家蚕体内因缺乏维生素B6而引起的若干代谢变动

采用不含桑叶粉末、以去维生素牛乳酪蛋白为蛋白源的准合成饲料饲育家蚕Bombyx mori 5龄幼虫,探讨了缺乏维生素B₆（VB₆）对蚕体氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢以及转氨酶活力的影响。缺乏VB₆引起支链氨基酸分解代谢受阻,幼虫体液中大量积累亮氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸。同时因绢丝腺发育停滞,丝氨酸也在体液中积累。另一方面,缺乏VB₆幼虫体液中赖氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷氨酸含量减少,其中赖氨酸尤为突出。推测缺乏VB₆引起赖氨酸分解代谢亢进。结果还表明,缺乏VB₆幼虫体内脂肪酸代谢异常,谷丙转氨酶活力显著低下。     

人体唾液维生素B6的快速荧光测定

人体唾液维生素Ｂ６的快速荧光测定□熊忠（中国科学院西北高原生物所,西宁８１０００１）维生素Ｂ６是水溶性维生素Ｂ族之一,它包括三种：吡哆醇、吡哆醛、吡哆胺。吡哆醇在体内磷酸化转变为吡哆醛再生成吡哆胺,吡哆醛和吡哆胺在体内是以辅酶形式参与代谢。我们一般地...     

植物维生素B_6从头合成与代谢转换研究进展

维生素B6是一组可相互转换的吡啶衍生物的总称,包括吡哆醇、吡哆胺、吡哆醛、磷酸吡哆醇、磷酸吡哆胺和磷酸吡哆醛。其中,磷酸吡哆醛是140多种细胞酶的辅酶。至今发现两种VB6从头合成途径,DXP(1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸)依赖途径和DXP非依赖途径,前者仅存在于大肠杆菌和少量其他细菌,后者存在于其他所有VB6自养生物。除了VB6的从头合成,所有细胞生物体内还存在一条相似的补救途径,补救途径实现VB6各型的代谢转换。该文对近年来国内外有关植物VB6从头合成和代谢转换研究进展进行综述。     

微嗜酸寡养单胞菌中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox生物学功能研究

【目的】研究微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox(phosphopyridoxamine oxidase,pnpox)在维生素B6(VB6)合成中的贡献及对黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的降解活性。【方法】采用基因插入突变方式,对菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox进行突变,得到突变菌株。通过高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测突变株对AFB1的降解活性,以及突变株中吡哆醇和吡哆醛的合成情况,确定基因pnpox在寡养单胞菌体内VB6合成中的贡献和黄曲霉毒素降解代谢作用。【结果】成功构建了磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因突变子pnpox::pK19mobΩ2HMB,突变子吡哆醛的合成量较野生型菌株显著减少,吡哆醇合成量与野生型菌株无显著性差异;同时,突变子与野生型株CW117对AFB1的降解活性未发现显著性差异。【结论】菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶在吡哆醛合成的过程中起着重要作用,该基因突变会导致VB6的严重缺乏,影响寡养单胞菌正常生长,但该基因对CW117降解黄曲霉毒素无显著性贡献。     

微嗜酸寡养单胞菌中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox生物学功能研究北大核心

【目的】研究微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox(phosphopyridoxamine oxidase,pnpox)在维生素B6(VB6)合成中的贡献及对黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的降解活性。【方法】采用基因插入突变方式,对菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox进行突变,得到突变菌株。通过高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测突变株对AFB1的降解活性,以及突变株中吡哆醇和吡哆醛的合成情况,确定基因pnpox在寡养单胞菌体内VB6合成中的贡献和黄曲霉毒素降解代谢作用。【结果】成功构建了磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因突变子pnpox::pK19mobΩ2HMB,突变子吡哆醛的合成量较野生型菌株显著减少,吡哆醇合成量与野生型菌株无显著性差异;同时,突变子与野生型株CW117对AFB1的降解活性未发现显著性差异。【结论】菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶在吡哆醛合成的过程中起着重要作用,该基因突变会导致VB6的严重缺乏,影响寡养单胞菌正常生长,但该基因对CW117降解黄曲霉毒素无显著性贡献。     

