植物根系吸水过程中根系水流阻力的变化特征

以植物根系吸水的人工模拟试验所测得的数据为依据,运用水流的电模拟原理,定理分析了不同土壤水分水平处理下植物根系吸水过程中根系水流阻力各主要分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,在同一水分水平处理中,植物根内木质部传导阻力（Ｒｃ）随生长时间的推移而减小,随土层深度的加深而增大,土根接触阻力（Ｒｓｒ）、植物根系吸收阻力（Ｒｒ）随生长时间表现出先下降后上升阶段的动态变化特征;在不同水分水平处理中,Ｒｃ、Ｒｓｒ、Ｒｒ均随土壤湿度减小而大幅度增大;在植物根系水流阻力各分量中,Ｒｒ占根系水流阻力的比例为５５％～９６％,Ｒｓｒ约占根系水流阻力的４％～４５％,而Ｒｃ仅占根系水流阻力的７×１０－６,故Ｒｒ是决定植物根系吸水速率的重要因素     

土壤-植物-大气连续体水流阻力分布规律的研究

本文依据田间实测资料,分析了土壤-植物-大气连续体水流阻力的相对重要性,结果表明在连续体中的水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程和根系的吸水过程。叶-气之间的水流阻力比土-根之间要大50倍。最后,讨论了控制连续体水流运动的气孔阻力的变化规律及其与环境因素之间的关系。     

玉米生育期土壤—植物—大气连续体水流阻力与水势的分布

根据玉米生育期的田间试验资料分析了土壤-植物-大气连续体中水势和水流阻力的分布,结果表明土壤与植物叶片之间的水势差在玉米抽雄期前达0.8—1.0MPa,到抽雄期以后达1.0—1.5MPa,叶片与大气之间的水势差则在抽雄期前后分别达80—120MPa和60—80MPa;连续体内的水流阻力主要在叶片与大气之间。建立了连续体中玉米叶片水势的动态模拟公式,模拟叶水势具有较高的精度。最后,揭示了叶片蒸腾速率与叶-气系统水势差和水流阻力的关系,当叶片与大气之间的水势差达90—100MPa之后,蒸腾速率随叶-气间水势差增加而减小。     

坡地赤红壤—芒果—大气连续体水分运移力能关系的田间试验研究

依据田间实测资料,运用水流的电模拟原理,定量分析了坡地赤红壤—芒果—大气连续体水分运移过程中水分势能和水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,水流在该连续体中运移时,其能量主要消耗在由叶部到大气这一环节上,水分势能损失达１５．４４９１～５８．４０３６ＭＰａ,水分流经土壤到达叶部,水分热能降低０．２８１８～０．６９７９ＭＰａ;水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程,叶—气系统的水流阻力占该连续体水流总阻力的９５．６８％～９９．０３％,植株体的水流阻力占该连续体水流总阻力的０．９７％～４．３２％,而土壤阻力相对可忽略不计．     

干湿条件下土壤容重对‘陕单9号’玉米水分利用效率的影响

用'陕单9号'玉米为试材进行分根实验,研究土壤干旱和湿润条件下,土壤容重对玉米单叶水分利用效率(WUEl)和单株水分利用效率(WUEp)的影响.土壤容重分4种处理:低容重(两边容重都为1.20 g/cm3)、中容重(两边容重都为1.33 g/cm3)、高容重(两边容重都为1.45 g/cm3)和混合容重(一边为1.20 g/cm3,另一边为1.45 g/cm3).土壤水分控制在高基质势(-0.17 MPa)和低基质势(-0.86 MPa)两个水平.结果表明,在干旱条件下,WUEl随容重的增大而提高,而WUEp随容重的增大而降低;在湿润条件下,WUEl和WUEp都随容重的增大而提高.相关分析表明,无论是干旱还是湿润条件下,WUEl与土壤机械阻力(Rs)呈正相关;在湿润条件下WUEp与Rs呈正相关,但在干旱条件下WUEp与Rs呈显著负相关.无论是干旱还是湿润条件下,生长在混合容重土壤的植株能维持较高的WUEl和WUEp.因此,土壤水分和容重都会影响植物水分利用效率,并存在交互作用,但土壤水分的作用更大;同时,土壤容重空间变化有利于提高水分利用效率.     

玉米生育期土壤-植物-大气连续体水流阻力与水势的分布

根据玉米生育期的田间试验资料分析了土壤-植物-大气连续体中水势和水流阻力的分布,结果表明土壤与植物叶片之间的水势差在玉米抽雄期前达0.8—1.0MPa,到抽雄期以后达1.0—1.5MPa,叶片与大气之间的水势差则在抽雄期前后分别达80—120MPa和60—80MPa;连续体内的水流阻力主要在叶片与大气之间.建立了连续体中玉米叶片水势的动态模拟公式,模拟叶水势具有较高的精度.最后,揭示了叶片蒸腾速率与叶-气系统水势差和水流阻力的关系,当叶片与大气之间的水势差达90—100MPa之后,蒸腾速率随叶-气间水势差增加而减小.     

