江滩林农复合生态系统与钉螺分布关系的研究

对江滩林农复合生态系统中钉螺消长研究表明,钉螺分布与林地地下水位密切相关,当地下水位为２０～４０ｃｍ时,钉螺分布密度最大,当地下水位＜１．５５ｃｍ或＞７５．７ｃｍ时,钉螺密度趋向于零．林地钉螺分布密度受长江汛期的影响,淹水１００ｄ以内淹水时间越长,钉螺分布密度越大．在３６种供研究的植物中,与钉螺呈显著负相关的种类有益母草、问荆、打碗花、酸模叶蓼、紫云英等５种,与钉螺呈显著正相关的种类有鸡矢藤、水芹２种     

淤沙对消灭草滩钉螺作用的观察

监利县中洲与芦苇相连的草滩,1973年水涨前调查,都有钉螺分布,活螺框和活螺密度较其它几种类型都高。通过1973年洪水期淹水130—150天以后调查,钉螺面积和密度发生了显著变化。分析其原因,发现主要是淤沙的作用。为了进一步观察淤沙对草滩钉螺的灭螺作用,于1974年水涨前,从江边直开一条大沟通实验地——大坦(内湖),在大坦边的草滩投放染色螺作实验观察。现将结果报告如下。     

钉螺分布与滩地环境因子的关系

长江中下游滩地钉螺的分布与滩地的地下水位关系显著,当地下水位为３２ｃｍ左右时,钉螺密度和有螺框出现率分别达到其最大值。活螺密度（Ｙ）与地下水位的回归方程为：Ｙ＝－１．９６８６＋０．２５１２Ｘ－０．００４０１３Ｘ＾２;有螺框出现率（Ｙ）与地下水位的关系为：Ｙ＝－５５．９７２０＋７．５６８９Ｘ＝－０．１１８０Ｘ＾２;５月份钉螺适宜在土壤含水率３０％左右的土壤表层生活。当土壤含水率为２８－３０％时,滩面     

钉螺在枫杨防护林和芦林分布密度的比较研究

通过对长江外滩枫杨防护林和芦林钉螺分布密度的调查比较,结果表明：枫杨林钉螺分布密度明显低于芦林;两种群落钉螺分布密度不同程度受长江洪泛的影响;两种群落中４种抑制钉螺的植物对钉螺分布密度的影响相似。     

长江中下游滩地植被与钉螺孳生关系的研究

对由莎草、苔草、狗牙根为优势种组成的杂草群落植被类型、由多种苔草、荻、为优势种组成的苔草、荻群落植被类型和由芦苇、菱笋、蒌蒿及蓼类为优势种组成的芦苇群落植被类型３种长江中下游滩地主要群落植被类型进行了钉螺密度与植被高度、钉螺密度与植被盖度之间的关系。结果表明：杂草群落植被类型,钉螺生存最适宜的植被高度为２２．０５ｃｍ、范围为１５～４７ｃｍ,钉螺生存最适宜的植被盖度为６５．２８％、范围为３５％～９０％;苔草、荻群落植被类型,钉螺生存最适宜的植被高度为２２．６９ｃｍ、范围为２０～３３ｃｍ,钉螺生存最适宜的植被盖度为６７．８０％、范围为３５％～９５％;芦苇群落植被类型,钉螺生存最适宜的植被高度为６４．８２ｃｍ、范围为７２～７８ｃｍ,钉螺生存最适宜植被盖度为６３．９５％、范围为１％～１００％。这一研究结果对通过生态工程措施控制植被因子,实现抑螺防病的策略提供科学依据     

