草原土壤N2O释放及全球变暖影响下土壤养分变化的反馈效应

对草原土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放及其受全球变暖土壤养分变化的影响研究表明,以沼泽泥炭土Ｎ２Ｏ释放量最大,生长季节为１３～１２．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,其次灰壤土,为１．５～２．４ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,酸性棕壤最小,为０～３．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;Ｎ２Ｏ的释放层灰壤土在０～５ｃｍ,其它２种土壤为０～１０ｃｍ;施肥试验表明,Ｎ、Ｐ肥在生长季节对土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放量影响不显著,但在生长季末期,Ｎ肥对酸性棕壤及灰壤土Ｎ２Ｏ影响显著,施肥后第３天酸性棕壤由对照的１．３提高到４４．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,灰壤土则由对照的１．９提高到３１．１ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,说明全球变暖对土壤有机质分解的影响不会诱发Ｎ２Ｏ释放量的大幅度增加．     

稻田CH4和N2O的排放及养萍和施肥的影响

用箱法对我国东北稻田ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ排放进行观测研究表明,东北稻田的ＣＨ４排放通量比南方稻田小,平均日排放通量和生长季节排放总量分别为０．０７和７．４ｇ·ｍ－２．稻田淹水期几乎没有Ｎ２Ｏ的净排放,但在非淹水期内却有大量Ｎ２Ｏ排放（平均通量５９μｇＮ２Ｏ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１）．稻田养萍和施肥明显促进ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ排放．稻田ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ排放之间存在消长关系．制定稻田温室气体减排技术措施时应充分注意这一关系．     

长白山北坡不同土壤N2O和CH4排放的初步研究

用箱法技术原位测定了长白山北坡不同土壤（苔原土、生草森林土、棕色针叶林土和暗棕色森林土）６—８月间的Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放．结果表明,这些土壤既是Ｎ２Ｏ的源,又同时是ＣＨ４的汇．Ｎ２Ｏ通量变化于６．１７—１２．３３μｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－３之间（平均９．３７μｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１）,ＣＨ４通量为－８５．６３—－７．５８μｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１（平均－４１．４５μｇ·ｍ－３·ｈ－１）,并观察到在Ｎ２Ｏ排放和ＣＨ４吸收之间有着相互消长关系．实验室培养实验表明,最大反硝化作用活性存在于土壤上层（０—６ｃｍ）;不同土壤的反硝化作用活性明显不同．山地暗棕色森林土的ＣＨ４吸收作用也主要发生在土壤的上层（０—１２ｃｍ）．     

北京山区辽东栎林土壤释放CO_2的模拟实验研究

模拟北京山区辽东栎林群落,对该类型土壤释放ＣＯ２过程进行了连续３ａ的实验研究,结果表明：辽东栎林土壤呼吸强度平均为５．９２±１．３２μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１,在不同月份中,以８月份最高,１０月最低,依次为８月＞７月＞６月＞９月＞１０月（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１３：００为土壤日呼吸的最高峰。温度为影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,二者存在极显著相关关系（ｒ＝０．５６６８,ｐ＜０．００１,ｎ＝９４）。据３ａ观测的土壤呼吸日平均值计算得出,模拟辽东栎林土壤释放ＣＯ２的通量估计范围为１７１．５～２７５．１ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１,平均为２２３．３ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１。     

辽北平原苏打盐渍土增施泥炭对土壤盐分的影响

对辽河北部平原苏打盐渍化土壤改良试验表明,在增施泥炭条件下,苏打草甸盐土当年玉米产量可达２５００～４４００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,苏打碱化草甸土为５５００～６８００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,增产率分别为４０～１４４％和１２７～１８１％;第２年后者的持续产量为６２００～８０００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,增产率仍高达６９～１１８％．相应地,土壤剖面特别是耕作层呈现为明显脱盐,ｐＨ及碱化度下降,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量增加．     

东北典型旱作农田N_2O和CH_4排放通量研究

应用封闭式箱法技术测定了玉米、大豆田中Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４全年的通量变化．指出Ｎ２Ｏ排放有明显的季节变化和明显的日变化．大量的Ｎ２Ｏ排放发生在作物生长季节中．在冰雪溶化期和收割作物后也有一定量的Ｎ２Ｏ从土壤中排放．此外,实验结果也指出,玉米和大豆田作为大气ＣＨ４源或汇的作用不明显．     

稻鱼鸭复合生态经济效益的初步研究

试验表明．稻鱼鸭种养共生,水稻增产 １０％以上,同时增收鲜鱼 １０３６．５ ｋｇ· ｈｍ－２,成鸭２３８．９～４８９．３ ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２;水稻土壤全Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ和有机质含量分别增加２７．９、 ４４． ３、６． ５和 ２８． ２％,提高了土壤肥力;水稻植株虫口量最少．稻鱼鸭共生大大提高了稻田 的产出和效益．属良性循环的高效复合生态农业．     

北方稻田生态系统研究Ⅱ．稻萍结合系统细绿萍共生固N量研究

对稻萍结合系统细绿萍共生固Ｎ量研究表明,萍的固Ｎ力在整个生长季不同时期有所变化．最高固Ｎ率出现在６月初,萍固Ｎ量随其接种量和水稻行距增加而增加．５０～１０ｃｍ宽窄行交替的水稻行距和１５００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２的萍接种量的稻萍结合系统的总固Ｎ量为１０７．１ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,而３０ｃｍ等行距的３２５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２的萍接种量的稻－萍结合系统的总固Ｎ量仅为３６．０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２     

地膜条件下土壤生态因子与玉米产量的关系

研究干旱地区地膜条件下,土壤生态因子对玉米产量的影响．结果表明,最佳种植模式为作物距地膜中心线２１．３—３３．２Ｃｍ,施纯Ｎ＋Ｐ为５９８—７４３ｋｇ·ｈａ－１,玉米产量为１４４９２≤Ｙ佳≤１６５９ｋｇ·ｈ－１．该种植模式有利于提高作物产量及残膜回收．     

氢醌和双氰胺对种稻土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了脲酶抑制剂氢醌（ＨＱ）、硝化抑制剂双氰胺（ＤＣＤ）及二者的组合（ＨＱ＋ＤＣＤ）对种稻土壤Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放的影响．结果表明,在未施麦秸粉时,所有施抑制剂的处理均较单施尿素的能显著减少水稻生长期供试土壤Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４的排放．特别是ＨＱ＋ＤＣＤ处理,其Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放总量分别约为对照的１／３和１／２．而在施麦秸粉后,该处理的Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量为对照的１／２,但ＣＨ４排放总量却较少差别．不论是Ｎ２Ｏ还是ＣＨ４的排放总量,施麦秸粉的都比未施的高出１倍和更多．因此,单从土壤源温室气体排放的角度看,将未腐熟的有机物料与尿素共施,并不是一种适宜的施肥制度．供试土壤的Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量,与水稻植株的ＮＯ－３Ｎ含量和土表水层中的矿质Ｎ量分别呈显著的指数正相关和线性正相关;ＣＨ４的排放通量则与水稻植株的生长量和土表水层中的矿质Ｎ量呈显著的线性负相关．在Ｎ２Ｏ与ＣＨ４的排放间,未施麦秸粉时存在着定量的相互消长关系;施麦秸粉后,虽同样存在所述关系,但难以定量化．     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.