家蚕吡哆醛激酶基因干扰降低转氨酶基因的转录表达

【目的】维生素B₆在氨基酸代谢中是多种酶的辅酶,维持氨基酸代谢的正常运行。磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, PLP）是维生素B₆的主要辅酶形式,吡哆醛激酶（pyridoxal kinase, PLK）是PLP的重要生成酶,本研究试图明确PLK基因与PLP依赖酶之间转录水平的调节关系。【方法】本研究采用RNA干扰（RNA interference, RNAi）方法对家蚕 Bombyx mori 的PLK基因进行干扰,通过体外合成PLK基因的3个干扰片段（siRNA1, siRNA2和siRNA3）,将siRNA从体腔注入5龄第3天的家蚕幼虫体内诱导RNAi。利用荧光定量PCR测定不同干扰片段、不同时间点及不同组织中PLK基因表达量的变化;并测定家蚕体内磷酸丝氨酸转氨酶（phosphoserine aminotransferase, SerB）和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（asparate aminotransferase, AST）基因的表达量。【结果】注射干扰片段后48 h干扰效果达到最佳。3个干扰片段干扰效果从高到低依次为siRNA1, siRNA2和siRNA3。RNAi效果最好的是中肠组织,其PLK基因的相对表达量下降了55%。RNA干扰PLK基因后,后部丝腺中SerB和AST基因相对表达量分别下降了90%和29%。【结论】本研究通过RNAi实现了家蚕PLK基因干扰,并进一步证明了家蚕PLK基因和SerB基因及AST基因存在联动调节关系。     

本期重点推介

<正>维生素B_6在氨基酸代谢中是多种酶的辅酶。磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal-5'-phosphate,PLP)是维生素B_6的主要辅酶形式,而吡哆醛激酶(pyridoxal kinase,PLK)是PLP的重要生成酶。为明确PLK基因与PLP依赖酶之间转录水平的调节关系,安徽农业大学茶与食品科技学院姚丽丽和黄龙全等采用RNAi方法对家蚕Bombyx mori中PLK基因表达进行干扰,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测家蚕体内磷酸丝氨酸转氨酶(phosphoserine aminotransferase,Ser B)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(asparate aminotransferase,AST)基因的表达量变化情况,结果表明RNA干扰PLK基因后,家蚕后部丝腺中Ser B和AST基因相对表达量明显下调,进一步证明了家蚕PLK基因与     

家蚕磷酸吡哆醇氧化酶基因的表达谱分析

【目的】了解家蚕Bombyx mori维生素B6关键代谢酶磷酸吡哆醇氧化酶（pyridoxine- 5′-phosphate oxidase, PNPO）基因在家蚕不同发育阶段及5龄幼虫不同组织中的表达差异。【方法】将家蚕PNPO基因的重组表达质粒pET-22b(+)-PNPO转化入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli Rosetta中诱导表达, 纯化蛋白制备多克隆抗体。分别采用荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法对家蚕PNPO基因进行了转录水平和翻译水平的表达分析。【结果】在家蚕发育水平上, 5龄幼虫的PNPO翻译量为最高。PNPO基因在5龄幼虫各组织中的转录水平由高到低依次为精巢、 头、 中肠、 马氏管、 卵巢、 表皮、 脂肪体、 丝腺; 翻译量也以精巢为最高, 其次是头、 中肠和马氏管。【结论】明确了PNPO在家蚕各发育阶段及5龄幼虫各组织中的表达情况。     