海南东寨港红树林退化原因初探

针对海南东寨港国家级自然保护区内成片红树林严重退化现象, 对退化红树林开展群落特征调查及其相关环境因子的观测研究, 以揭示其退化机制。研究结果表明: (1)红树林退化与林木高度和胸径无显著相关, 但随退化程度加深, 林分密度、林分郁闭度和单位面积呼吸根数量均呈下降趋势, 并达到极显著相关; (2)团水虱主要分布在离地面高度0-30 cm的树干根茎处, 尤其在10-20 cm处分布最多, 其密度达2.94 个•cm2, 钻孔面积所占面积达23.93 %, 并且与每株红树退化程度达到极显著相关; (3)红树林群落微地形变化导致了淹水深度和淹水时间的变化, 其中淹水深度变化与红树林退化无显著相关, 但淹水时间变化(表现在形成积水)则与其退化呈显著正相关, 较长的淹水(积水)时间加剧了红树林退化, 退化特征值(%)与积水时间(min)之间的函数关系为Y死亡率=0.4138x+42.66(R=0.817, p<0.01), Y退化率= 0.5195x+13.943(R=0.639, p<0.05)。     

山丘区土壤环境因子对钉螺(Oncomelania Snail)分布的影响

土壤是自然界钉螺孳生繁殖的重要场所,钉螺的分布与土壤环境因子密切相关。对山丘区9种不同土地利用类型土壤环境对钉螺分布影响的研究结果表明：耕地、荒草地、河滩地及灌溉沟渠存在钉螺分布,活螺框出现率的高低顺序为耕地＞河滩地＞灌溉沟渠＞荒草地,活螺密度的大小顺序为河滩地＞灌溉沟渠＞耕地＞荒草地;有螺土壤环境与无螺土壤环境的方差分析结果不显著,土壤全K含量与0.02~0.002mm的土壤颗粒含量存在显著差异;土壤环境因子对钉螺分布影响的灰色关联分析表明,0.02~0.002mm的土壤颗粒、土壤全P含量和土壤水分是影响钉螺的最重要的3个因子,且土壤环境因子对钉螺活螺框出现率及活螺密度影响的大小规律基本一致,不同之处在于土壤全K含量对活螺密度的影响更显著。研究结果可为我国山丘区改造钉螺孳生环境、控制血吸虫病流行及发展区域经济提供依据     

山丘区土壤环境因子对钉螺 (Oncomelania Snail)分布的影响

土壤是自然界钉螺孳生繁殖的重要场所,钉螺的分布与土壤环境因子密切相关。对山丘区9种不同土地利用类型土壤环境对钉螺分布影响的研究结果表明：耕地、荒草地、河滩地及灌溉沟渠存在钉螺分布,活螺框出现率的高低顺序为耕地〉河滩地〉灌溉沟渠〉荒草地,活螺密度的大小顺序为河滩地〉灌溉沟渠〉耕地〉荒草地;有螺土壤环境与无螺土壤环境的方差分析结果不显著,土壤全K含量与0.02-0.002mm的土壤颗粒含量存在显著差异;土壤环境因子对钉螺分布影响的灰色关联分析表明,0.02-0.002mm的土壤颗粒、土壤全P含量和土壤水分是影响钉螺的最重要的3个因子,且土壤环境因子对钉螺活螺框出现率及活螺密度影响的大小规律基本一致,不同之处在于土壤全K含量对活螺密度的影响更显著。研究结果可为我国山丘区改造钉螺孳生环境、控制血吸虫病流行及发展区域经济提供依据。     

淹水玉米幼苗根尖分生细胞内Ca2+超微细胞化学定位

采用焦锑酸钾沉淀法,对遭受淹水胁迫的玉米幼苗初生根根尖分生细胞内钙离子分布变化情况进行了电镜细胞化学观察。在正常状态下,根尖分生细胞内Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒的分布较少．主要位于细胞核和细胞质中。在淹水1h后,根尖分生细胞内呈现有大量Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒分布,细胞核和细胞质中分布的Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒密度,远大于正常细胞。随着淹水时间的延长,根尖分生细胞的细胞核和细胞质中分布的Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒呈现不断增多的趋势,而液泡中分布的Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒则逐步明显减少。根据实验结果本文对受淹根尖分生细胞的死亡与Ca^2＋分布变化的关系进行了研究。     

