四种冷冻保护剂对小鼠2-细胞胚胎渗透性和毒性作用的比较

作为胚胎冷冻保存的基础性研究,冷冻保护剂的渗透性和毒性研究非常重要.本试验选用1,2-丙二醇、甘油、乙二醇和二甲基亚砜4种常用冷冻保护剂,对小鼠2-细胞胚胎进行渗透性和毒性研究.结果显示:1.5 mol/L的1,2-丙二醇、乙二醇和二甲基亚砜冷冻保护剂对2-细胞胚胎的渗透性显著高于甘油保护剂;4种冷冻保护剂对细胞膜的完整性没有影响;1.5 mol/L的乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和甘油保护剂处理后的2-细胞胚胎的囊胚发育率和孵化率与对照组胚胎比较差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于二甲基亚砜处理后的2-细胞囊胚发育率和孵化率(P<0.01).结果表明:在4种冷冻保护剂中,乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇适合于小鼠2-细胞胚胎冷冻保存     

三种不同冷冻保护剂对小鼠附睾冷冻效果的比较

目的探讨三种不同冷冻保护剂对C57BL/6J小鼠附睾冷冻的效果。方法性成熟并交配过的6~8周龄C57BL/6J雄鼠附睾,分别用3种不同冷冻保护剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、丙二醇(PROH)、R18S3进行玻璃化冷冻、复苏和精子采集,观察比较三个实验组的复苏精子形态、存活率以及生殖能力。结果三组冷冻复苏分离后的精子形态完整,具有镰刀头状结构;荧光染色后PROH组精子存活率为(88.17±3.43)%,明显高于DMSO组:(61.17±10.65)%和R18S3组(16.83±6.49)%(P0.05);经辅助体外受精后均具有受精能力。获得的胚胎移植后可得到正常子代小鼠(DMSO∶PROH∶R18S3=13∶8∶17)。结论 3种冷冻保护剂均适用于C57BL/6J小鼠附睾冷冻,但PROH冷冻效果较好。     

两种冷冻保护剂和冷冻程序对兔精子冷冻效果的比较

目的比较不同冷冻保护剂和冷冻程序对兔精子冷冻保护的影响,以期提高兔精子冷冻保存的效果和效率。方法用三步降温法（程序Ⅰ）和两步降温法（程序Ⅱ）两种冷冻程序与终浓度分别为2%,3%,4%,5%的甘油和乙酰胺两种冷冻保护剂配合进行精液冷冻保存,统计精子复苏率。结果使用程序Ⅱ添加3%乙酰胺的冷冻保护剂实验组的精子复苏率较高,同其它组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;程序Ⅱ比程序Ⅰ节省约70%的时间,同种浓度冷冻保护剂的不同冷冻程序组之间精子复苏率差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论程序Ⅱ与3%乙酰胺配合可以取得良好的冷冻保存效果;用程序Ⅱ进行兔精液冷冻保存可以大幅缩短操作时间。     

不同冷冻保护剂对早期卵裂期小鼠胚胎冷冻后成活率和发育的影响

为了评价利用不同冷冻保护剂冷冻早期卵裂期胚胎的效果,用小鼠为实验动物,采用慢速冷冻、快速融解的冷冻技术,比较丙二醇、二甲基亚砜和甘油作冷冻保护剂对小鼠2-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎冷冻后胚胎存活率和囊胚形成率的影响。发现以丙二醇和蔗糖为冷冻保护剂冷冻4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎,解冻后胚胎成活率和囊胚形成率显著高于以二甲基亚砜或甘油为冷冻保护剂。结果表明,丙二醇是一种冷冻早期卵裂期小鼠胚胎有效的冷冻保护剂。     

两种玻璃化胚胎冷冻方法对不同品系小鼠胚胎冷冻效果比较

目的探讨EFS和DAP两种玻璃化冷冻方法对不同品系小鼠胚胎冷冻的效果。方法6个品系小鼠（KM、ICR、BALB／c、C57BL／6J、OB／OB、LAP／~TAOF59）的2-cell胚胎分别用EFS和DAP两种玻璃化冷冻方法进行冷冻和复苏,比较两种冷冻方法的胚胎复苏率和着床率。结果6个品系小鼠冷冻胚胎EFS方法的平均复苏率为69．97％（47．9％～83．6％）,DAP方法的平均复苏率47．23％（26．3％-76．7％）,EFS方法明显优于DAP方法。其中KM、ICR和BALB／c小鼠EFS方法的冷冻复苏率显著高于DAP方法（P〈0．01）;冻融胚胎移植后EFS方法的平均着床率27．23％（1．75％一45．0％）,DAP方法的平均着床率31．43％（7．0％一46．3％）。除KM、ICR小鼠外,其他4个品系小鼠的着床率DAP方法高于EFS方法。结论KM和ICR远交群小鼠胚胎适合用EFS方法冷冻保存;C57BL／6J、OB／OB、LAP／aTAOF59三个品系小鼠DAP方法优于EFS方法,但差异不大;BALB／c小鼠两种玻璃化冷冻方法的冻融胚胎着床率均较低,需进一步研究。     