土壤干旱期间墨兰的水分生理变化

研究了盆栽墨兰〔Ｃｙｍｂｉｄｉｕｍｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ａｎｄｒ．）Ｗｉｌｌｄ．］在不同土壤含水量情况下的水分生理变化。不同叶龄的叶片对于干旱反应不同,一年生叶比二年生叶敏感。在叶片含水量、叶片水势、叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率和气孔阻力等生理参数中,后两者对干旱反应最灵敏。所以,一年生幼叶的蒸滕速率和气孔阻力可作为指标去判断墨兰植株水分供应情况。墨兰在土壤持水力４４．２％时,相对透性较小,生长正常,一年生动叶的蒸腾速率和气孔阻力分别是３．３６μｇ·ｃｍ￣（－２）·ｓ￣（－１）和７．０８ｓ·ｃｍ￣（－１）;当土壤干旱,持水力降至２２．５％时,相对透性增大３９％,说明细胞已经受旱害,该时的蒸腾速率降至０．９５μｇ、ｃｍ￣（－２）·ｓ￣（－１）,气孔阻力升为２２．２５ｓ·ｃｍ￣（－１）。可以认为,墨兰的土壤临界水分是在土壤持水力４４％—２２％之间。     

陕西渭北旱塬土壤—植物—大气连续体中水分运转规律的研究──Ⅴ．田间冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力研究

采用Ｍｉｓｈｉｏ和Ｙｏｋｏｉ（１９９１）的方法,在水分运转阻力短期内（如几个小时）恒定不变的假设下,研究了田间冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力．结果表明,一天中,当气孔没有“午休”现象或“午休”现象不明显时,冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力在白天保持恒定,到夜晚则明显增大;当气孔“午休”现象较明显时,冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力在气孔“午休”期间和夜晚明显增大,其余时间基本保持恒定．夜间和气孔“午休”期间阻力增大的原因不确定．土壤干旱条件下冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力显著大于土壤湿润条件下,表明水运转阻力与植物抗旱性有关．土壤干旱条件下施肥处理冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力显著大于不施肥处理,而土壤湿润条件下显著小于不施肥处理,表明施肥对植物具有调节作用,使之更好地适应干旱环境．     

子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性

在水土流失极为严重的黄土高原地区,土壤抗冲性决定着土壤的可蚀性.于2004年5月在黄土高原惟一的次生林区——子午岭林区,通过原状土冲刷实验对不同植被演替阶段下的土壤抗冲性进行了研究.结果表明： （1）随植被的正向演替,表层土壤（0～15cm）的抗冲性明显增大,但亚表层（15～30cm）和底层（30～50cm）土壤抗冲性则没有太大的变化;（2）植物根系能显著的增强土壤抗冲性,土壤抗冲系数与单位土体根系表面积具有极显著的（p＜0.001）线性相关关系;（3）土壤抗冲系数随土壤中水稳性团聚体含量和微生物量的增加而增大,且其相关关系极显著（p＜0.001）.综合根系（x1）、水稳性团聚体（x2）以及微生物（x3）对土壤抗冲性的影响,建立黄土高原地区土壤抗冲性方程： y=-4.89＋1.27x1＋0.079x2＋1.94E-3x3 （R^2=0.914 p＜0.001）.     

藏北高寒草甸根系生物量与碳氮分布格局及关联特征

根系生物量的分布格局及其与土壤环境因子的关系对草地保护与退化草地恢复研究有重要意义。以藏北当雄县的高寒草甸为研究对象,在三个海拔上（4300、4500、4700 m）对2011年0-50 cm的群落根系生物量、根碳氮含量、土壤碳含量（SOC、DOC、MBC）、氮含量（DTN、MBN、TN）、碳氮比（MBC/MBN、SOC/TN）、pH、电导率进行了测定,以期探讨藏北高寒草甸根系生物量与碳氮的分布格局及其关联特征。结果表明：（1）土壤中所测量的各种形式的碳氮含量均随着土壤深度的增大呈下降趋势,0-50 cm的DOC和SOC都随海拔的升高呈上升趋势。（2）随土壤深度的增加,根系生物量呈指数下降。随海拔的增加,根系生物量越集中分布于上层土壤,下层土壤根系生物量分布越少且变化趋于平缓。（3）根系生物量与所测的碳氮指标、电导率呈正相关关系,与pH呈负相关关系。根系氮库是影响根系生物量分布格局的主要因素,而pH值、电导率及土壤碳氮指标是影响根系生物量分布格局的重要因素。     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