模拟潮汐淹浸对红树植物老鼠簕种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在温室内用自动控制装置模拟正规半日潮淹浸作用对老鼠簕种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响,设淹水0、3、6、9、12、15、18、21和24h·d-1共9个淹水时间梯度,人工海水盐度为2%,测定不同淹水时间下老鼠簕种子萌发、幼苗株高、叶面积、生物量以及幼苗叶脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理生化指标.结果表明,长时间淹水(≥15 h·d-1)会推迟老鼠簕种子萌发的时间,并使发芽率和成苗率降低,淹水＜15 h·d-1适宜老鼠簕种子的萌发.随着淹水时间的增长,脯氨酸含量、MDA含量和SOD活性均先下降后上升,叶绿素含量则逐渐降低.淹水≥3 h·d-1,幼苗生物量、单株叶面积、高生长和叶绿素含量与淹水时间均呈负相关.淹水0～3h·d-1,老鼠簕总叶绿素含量、根、茎、地上部分和总生物量积累均显著大于其他处理,淹水≥18 h·d-1,老鼠筋幼苗总生物量、叶面积、叶绿素含量显著降低,根冠比开始上升.在上述人工培养条件下,淹水0～3h·d-1是老鼠筋幼苗生长的最佳淹水时间,18h·d-1是老鼠簕幼苗生长的一个临界淹水时间,淹水≥18 h·d-1老鼠筋幼苗生长显著受到抑制.     

林农复合系统汛期前后钉螺密度变化及其防治对策

林农复合系统汛期前后钉螺密度变化及其防治对策彭镇华,姚永康,康忠铭,孙启祥（安徽农业大学,合肥２３００３６）查明（安庆市血防研究所,安庆２４６００３）Ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎｆｏｒｅｓｔ－ａｇｒｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｂｅ...     

长江干流季节性水淹滩地杨树生长规律研究

研究了长江中下游干流滩地抑螺防病林的主要树种杨树的生长规律,建立了杨树的生 长动态数学模型．经过进一步的生长动态模型分析,研究结果表明：滩地高程是影响杨树胸径、 树高和材积生长量的关键因子．滩地淹水时间超过６０天的地方,杨树生长受到明显的影响．     

Spatial variation in population dynamics of the sand-burrowing amphipod Haustorioides japonicus

Densities of sandy beach organisms along coastlines often vary considerably even within small local scales. In order to understand the demographic basis of density variations in shore animals, we examined the population dynamics of the amphipod Haustorioides japonicus Kamihira, which is an ideal subject because it lacks a planktonic dispersal stage in its life history. Quantitative sampling at three adjacent sandy beaches along the Sea of Japan coast revealed that the spring density, i.e., the density of overwintered individuals, was similar among the three beaches. However, the amount of recruitment of newly hatched juveniles from late spring to summer greatly differed among the beaches, resulting in large spatial variations in the summer density. Cohort analyses revealed that at all beaches, young-of-the-year (YOY) individuals reproduced and then died, and that individuals which recruited in late summer overwintered. Moreover, growth, fecundity, and survival schedules of overwintered and YOY individuals were very similar among beaches. These observations suggest that the difference in recruitment success, i.e., the survival of newly hatched juveniles, is the primary cause of the inter-population variation in the summer density. It is likely that variations in salinity and sandy sediment affect the recruitment success of newly hatched individuals. This study indicates that biological productivity may differ substantially even among adjacent sandy beaches, with important implications for beach management.     