离子浓度对小鼠2-细胞胚胎电融合的影响

四倍体胚胎的制备已经成为生物学家研究小鼠以及其它哺乳动物发育生物学的有力工具。目前,制备小鼠四倍体胚胎最常用的方法是电融合法,其中电融合液中的离了种类和离子浓度是影响胚胎电融合成败的关键因素。本文比较了Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Sr^＋、Na^＋、K^＋、Li^＋等阳离子对小鼠2-细胞胚胎电融合的影响。结果发现,在100V／mm电场强度、50μsec脉冲时程和2次脉冲的电融合条件下,少量二价阳离子的存在是胚胎融合所必须的,当Ca^2＋为0．1mM时,可使全部胚胎发生电融合,而一价阳离子的存在不利于胚胎的电融合。随着各种离子浓度的大幅升高,胚胎的融合率急剧下降、胚胎死亡数量增加以及死亡程度加剧。     

褪黑素对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎发育的影响

目的：研究褪黑素对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎发育的影响。方法：在培养液中添加不同浓度褪黑素,在不同的作用时间点,观察并记录小鼠胚胎囊胚率、孵出率,研究其变化情况。结果：不同浓度褪黑素对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎存在双向作用,在10-13-10-5M之间促进细胞囊胚形成和孵出,在10-9M时促进效应达到最高,而在10-3M时则呈现出一定的毒性作用。结论：褪黑素对小鼠胚胎发育影响与褪黑素浓度密切相关。     

褪黑素对小鼠2- 细胞期胚胎发育的影响

目的:研究褪黑素对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎发育的影响。方法:在培养液中添加不同浓度褪黑素,在不同的作用时间点,观察并记录小鼠胚胎囊胚率、孵出率,研究其变化情况。结果:不同浓度褪黑素对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎存在双向作用,在10-13-10-5M之间促进细胞囊胚形成和孵出,在10-9M时促进效应达到最高,而在10-3M时则呈现出一定的毒性作用。结论:褪黑素对小鼠胚胎发育影响与褪黑素浓度密切相关。     

两种不同冻存保护剂对细胞冻存效果的比较

为比较甘油和二甲基亚砜这两种细胞冷冻保护剂对同一种细胞冷冻保存的效果,通过甘油和二甲基亚砜分别与血清、基础培养基的不同配比,进而比较二者对肿瘤细胞的冻存效果,并且分别探索出二者哪种用于细胞冻存效果更好和各自最佳冻存效果的比例。本文研究成果将为细胞冻存提供更明确的冻存方法。     

PGE2、PGF2α和Iloprost对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的影响

目的研究PGE2、PGF2。以及Hoprost（PGl2的稳定类似物）对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的影响。方法在含0．5％BSA的mCZB液中分别添加0、10^-4、10^-5和10^-6mol／L的PGE2,0、10^-4、10^-5和10^-6mol／L PGF2α以及0、1×10^-6、2×10^-6和4×10^-6mol/L Iloprost,观察小鼠2-细胞胚胎的体外发育,同时利用H33342染色进行囊胚和孵化囊胚的细胞核计数。结果添加PGE2、PGF2α以及Iloprost的各处理组2-细胞胚胎体外培养的囊胚率和孵化率均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,但各处理组与对照组之间在囊胚或孵化胚胎的细胞数上差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结论培养液中添加这三种前列腺素均不利于小鼠2-细胞胚胎的体外发育,但不影响囊胚或孵化胚胎的细胞数。     

Resveratrol protects the mitochondria from vitrification injury in mouse 2-cell embryos

Mitochondria play a key role in embryo development by providing energy. However, vitrification often causes mitochondrion damage of embryo, which further impairs embryo development. Therefore, the efficiency of embryo development after vitrification could be improved by protecting mitochondrial function from vitrification injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial damage after vitrification. The results showed that vitrification induced the abnormal mitochondrial distribution and damage mitochondrial function of mouse 2-cell embryos. However, co-culturing with resveratrol for 2 h could repair the abnormal mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial dysfunction of embryos after vitrification. More than anything, the subsequent development ability of vitrified-thawed 2-cell embryos was significantly higher than that with no resveratrol treatment. In conclusion, resveratrol could protect the mitochondrial from injury caused by vitrification.     

