苯黄隆对土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了苯黄隆在 6种不同浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明 ,苯黄隆在一定浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率有一定的抑制作用。     

白云山土壤微生物的季节变化及其对环境污染的反应

初步调查了广州市白云山土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物．在人为活动频繁的样地土壤微生物的多样性及其生物量均大于森林内的３个样地．土壤微生物的生物量高峰期出现在秋冬季节．用不同污染程度的水处理土壤１５ｄ后,以蒸馏水（ｐＨ７．０）处理为对照,土壤微生物种类多样性的顺序为：蒸馏水＞溪水（ｐＨ５．４）＞雨水（ｐＨ４．８）＞污水（ｐＨ４．２）;而土壤微生物的生物量则无显著变化     

有机物料减轻设施连作黄瓜苗期病害的微生物效应

在黄瓜已感染立枯病、枯萎病的连作土壤上,接种病原菌菌丝,施入3种不同组分有机物料(稻草、木屑、猪粪),分别用1％、2％、3％3种用量研究不同有机物料减轻黄瓜枯萎病、立枯病的效果．结果表明,抗病效果为稻草>猪粪>木屑处理,并随其用量的增加抗病效果更好．土培试验结果表明,增施有机物料后土壤中细菌、氨化细菌、放线菌、真菌数量增加．中稻草和猪粪对土壤微生物区系的影响大于木屑．施用稻草后不仅土壤细菌、真菌数量增加,而且放线菌数量最高,青霉、木霉成为真菌的优势种属．施用猪粪后土壤细菌数最多,以假单孢菌、芽孢杆菌为优势种属,真菌数也增多．木屑处理的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量增加较少,但随着施入时间延长效果增强．     

杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

采用氯仿熏蒸法、稀释平板法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)方法,分析了常绿阔叶林转变成杉木人工林后土壤微生物种群数量和群落结构的变化特征.结果表明:常绿阔叶林转变为杉木人工林后,林地土壤的微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数降低.杉木人工林地总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、真菌PLFAs比常绿阔叶林分别降低了49.4％、52.4％和46.6％,革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs远低于常绿阔叶林.杉木人工林根际土壤微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数显著高于杉木人工林林地土壤,根际土壤中总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs的含量也高于林地土壤,但真菌PLFAs和细菌PLFAs之比却低于林地土壤.对土壤微生物群落结构进行主成分分析发现,第1主成分和第2主成分共解释了土壤微生物群落结构变异的78.2％.表明常绿阔叶林与杉木人工林土壤的微生物群落结构间存在差异.     

地黄连作对根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性的影响

以地黄连作2年和1年的土壤为研究对象,分别测定了根际微生物区系变化及根际土壤酶活性．结果表明：地黄连作对其根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性产生了较大的影响．随种植年限的增加,根际细菌和真菌减少,但差异均不显著;放线菌增多,连作2年的土壤约为1年的4倍．土壤中氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌、硫化细菌、反硝化细菌和嫌气性纤维素分解菌分别增加了25．99、45．39、11．43、1．36和1．43倍,而好气性纤维素分解菌减少了86．74％．连作地黄根系的分泌物对脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性具有促进作用,分别增加了62．87％、9．43％、47．91％、139．62％和31．33％,而对过氧化氢酶则呈抑制作用．说明地黄连作会破坏根际微生物种群平衡．     