利用植物他感作用灭螺效果的研究

通过调查有螺滩地林下植被的演变和乌柏（Ｓａｐｉｕｍｓｅｂｉｐｅｒｕｍ）、枫杨（Ｐｔｅｒｏｃａｒｙａｓｔｅｎｏｐｔｅｒａ）等滩地造林树种的灭螺效果发现,鸡矢藤（Ｐａｅｄｅｒｉａｓｃａｎｄｅｎｓ）、水芹（Ｏｅｎａｎｔｈｅｊａｖａｎｉｃａ）的个体数量与钉螺的数量呈正相关关系,Ｘ２分别为１２．８和１１．２（ａ＜０．０２）,而益母草（Ｌｅｏｎｕｒｕｓａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）、问荆（Ｅｑｕｉｓｅｔｕｍａｒｖｅｎｓｅ）、酸模叶蓼（Ｒｕｍｅｘａｃｅｔｏｓａ）、打碗花（Ｃａｌｙｓｔｅｇｉａｈｅｄｅｒａｃｅａ）、紫云英（Ａｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ）等与钉螺的数量呈负相关关系（ａ＜０．０２）经过一个汛期,枫杨、乌柏叶片使钉螺死亡率从草滩对照的２％升至４３．３％和４４．１％     

Is tolerance to summer flooding correlated with distribution patterns in river floodplains? A comparative study of 20 terrestrial grassland species

It is generally assumed that floods during the growing season have a strong impact on the distribution of grassland plant species in river floodplains but this proposition has never been tested. We examined the survival and growth responses of twenty species, originating from mid- and high-level floodplain grasslands along the River Rhine in the Netherlands, to total submergence for a maximum of two months in an outdoor flooding experiment. Plant survival and biomass reduction with flooding duration was determined as well as biomass recovery after de-submergence.
Our results indicate that species survival is the most prominent factor correlated with species distribution in floodplain areas. Relatively flood tolerant species occurred mainly at low elevations along the floodplain while more flood sensitive species were restricted to high parts of the floodplain gradient. Biomass reduction rates during submergence were only marginally significantly correlated with species lower distribution boundaries along the flooding gradient. Biomass recovery rate was significantly correlated with species distribution patterns in the field only after 2 weeks of complete submergence, but not after 4 and 8 weeks. Our results suggest that the more flood tolerant species can have various ways to survive and recover from flooding, ranging from low rates of biomass loss and low recovery to relatively high rates of biomass loss and quick recovery.
Our results are consistent with the notion that disturbance by floods during the growing season is an important determinant of species lower distribution boundaries in river floodplains. They also suggest that high survival under flooding may be achieved by different physiological mechanisms. Such mechanisms are discussed in this paper.     

Distribution patterns of supralittoral arthropods: wrack deposits as a source of food and refuge on exposed sandy beaches (SW Spain)

Wrack deposits are a common feature of sandy beaches worldwide. Despite their relevance, the habitat features of wrack debris and their potential influence on the distribution of upper shore arthropods remain poorly understood. In this study, the distribution of supralittoral arthropods was analysed by sampling areas covered and not covered by wrack on two tidal levels during winter and summer from two sandy beaches of south-western Spain. Despite the differences between beaches and seasons, density, species richness and diversity were significantly higher in wrack patches than in bare sand. Moreover, community structure and composition varied between both microhabitats due to the influence of wrack deposits on the habitat selection by arthropod species. Food availability combined with temperature or moisture mostly explained the distribution pattern of assemblages. Moreover, these habitat features varied between wrack bands, the lower band being fresher and wetter than upper band. The density of the main species inhabiting wrack was correlated mainly with moisture. The present study provides evidences about the role of algal wrack structuring diversity and composition of supralittoral arthropods stressing the importance of the habitat heterogeneity to maintain abundant and diverse communities on exposed sandy beaches.     

Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world

With the wide acceptance of forest‐protection policies in the developing world comes a requirement for clear demonstrations of how deforestation may erode human well‐being and economies. For centuries, it has been believed that forests provide protection against flooding. However, such claims have given rise to a heated polemic, and broad‐scale quantitative evidence of the possible role of forests in flood protection has not been forthcoming. Using data collected from 1990 to 2000 from 56 developing countries, we show using generalized linear and mixed‐effects models contrasted with information‐theoretic measures of parsimony that flood frequency is negatively correlated with the amount of remaining natural forest and positively correlated with natural forest area loss (after controlling for rainfall, slope and degraded landscape area). The most parsimonious models accounted for over 65% of the variation in flood frequency, of which nearly 14% was due to forest cover variables alone. During the decade investigated, nearly 100 000 people were killed and 320 million people were displaced by floods, with total reported economic damages exceeding US$1151 billion. Extracted measures of flood severity (flood duration, people killed and displaced, and total damage) showed some weaker, albeit detectable correlations to natural forest cover and loss. Based on an arbitrary decrease in natural forest area of 10%, the model‐averaged prediction of flood frequency increased between 4% and 28% among the countries modeled. Using the same hypothetical decline in natural forest area resulted in a 4–8% increase in total flood duration. These correlations suggest that global‐scale patterns in mean forest trends across countries are meaningful with respect to flood dynamics. Unabated loss of forests may increase or exacerbate the number of flood‐related disasters, negatively impact millions of poor people, and inflict trillions of dollars in damage in disadvantaged economies over the coming decades. This first global‐scale empirical demonstration that forests are correlated with flood risk and severity in developing countries reinforces the imperative for large‐scale forest protection to protect human welfare, and suggests that reforestation may help to reduce the frequency and severity of flood‐related catastrophes.     

What drives the dynamics of a soil mite population under seasonal flooding? A null model analysis

Floods can inflict high mortality on terrestrial organisms, but may also promote adaptive evolution. In seasonal floodplains, several taxa show flood-related traits that may be important for their long-term persistence, but the available evidence is conflicting. Here, we used a simulation approach to investigate the interplay between seasonal floods and submersion resistance in driving the population dynamics of the parthenogenetic soil mite Rostrozetes ovulum in an Amazonian blackwater floodplain. First, we gathered data from two flood cycles to estimate field survival rate. Next, we used further data from a submersion survival laboratory experiment and a historical flood record to build a null model for R. ovulum’s survival rate under seasonal flooding, and then tested it against field survival estimates. Floods caused marked density declines, but the two estimates of field survival rate were statistically equivalent, suggesting relatively constant survival across years. Submersion survival time varied tenfold among individuals, but its variability was within the range known for life history traits of other asexual invertebrates. Both field survival rates were consistent with the null model, supporting seasonal flooding as the main mortality factor. Surprisingly, though, average flood duration was actually larger than the average mite could survive, suggesting that population persistence relies on relatively rare, super-resistant phenotypes. Overall, the studied R. ovulum population appears to have a mainly density-independent dynamics across years, with its viability depending on mechanisms that buffer flood survival rate against temporal oscillations.     

Causes and consequences of individual variation in territory size in the American red squirrel

For most territorial species that defend food or other resources, territory size is inversely related to resource density. However, in some food-based territorial species, larger territories are known to contain greater absolute resource availability. For these latter species, both the specific determinants of territory size, and the relationship between territory size and fitness, remain unclear. We predicted that in American red squirrels ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ), where larger territories tend to hold increased food resources, survival should be correlated positively with territory size and that both individual (body mass, sex, duration of territory ownership) and habitat-specific (population density) attributes would contribute to variation in territory size. We monitored survival and territory size of 58 squirrels during a two-year period using live-trapping and radio-telemetry. Survival and territory size were correlated positively, with each 0.1 ha decrease in territory size typically resulting in a 16.6% increase in mortality risk; mortality risk for squirrels with the smallest versus largest territories differed by up to 23-fold. Territory size was negatively related to local population density, but not to any attributes of individual squirrels, implying that, in this species, territory size may not be influenced strongly by individual quality. We conclude that while larger territories may confer a survival advantage to squirrels, territory size is unrelated to individual physical attributes, likely because costs associated with the acquisition of a larger or richer territory outweigh potential benefits of increased food access.