Recruitment of Orc6l, a dormant maternal mRNA in mouse oocytes, is essential for DNA replication in 1-cell embryos

Mouse oocytes acquire the ability to replicate DNA during meiotic maturation, presumably to ensure that DNA replication does not occur precociously between MI and MII and only after fertilization. Acquisition of DNA replication competence requires protein synthesis, but the identity of the proteins required for DNA replication is poorly described. In Xenopus, the only component missing for DNA replication competence is CDC6, which is synthesized from a dormant maternal mRNA recruited during oocyte maturation, and a similar situation also occurs during mouse oocyte maturation. We report that ORC6L is another component required for acquisition of DNA replication competence that is absent in mouse oocytes. The dormant maternal Orc6l mRNA is recruited during maturation via a CPE present in its 3′ UTR. RNAi-mediated ablation of maternal Orc6l mRNA prevents the maturation-associated increase in ORC6L protein and inhibits DNA replication in 1-cell embryos. These results suggest that mammalian oocytes have more complex mechanisms to establish DNA replication competence when compared to their Xenopus counterparts.     

Characterization of DNA synthesis during the 2-cell stage and the production of tetraploid chimeric pig embryos

The DNA content of nuclei during the 2-cell stage as well as in presumptive tetraploid embryos was investigated. In vivo produced pig zygotes were cultured to the 2-cell stage and either monitored for cleavage to the 4-cell stage or mounted at various times postcleavage and DNA content determined. The length of the 2-cell stage was 14.8 ± 3.0 hr. There was a significant increase in the length of the 2-cell stage due to the time in vitro as a zygote (P < 0.001: R² = 0.866). The DNA content increased (P < 0.05) each 2 hr postcleavage until 10 hr postcleavage. This suggested that there is a short G₁ and G₂ phase and a relatively long phase of DNA synthesis. Next, 2-cell stage embryos were pulsed with electricity to induce cell-to-cell fusion. Whereas only about half fused within 30 min (55%), most (96%) developed to the blastocyst stage. The DNA content of the nuclei of the embryos was consistent with them being tetraploid. A final experiment was designed to evaluate the ability of the tetraploid embryo to form a chimera with isolated inner cell mass (ICM) cells. Inner cell masses were isolated from d 6 embryos, cut into thirds, labeled with DiO (a membrane die) and injected into the perivitelline space of 4-cell-stage tetraploid embryos. Twelve of 17 formed blastocysts. In most 8/12), the ICM of the resulting blastocyst was labeled, whereas in one the only fluorescence was in the trophectoderm, and in two fluorescence was evenly distributed between the ICM and trophectoderm. These results suggest that it may be possible to create a fetus derived from ICM cells, or potentially stem cells, that has a tetraploid trophoblast. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Birth of mice from vitrified/warmed 2-cell embryos transported at a cold temperature

Cryopreservation of 2-cell embryos is an effective technology for storage of genetically engineered mouse strains. Transport of genetically engineered mice between laboratories has frequently been performed using such cryopreserved 2-cell embryos. However, the receiving laboratory requires proficient skills and special instruments to obtain live young from cryopreserved and transported embryos. Therefore, in this study, we tried to address the storage and transport of vitrified/warmed 2-cell embryos at a cold temperature. In cold storage experiments, the development rates of 2-cell embryos stored in M2 medium for 24, 48 and 72 h into blastocysts were relatively high (83%, 63% and 43%, respectively). Although, 2-cell embryos stored in PB1 and mWM maintained the developmental potency for 24 h, the rates were markedly decreased to low levels after 48 h (PB1: 0%; mWM: 5%). In transport experiments, many pups were obtained from vitrified/warmed 2-cell embryos transported at a cold temperature in all receiving laboratories (incidence of successful development: 49%; 249/511). In summary, short-term storage and transport of vitrified/warmed 2-cell embryos in M2 medium at a cold temperature can maintain their ability to develop into live young.     

Validated gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay for determination of the antifreezes ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in human plasma after microwave-assisted pivalylation

A gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay is described for identification and quantification of the antifreezes ethylene glycol (EG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) in plasma for early diagnosis of a glycol intoxication. After addition of 1,3-propanediol as internal standard, the plasma sample was deproteinized by acetone and an aliquot of the supernatant was evaporated followed by microwave-assisted pivalylation. After gas chromatographic separation, the glycols were first identified by comparison of the full mass spectra with reference spectra and then quantified. The quantification has been validated according to the criteria established by the Journal of Chromatography B. The assay was found to be selective. The calibration curves for EG and DEG were linear from 0.1 g/l to 1.0 g/l. The limit of detection for EG and DEG was 0.01 g/l and the limit of quantification for both was 0.1 g/l. The absolute recoveries were 50 and 65% for the low quality control samples and 51 and 73% for the high quality control samples of EG and DEG, respectively. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were inside the required limits. The glycols in frozen plasma samples were stable for more than 6 months. The method was successfully applied to several authentic plasma samples from patients intoxicated with glycols. It has also been suitable for analysis of EG and DEG in urine.