华西雨屏区不同恢复阶段湿性常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物多样性

采用时空互代的方法,探讨了崇州市鞍子河自然保护区和邛崃市天台山的常绿阔叶林自然恢复过程中土壤微生物数量、组成、区系和多样性变化,结果表明：（1）不同恢复时期土壤微生物数量存在显著性差异,在植被恢复5～40a期间,土壤细菌和放线菌的数量呈增加趋势,以恢复到40a植被土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌的数量较高,分别为1．06×10^6CFUg^-1干土、9．81×10^5CFUg^-1干土和6．8×10^4CFUg^-1干土;真菌以100a次生林较高,为9．01×10^4CFUg^-1干土;植被恢复中细菌占土壤微生物总数的79．06％～93．78％;真菌和放线菌数量分别占4．61％～11．24％和0．52％～15．38％;（2）不同恢复阶段土壤细菌和真菌数量大体上以夏季高,春、秋季较低;放线菌数量为春、秋季较夏季高;（3）植被恢复过程中,土壤微生物群落区系和优势种群组成不同,经鉴定有细菌10个属、真菌7个属、放线菌9个属,细菌以无色细菌属（Achromobater）、棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）出现的几率较高;真菌主要是半知菌类和接合菌类,以木霉属（Trichoderma）、腐霉属（Pythium）、青霉属（Penicillium）和犁头霉属（Absidia）分布较为普遍;放线菌9个类群中8个属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,仅有1个类群属于小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,以白孢类群（Albosporus）、金色类群（Aureus）和灰红紫类群（Griseorubroviolaceus）出现几率为较高;（4）细菌属的Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数以恢复初期、30a生次生林和较原始植被为较高。在植被恢复5～50a期间,真菌和放线菌属的多样性呈波动性增加趋势,到50a达到最高;50a以后,呈下降趋势,表明植被恢复的30～50a土壤环境更适合真菌和放线菌的生长。     

6种土壤微生物提取剂的比较

比较了6种土壤微生物提取剂（6-偏磷酸钠溶液、焦磷酸钠溶液、磷酸盐缓;中液、林格溶液、NaCl溶液和水）对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响。结果表明：0．1％的6-偏磷酸钠（HMP）和焦磷酸钠（PYS）溶液（w／v）提取的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量最多,磷酸缓冲液（pH值7．2）对土壤真菌提取效率与焦磷酸钠和6-偏磷酸钠溶液相似,而对细菌和放线菌的提取效率则低于焦磷酸钠和6-偏磷酸钠溶液,其余3种提取剂的提取效率相对较低。     

低剂量混合稀土积累对黄褐土微生物主要类群的生态效应

采用田间小区试验和室内低剂量模拟叠加试验相结合的方法,研究低剂量混合稀土在黄褐土中积累对土壤微生物主要类群的生态效应．结果表明,低剂量稀土的持续积累对土壤细菌、放线菌产生刺激、抑制、再刺激的交替作用;对真菌也产生类似的作用,但抑制作用不显著,而刺激作用持续、明显．混合稀土对3类土壤微生物数量抑制程度顺序为：细菌>放线菌>霉菌．稀土积累至150mg·kg^-1时,土壤各类微生物的种群结构均发生显著的改变,耐稀土微生物数量大幅度增加,细菌中的G^-细菌、链霉菌的白孢类群、真菌中青霉分别成为优势种群．对低浓度稀土积累的田问土壤微生物学参数模拟计算结果表明,稀土对土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的EC50(半抑制浓度)值分别为24．1、41．6～73．8和55．3～150．1mg·kg^-1,30mg·kg^-1值可以初步确定为稀土在黄褐土中积累的安全临界值．     

黄土高原不同植被坡地土壤微生物区系特征

应用稀释平板法对黄土高原不同植被覆盖下坡地土壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层的细菌、真菌和放线菌的分布特征进行了研究;结果表明:(1)该区域不同植被下土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌总体比较丰富,数量差异较大,柠条土壤中微生物数量最多,苜蓿地中的最少.同一植被下各类菌群数量排序为细菌>放线菌>真菌.(2)放线菌和真菌随土层深度的增加而呈明显的减少趋势,而细菌的不明显.(3)天然荒坡的微生物数量高于人工草地的,人工灌木林微生物数量高于人工乔木林的,人工乔草复生果树林的微生物数量高于人工纯生乔木林、纯生草地和纯生果树林的.     

苦参腐解物对酚酸类物质胁迫下茄子生长和根际土壤微生物活性的影响

研究了盆栽条件下添加苦参腐解物对酚酸物质(香草醛和肉桂酸)胁迫下茄子生长及根际土壤微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的影响。与对照相比,苦参腐解物处理促进了酚酸作用下茄子的株高和茎粗生长,增加了茄子土壤微生物的种群数量,尤其增加了细菌和放线菌数量。随着外源香草醛和肉桂酸浓度的增加,细菌和放线菌数量先增大后减小,而真菌数量先降低后增加;同时,茄子根际土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶的活性均高于对照,呈先增大后降低的变化趋势。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.