家蚕磷酸吡哆醛激酶cDNA的克隆和酶活表征

吡哆醛激酶 (EC 2.7.1.35) 在 ATP 和 Zn2 的存在下,催化吡哆醛的磷酸化反应生成磷酸吡哆醛 (PLP)。在生物体内许多酶促反应中,PLP 是一种重要的辅酶因子。家蚕和哺乳动物一样,需依赖食物中的维生素 B6前体来合成 PLP。文章描述了利用家蚕基因组数据库序列信息及使用 PCR 方法,克隆出编码家蚕吡哆醛激酶的 cDNA (GenBank 登录号:DQ452397)。克隆到的 cDNA 含有一个 894 bp 的完整可读框,编码一条分子量为 33.1 kDa,含 298 个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。序列比对显示此蛋白质序列与人类吡哆醛激酶蛋白序列具有 48.6%的同一性,包含吡哆醛激酶家族共有的特征保守序列,但其氨基酸残基数比哺乳动物和植物克隆到的吡哆醛激酶残基数均少 10 多个残基。多序列比对结果显示,吡哆醛激酶中几个有关键功能且在哺乳动物和植物中均保守的氨基酸残基在此蛋白中被替换为其他种类氨基酸残基。采用 T7 启动子和 T7 聚合酶表达系统对克隆到的 cDNA 进行了原核表达并对表达粗提产物进行了酶活检测。实验结果显示表达得到的可溶性蛋白产物占其总蛋白量为 10%,细胞粗提物具有活力为 30 nmol/min/mg 的吡哆醛激酶活性,结果证实了克隆到的 cDNA 编码家蚕中的吡哆醛激酶。     

饲料中维生素和无机rBmNPV-Bm表达系统植酸酶基因表达活性的影响

【目的】为查明宿主的营养对重组家蚕杆状病毒家蚕表达系统（rBmNPV-Bm）外源基因表达活性的影响,探寻提高家蚕Bombyx mori生物反应器产率的新途径。【方法】以家蚕BmNPV病毒为表达载体,以人工饲料饲养的5龄家蚕为宿主,以植酸酶基因为报告基因,探讨了家蚕人工饲料中维生素和无机盐对外源基因表达产物活性的影响。【结果】家蚕血淋巴中外源植酸酶的活性随着饲料中维生素和无机盐添加量的不同而发生显著变化。在本试验设区范围内,当维生素C的含量为饲料干物质量的1％,B族维生素混合物为0.25％,无机盐混合物为1％,维生素B₆为100 g饲料干物中含2 mg时,血淋巴中植酸酶活性达到最大值。【结论】通过改变家蚕饲料中微量营养成分的含量是提高rBmNPV-Bm表达系统外源基因表达活性的有效途径。     

Interconversions of different forms of vitamin B6 in tobacco plants

There are six different vitamin B₆ (VB₆) forms, pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP), and pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP), of which PLP is the active form. Although plants are a major source of VB₆ in the human diet, and VB₆ plays an important role in plants, the mechanisms underlying the interconversions of different VB₆ forms are not well understood. In this study, in vitro tobacco plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media supplemented with 100 mg/L of PM, PL or PN and the abundance of the different B₆ vitamers in leaf tissue was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total amount of VB₆ was about 3.9 μg/g fresh weight of which PL, PM, PN, PLP and PMP accounted for 23%, 14%, 37%, 20% and 6%, respectively. Tobacco plants contained a trace amount of PNP. Supplementation of the culture medium with any of the non-phosphorylated vitamers resulted in an increase in total VB₆ by about 10-fold, but had very little impact on the concentrations of the endogenous phosphorylated vitamers. Administration of either PM or PN increased their endogenous levels more than the levels of any other endogenous B₆ vitamers. PL supplementation increased the levels of plant PN and PM significantly, but not that of PL, suggesting that efficient conversion pathways from PL to PN and PM are present in tobacco. Additionally, maintenance of a stable level of PLP in the plant is not well-correlated to changes in levels of non-phosphorylated forms.     

