阈值和生态效率进行了细致的论述,并尝试建立了生态阈值的技术指标。同时,本文对害虫生态调控中的关键理论问题进行了归纳,包括种群生态学模型、食物网结构、尺度效应以及生态能学等方面。最终本文对当前的研究进展做了展望,旨在促进害虫生态调控的进一步发展。     

害虫经济阈值的研究进展

在害虫研究与防治中,一个基本的问题是:多少为害引起的作物损失抵得上防治代价?多大密度的害虫能造成如此为害?一般认为经济阈值(economic threshold,简称ET)能回答这类问题,因此它是现代害虫防治的基本决策依据,也是当今经济昆虫学和害虫防治中谈论得最多的问题(Pitre等,1979;Gutizrrez等,1984;Pedigo等,1986)。然而,目前国内外文献中ET的概念模糊、定义繁多、技术零散、争论激烈而持久,缺乏较为系统的探讨与清理,给研究、教学及应用带来很大不便;笔者在棉铃虫ET研究中,处理了从田间试验到一般理论的整个问题,发展了ET的理论与技术。结合广泛的文献资料,本文试对ET研究在各方面的进展作一剖析,提出个人见解,其内容包括概念,定义、     

生态学中的尺度问题：内涵与分析方法

尺度问题已成为现代生态学的核心问题之一.尺度问题主要涉及3个方面：尺度概念、尺度分析和尺度推绎.主要评述前两个方面.生态学尺度有三重概念：维数、种类和组分,其中每重概念又包含了多个定义,有必要进行澄清、分类和统一.尺度分析涉及尺度效应分析和多尺度空间格局分析.格局、过程及它们之间的关系,以及某些景观特性均表现出尺度效应,因此多尺度研究非常必要和重要.多尺度空间格局分析（尤其是特征尺度的识别）是进行尺度效应分析和跨尺度推绎的基础.多尺度分析需要特定的方法,景观指数法是最常用和最简单的方法,但也常产生误导;空间统计学方法（如半方差分析法、尺度方差分析法、空隙度指数法和小波分析法等）和分维分析法在最近十几年发展起来,并逐渐应用于生态学,在尺度分析上具有很大的应用潜力.各种方法在尺度分析上各有优势和不足,有必要同时使用两种或两种以上方法进行比较和评估.总之,有关尺度分析的研究需要进一步加强,从而为下一步的尺度推绎提供可靠的依据.     

二十一世纪以来棉花害虫治理成就与展望

本文对21世纪以来的20年间我国棉花害虫治理研究进展进行了回顾,从Bt棉花害虫种群地位演替、靶标害虫对Bt棉花抗性演化、棉花-害虫-天敌化学通讯三个方面总结了棉花害虫生物学与生态学研究进展,从预测预报、棉花抗虫性利用、生态调控、理化诱控、生物防治、化学防治等方面梳理棉花害虫防控关键技术研发概况,以棉铃虫、盲蝽两大主要害虫为例介绍了棉花害虫绿色防控技术体系创新应用。最后,从我国棉花产业发展现状出发,对今后一段时间我国棉花害虫防控研究与实践进行了展望。     

作物——害虫——天敌系统的研究方法

作物——害虫——天敌系统包括作物——害虫、害虫——天敌两个子系统,其系统模型通过耦合两个子系统模型而建立.本文概述了系统的两种主要研究方法:作物生态学的桥梁作用以及害虫对作物的为害,目的就是为了模拟与控制系统.     

桔小实蝇的研究进展

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis是一种世界性检疫害虫,在我国属于二类检疫害虫。桔小实蝇可危害250多种水果和蔬菜。文章综述了桔小实蝇的危害、分类鉴定、生物学和生态学等的研究进展,并对桔小实蝇的防治措施进行了探讨。     

害虫生物防治的生态学基础

随着农业科技发展,人们对害虫防治的认识逐步提高,由完全依赖化学农药转向害虫的综合治理。生物防治是综合治理的重要措施,但在生产实践中有些人仍存有疑虑。这一点需要从生物防治的生态学基础理论来认识。1生态平衡与害虫自然防治生态平衡是指自然生态系统中植物、动物、微生物等生物的数量总是处在一个相对稳定的动态平衡之中。这是种群演变的自然趋势,是生态系统的一种自然调节作用。使牛物种群数量既不会减少到灭绝程度,也不会无限制地增长。自然防治的定义为：在一定期间内,所有环境因子的复杂结合影响着种群,种群数量则在特有…     

基因组学时代害虫治理的研究进展及前景

随着DNA测序技术的不断更新和生物信息学的快速发展,昆虫基因组学的研究与日俱增,提高了人们对种群遗传学和进化生态学的理解和认识,促进了对重要农业害虫的适应性和致害机理的研究,为安全、有效、可持续地开展害虫综合治理提供了新思路和新手段。近两年来,全球发布的昆虫基因组数量每年可达30个。在遗传学、生态学和进化论等生命科学基本原理和方法的指导下,基因组学的研究为揭示害虫遗传变异的内在机制、生态适应性策略和种群变动规律提供了重要的数据和信息资源,同时催生了一系列害虫治理新技术和新方法的研发与应用。为了进一步促进和加强基因组时代的害虫治理研究,拓展该领域研究的广度与深度,本文就昆虫基因组的研究,昆虫与植物协同进化模式及其互作机理,昆虫免疫和抗药性分子机制,以及害虫防治新技术等方面进行了综述,旨在为了解基因组时代害虫治理的研究进展及前景提供参考,对进一步改进害虫生态控制的策略和措施也具有指导意义。     