Stability analyses for estimating relative durability of quantitative resistance

Summary Experiments in which a series of host cultivars are inoculated in all combinations with a series of pathogen isolates have been used to detect specificity in the host resistance. A theoretical model of polygenic resistance involving both general and specific interactions with pathogen virulence was developed to test the abilities of statistical analyses to discriminate between host genotypes with different levels of general and specific resistance. Estimates of levels of specific resistance could be obtained in regressions of disease severity scores for each host cultivar X pathogen isolate combination vs. the virulence index of each isolate. If the virulence index was based on the mean disease severity induced by the isolate over all host cultivars, the slopes of the regression lines were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. If the virulence index was based on the disease severity induced by the isolate on a host cultivar with a minimum of specific resistance, the mean squares for deviations from the regression were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. A method was developed to consistently choose host cultivars with minimum specific resistance. The two regression analyses gave estimates of specificity in randomly generated, model genotypes of approximately equal accuracy, although the second method appeared to be more accurate when the numbers of loci controlling resistance and virulence were small. The best estimates of numbers of genes for specific resistance were obtained by calculating a rating based on mean disease severity, the mean square for deviation from the regression on the virulence index based on disease severity on the cultivar with minimum specific resistance and the slope of the regression on the virulence index based on the mean disease severity. The best estimates of proportions of resistance genes that were specific were obtained by calculating a rating based on the above deviation mean square and slope alone.Cooperative investigation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Journal Series Paper No. 8326 of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service     

PC12 Variants Deficient in Catecholamine Transport

We have isolated PC12 cell variants deficient in transporter-mediated uptake of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine). The variants either were obtained nonselectively, or they were selected by resistance to guanethidine or N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Dopamine uptake into guanethidine-resistant cells occurred with a decreased Vmax; the Km for dopamine and inhibition by guanethidine were normal. MPTP-resistant cells lacked the capacity to take up dopamine. Most of the variants resembled wild-type PC12 in their response to nerve growth factor and the storage and secretion of dopamine. MPTP-resistant cells exhibited several deficiencies in addition to dopamine transport, i.e., no measurable storage of dopamine or acetylcholine and no observable response to nerve growth factor. Wild-type and variant cells were compared with respect to the labeling of cell proteins with [3H]xylamine, which binds covalently to certain proteins apparently only after entering PC12 via the catecholamine transporter. When intact variant cells were used, there was markedly reduced labeling of the proteins by [3H]xylamine. Almost all of these proteins were readily labeled when cell homogenates were exposed to [3H]xylamine. However, MPTP-resistant cells were missing three of these proteins. Northern blot analysis with cDNA clones revealed that the MPTP-resistant cells had markedly reduced levels of several specific mRNA species.     

西花蓟马的抗药性及其治理策略

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）是世界性的园艺作物上的重要害虫,几乎对每种类型的杀虫剂均产生了抗药性,包括有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和多杀菌素等。本文对国外西花蓟马的抗药性发展现状和抗性机制进行了总结,并提出了抗性治理策略,即科学合理使用杀虫剂,结合栽培防治、物理防治、生物防治和寄主植物抗性等方式降低杀虫剂对西花蓟马的选择压,从而达到抗性治理的目的。     

甜菜夜蛾的抗性及抗性机理研究进展

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。     

Selection of a dexamethasone-resistant H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma tissue-culture line

Summary Exposure of H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma cell cultures to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, results in an inhibition of cellular proliferation which is not the result of steroid-induced cytolysis. A significant decrease in both the rat of DNA synthesis and DNA content precedes, a detectable effect on cell number. Continuous culture of H-4-IIE-C3 cells in medium containing 10⁻⁵ m dexamethasone results in the selection of a steroid-resistant cell population that has the growth characteristics of unselected sensitive cultures and shows normal steroid induction of tyrosine transaminase. Selection is a slow process requiring 24 to 36 months to obtain, a phenotypically stable resitant cell line, and can be subdivided into three phases—a sensitive phase, adaptation and resistance. A comparison of the karyotypes of unselected and resistant cultures shows that the selection process enriches for a dexamethasone-resistant subpopulation. This work was supported by Special Grant No. 716 from the California Division of the American Cancer Society, and a grant-in-aid from the San Diego State University Foundation.     

害虫及害螨对阿维菌素抗药性研究进展

阿维菌素(avermectins)是一类新型高效广谱的生物源农药,对多种害虫及害螨具有极好的防效。随着阿维菌素在害虫及害螨防治中的广泛应用,害虫和害螨对其的抗性问题日益受到关注。文章综述国内外的最新研究结果表明:小菜蛾Pluttella xylostella(L.)、二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticate Koch等已对阿维菌素产生抗性,对阿维菌素产生抗性的害虫和螨并不总是表现适合度劣势,且抗性一旦产生敏感性较难以恢复;抗性遗传多数由多基因、不完全隐性控制;抗性机理涉及多种因素。综合分析发现害虫和螨对阿维菌素存在较大的、潜在抗性风险。     

Herbicide resistance—what have we learned from other disciplines?

Herbicide resistance is a growing threat to agriculture and has parallels to resistances to fungicides and insecticides. However, there are many reasons to treat the resistance to herbicides differently. To highlight these similarities and differences, three pests, a weed, an insect, and a disease that have shown the ability to rapidly develop resistance to a variety of products and product classes were used as illustrations. The situation in herbicide resistance is approaching a point already experienced by the other pest control disciplines, and thus, it is worthwhile to revisit their experiences.