Disruption of the plr1+ gene encoding pyridoxal reductase of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Pyridoxal (PL) reductase encoded by the plr1(+) gene practically catalyzes the irreversible reduction of PL by NADPH to form pyridoxine (PN). The enzyme has been suggested to be involved in the salvage synthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a coenzyme form of vitamin B(6), or the excretion of PL as PN from yeast cells. In this study, a PL reductase-disrupted (plr1 Delta) strain was constructed and its phenotype was examined. The plr1 Delta cells showed almost the same growth curve as that of wild-type cells in YNB and EMM media. In EMM, the plr1 Delta strain became flocculent at the late stationary phase for an unknown reason. The plr1 Delta cells showed low but measurable PL reductase activity catalyzed by some other protein(s) than the enzyme encoded by the plr1(+) gene, which maintained the flow of "PL --> PN --> PNP --> PLP" in the salvage synthesis of PLP. The total vitamin B(6) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate contents in the plr1 Delta cells were significantly lower than those in the wild-type ones. The percentages of the PLP amount as to the other vitamin B(6) compounds were similar in the two cell types. The amount of PL in the culture medium of the disruptant was significantly higher than that in the wild-type. In contrast, PN was much higher in the latter than the former. The plr1 Delta cells accumulated a 6.1-fold higher amount of PL than the wild-type ones when they were incubated with PL. The results showed that PL reductase encoded by the plr1(+ )gene is involved in the excretion of PL after reducing it to PN, and may not participate in the salvage pathway for PLP synthesis.     

Rv2607 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase with unusual substrate specificity

Despite intensive effort, the majority of the annotated Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome consists of genes encoding proteins of unknown or poorly understood function. For example, there are seven conserved hypothetical proteins annotated as homologs of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPOx), an enzyme that oxidizes pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) to form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). We have characterized the function of Rv2607 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and shown that it encodes a PNPOx that oxidizes PNP to PLP. The k(cat) and K(M) for this reaction were 0.01 s(-1) and 360 μM, respectively. Unlike many PNPOx enzymes, Rv2607 does not recognize PMP as a substrate.     

Determination of vitamin B6 vitamers and pyridoxic acid in plasma: development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay

Marginal deficiency of vitamin B6 has recently been related to cardiovascular diseases. Because of that there is an increasing interest in a suitable and reliable method for quantifying this vitamin in routine laboratory medicine. We have developed a HPLC-based method able to quantify the B6 vitamers pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP), pyridoxine (PN), and pyridoxamine (PM) and the degradation product 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA). The separation was accomplished using a C18 (ODS) analytical column and an ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography. B6 vitamers were eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile (0.5-15%) in a potassium phosphate buffer with 1-octanesulfonic acid and triethylamine, pH 2.16. The concentration of the vitamers was determined with fluorescence detector (328 nm excitation, 393 nm emission) after postcolumn derivatization with phosphate buffer containing 1 g/L sodium bisulfite. The performance of the assay was evaluated by analyzing six plasma samples with interrelated concentration and two control samples (unspiked and vitamer spiked) over a 3-months period. The HPLC method was able to identify PLP, 4-PA, PM, PL, PN, and PMP from all other compounds in plasma in an analytical run of 46 min. The imprecisions and mean values (presented in parenthesis in nmol/L) were (unspiked and spiked sample) 9-8% (41-65) for PLP, 12-7% (18-40) for 4-PA, 67-28% (4-19) for PL, 15% (21) for PN, 10% (27) for PM, and 27% (17) for PMP. All three B6 vitamers (PLP, 4-PA, and PL) present in unspiked plasma showed an excellent linearity within the range of (nM) 8-60 (4-PA), 1-19 (PL), and 11-99 (PLP). In conclusion, we report a HPLC-based method that separates and detects nanomolar quantities of six B6 vitamers and demonstrate that the method will be suitable for routine quantitation of PLP and 4-PA in human plasma.     

Separation and quantification of the B6 vitamers in plasma and 4-pyridoxic acid in urine of adolescent girls by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

The vitamin B₆ status of seemingly healthy adolescent girls was determined using several accepted and proposed parameters in an effort to establish guidelines for status evaluation. High-performance liquid chromatography-derived plasma B₆ vitamers (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP; pyridoxine phosphate, PNP; pyridoxamine phosphate, PMP; pyridoxal, PL; pyridoxine, PN; and pyridoxamine, PM) and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) concentrations and urinary 4-PA levels of 28 white adolescent females, 12–15 years, having radiomonitored plasma PLP concentrations and coenzyme stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activities indicative of adequate status were determined. Mean vitamin B₆ and protein intakes were 1.48 mg and 78.3 g. Ranges for plasma B₆ vitamer and 4-PA concentrations (nmol/1) were: PLP, 40.9–122.2; PNP, non-detectable (ND)—16.1; PMP, ND—8.1; PL, ND—15; PN, ND—21.9; PM, ND—17.8; and 4-PA, ND—55.7. PLP was the only vitamer found in plasma of all subjects. Urinary 4-PA concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 2.50 μmol/mmol of creatinine. B₆ vitamer values of these girls should be of use in the establishment of normal ranges for vitamin B₆ status parameters.     