我国城市昆虫学研究的回顾与展望

我国城市昆虫学的研究兴起于20世纪80年代中期,此后,该领域的研究获得了长足的进展。城市生态系统不同于自然或农业生态系统,特别是城市化的进程对城市昆虫的生物学特性造成显著影响,致使城市害虫拥有自身的特点,其综合治理的理念和措施也相应有所变化。城市害虫主要包括卫生害虫、仓储害虫、园林害虫等,相关领域的研究也日益成为昆虫学家关注的焦点。本文从城市昆虫在城市化作用下的生物生态学基础、城市害虫群落发生特点、基因组测序概况、抗性分子机制以及城市害虫综合治理体系等方面入手,阐述城市害虫暴发成灾的内因及其抗性综合治理策略的制定原则。同时,本文对城市昆虫学未来研究方向和防控策略进行了展望,以期为我国城市害虫生物学特性及其防控策略的制定提供依据。此外,文中还讨论了基于分子生物学或昆虫不相容技术的具有应用前景的几种防控策略。     

区域尺度的昆虫迁飞行为与害虫间歇性猖獗

60年代以来,随着耕作制度和栽培品种的改变以及高投入丰产措施的普遍推广,我国迁飞性害虫的发生范围不断扩大,猖獗频率逐渐增加,对农业生产的威胁日益严重[1～4]。国内曾多次组织全国性大协作,研究迁飞性害虫的迁飞规律、地方发生规律和测报防治技术,虽然取得了相当的成就,但仍满足不了生产上的要求。目前尚无法以足够的精度预报迁飞性害虫的迁入期、迁入区和迁入量,对灾变的预警能力一直在低水平徘徊。其中一个主要原因就是对迁飞性害虫的消长规律尚缺乏深层次的基础研究,尤其是宏观尺度的机制研究一直相当薄弱,而这恰恰是亟待早日解决的关…     

害虫灾害研究的复杂性理论框架

害虫灾害是高度复杂的大系统 ,表现出不均匀性、差异性、多样性、突发性、随机性、可预测性和周期性等复杂性特征 ,使得经典的理论和方法已不适用于害虫灾害的研究。依据复杂性科学和分形、神经网络、混沌及小波等非线性科学的发展及其近期在害虫灾害中的部分研究成果 ,该文从复杂大系统出发 ,构建了害虫灾害研究的复杂性理论框架 ,为深入研究害虫灾害的成因、机制与预测提供理论依据。     

Insect pest management in the age of synthetic biology

Arthropod crop pests are responsible for 20% of global annual crop losses, a figure predicted to increase in a changing climate where the ranges of numerous species are projected to expand. At the same time, many insect species are beneficial, acting as pollinators and predators of pest species. For thousands of years, humans have used increasingly sophisticated chemical formulations to control insect pests but, as the scale of agriculture expanded to meet the needs of the global population, concerns about the negative impacts of agricultural practices on biodiversity have grown. While biological solutions, such as biological control agents and pheromones, have previously had relatively minor roles in pest management, biotechnology has opened the door to numerous new approaches for controlling insect pests. In this review, we look at how advances in synthetic biology and biotechnology are providing new options for pest control. We discuss emerging technologies for engineering resistant crops and insect populations and examine advances in biomanufacturing that are enabling the production of new products for pest control.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉的生态风险及治理对策

评述了转Bt基因抗虫棉的生态风险及治理对策。其生态风险主要表现在目标害虫的抗性和对非目标生物群落的变化。目标害虫与转基因抗虫棉的互相作用和抗虫棉杀虫毒素的时空表达方式是目标害虫抗性发展的主要途径。在转基因抗虫棉田中,虽然对目标害虫的防治次数大为减少,但害虫和天敌群落的稳定性仍不如常规棉田,某种次要害虫大发生的可能性较大。认为将转基因抗虫棉纳入综合防治体系并培育更加高效的抗虫棉是治理目标害虫抗性和防止次要害虫上升的重要措施。     

Can microbial-based insecticides replace chemical pesticides in agricultural production?

Extensive use of chemical insecticides to control insect pests in agriculture has improved yields and production of high-quality food products. However, chemical insecticides have been shown to be harmful also to beneficial insects and many other organisms like vertebrates. Thus, there is a need to replace those chemical insecticides by other control methods in order to protect the environment. Insect pest pathogens, like bacteria, viruses or fungi, are interesting alternatives for production of microbial-based insecticides to replace the use of chemical products in agriculture. Organic farming, which does not use chemical pesticides for pest control, relies on integrated pest management techniques and in the use of microbial-based insecticides for pest control. Microbial-based insecticides require precise formulation and extensive monitoring of insect pests, since they are highly specific for certain insect pests and in general are more effective for larval young instars. Here, we analyse the possibility of using microbial-based insecticides to replace chemical pesticides in agricultural production.     

蔬菜害虫防治技术的发展与应用

<正> 我国幅员广、气候差异大、蔬菜品种多、茬口复杂、其害虫种类已达300多种,重要的有40余种。其发生情况常因蔬菜品种、栽培制度、气候类型不同而异。其     

基于最大虫口限量原理的外来入侵害虫定量风险评估技术

为了保证检疫的安全性而又不失国际贸易的透明度,需要对检疫害虫进行定量的风险评估。本文介绍一套基于最高虫口限量概念的害虫传入定量风险评估计算机平台,把两性生殖害虫的入侵风险建立在至少一对潜在交配成虫的传入概率上。计算机分析平台由SAS V9.0分析软件,PHP网络编程语言和MySQL数据库构建,通过Apache服务器进行网络发布。用户通过web登陆该平台并输入相关参数,可自动调用服务器端的SAS分析程序进行分析并在网页上得到结果。这是害虫传入风险定量评估的新尝试,它将为检疫部门提供一套实用性较强的害虫传入风险量化评估的新工具。     

化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物多样性的影响

分析了化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物结构组成、多样性变化等的影响,结果表明化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物的影响主要表现在物种组成、多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等方面,尤其是对害虫类、捕食性天敌和蜘蛛类的影响尤为明显。停止化学杀虫剂使用后,菜田优势害虫种群趋势指数降低,天敌的控制作用明显增强,节肢动物多样性指数增大。因此,限制和停止化学杀虫剂的使用,恢复由于杀虫剂使用而破坏了的菜田环境,逐步增强天敌对优势害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中具有重要作用。     

Reprint of: Biological control of rice insect pests in China

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. China has the second largest area of the rice growing in the world and the highest yield of rice produced. Infestation by insect pests, especially rice planthoppers, stem borers and leaf folders, is always a serious challenge to rice production in China. Current methods for controlling insect pests in China mainly include good farming practices, biological control, breeding and growing resistant varieties, and the use of chemical insecticides. However, for farmers, the favorite method for insect pest control is still the application of chemical insecticide, which not only causes severe environmental pollution and the resurgence of herbivores but also reduces populations of the natural enemies of herbivores. To control insect pests safely, effectively and sustainably, strategies encouraging biological control are currently demanded. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development and implementation of biological controls for rice in China since the 1970s. Such progress includes the species identification of the natural enemies of rice insect pests, the characterization of their biology, and the integration of biological controls in integrated pest management. To develop effective ecological engineering programs whose aim is to implement conservation biological controls, further research, including the evaluation of the roles of plants in non-crop habitats in conservation biological controls, volatiles in enhancing efficiency of natural enemies and natural enemies in manipulating insect pests, and education to increase farmers’ knowledge of biological controls, is proposed.     

Genetic control of Plutella xylostella in omics era

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a specialist pest on cruciferous crops of economic importance. The large‐scale use of chemical insecticides for the control of this insect pest has caused a number of challenges to agro‐ecosystems. With the advent of the omics era, genetic pest management strategies are becoming increasingly feasible and show a powerful potential for pest control. Here, we review strategies for using transgenic plants and sterile insect techniques for genetic pest management and introduce the major advances in the control of P. xylostella using a female‐specific RIDL (release of insects carrying a dominant lethal gene) strategy. Further, the advantages of gene drive developed in combination with sex determination and CRISPR/Cas9 systems are addressed, and the corresponding prospects and implementation issues are discussed. It is predictable that under the policy and regulation of professional committees, the genetic pest control strategy, especially for gene drive, will open a new avenue to sustainable pest management not only for P. xylostella but also for other insect pests.     

Current status of the management of fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea: Towards the integrated pest management development

The fall‐webworm (FWW), Hyphantria cunea, is a highly polyphagous insect pest that is native to North America and distributed in different countries around the world. To manage this insect pest, various control methods have been independently evaluated in the invaded areas. Some of the control methods have been limited to the laboratory and need further study to verify their effectiveness in the field. On the other hand, currently, integrated pest management (IPM) has become a promising ecofriendly insect pest management option to reduce the adverse effect of insecticides on the environment. The development of an IPM for an insect pest must combine different management options in a compatible and applicable manner. In the native areas of the insect pests, there are some recommended management options. However, to date, there is no IPM for the management of the FWW in the newly invaded areas. Therefore, to develop an IPM for this insect pest, compilation of effective management option information is the first step. Thus, believing in the contribution of an IPM to the established management strategies, the chemical, biological, natural enemy, sex pheromone, and molecular studies regarding this insect were reviewed and potential future research areas were delineated in this review study. Therefore, using the currently existing management options, IPM development for this insect pest should be the subject of future research in the newly invaded areas.