Characterization of enzymes involved in the interconversions of different forms of vitamin B6 in tobacco leaves

There are six different vitamin B₆ (VB₆) forms, pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP) and pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP). PLP is a coenzyme required by more than 100 cellular enzymes. In spite of the importance of this vitamin, the understanding of VB₆ metabolic conversion in plants is limited. In this study, we developed a sensitive and reliable method to assay VB₆-metabolizing enzyme activities by monitoring their products visually using high-performance liquid chromatography. With this method, the reactions catalyzed by PL/PM/PN kinase, PMP/PNP oxidase, PM-pyruvate aminotransferase, PL reductase and PLP phosphatase were all nicely detected using crude protein extracts of tobacco leaves. Under optimal in vitro conditions, specific activities of those enzymes were 0.15 ± 0.03, 0.10 ± 0.03, 0.08 ± 0.02, 0.64 ± 0.13 and 23.08 ± 1.98 nmol product/min/mg protein, respectively. This is the first report on the conversion between PM and PL catalyzed by PM-pyruvate aminotransferase in plants. Furthermore, the PL reductase activity was found to be heat inducible. Our study sheds light on the VB₆ metabolism taking place in plants.     

Structure and mechanism of Escherichia coli pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase

Escherichia coli pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPOx) catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP), forming pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). This reaction serves as the terminal step in the de novo biosynthesis of PLP in E. coli and as a part of the salvage pathway of this coenzyme in both E. coli and mammalian cells. Recent studies have shown that in addition to the active site, PNPOx contains a noncatalytic site that binds PLP tightly. The crystal structures of PNPOx with one and two molecules of PLP bound have been determined. In the active site, the PLP pyridine ring is stacked almost parallel against the re-face of the middle ring of flavin mononucleotide (FMN). A large protein conformational change occurs upon binding of PLP. When the protein is soaked with excess PLP an additional molecule of this cofactor is bound about 11 A from the active site. A possible tunnel exists between the two sites. Site mutants were made of all residues at the active site that make interactions with the substrate. Stereospecificity studies showed that the enzyme is specific for removal of the proR hydrogen atom from the prochiral C4' carbon of PMP. The crystal structure and the stereospecificity studies suggest that the pair of electrons on C4' of the substrate are transferred to FMN as a hydride ion.     

Pyridox(am)ine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency in zebrafish results in fatal seizures and metabolic aberrations

Pyridox(am)ine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) catalyzes oxidation of pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP) and pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP) to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B₆. PNPO deficiency results in neonatal/infantile seizures and neurodevelopmental delay. To gain insight into this disorder we generated Pnpo deficient (pnpo^−/−) zebrafish (CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing). Locomotion analysis showed that pnpo^−/− zebrafish develop seizures resulting in only 38% of pnpo^−/− zebrafish surviving beyond 20 days post fertilization (dpf). The age of seizure onset varied and survival after the onset was brief. Biochemical profiling at 20 dpf revealed a reduction of PLP and pyridoxal (PL) and accumulation of PMP and pyridoxamine (PM). Amino acids involved in neurotransmission including glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine were decreased. Concentrations of several, mostly essential, amino acids were increased in pnpo^−/− zebrafish suggesting impaired activity of PLP-dependent transaminases involved in their degradation. PLP treatment increased survival at 20 dpf and led to complete normalization of PLP, PL, glutamate, GABA and glycine. However, amino acid profiles only partially normalized and accumulation of PMP and PM persisted. Taken together, our data indicate that not only decreased PLP but also accumulation of PMP may play a role in the clinical phenotype of PNPO deficiency.     

采用高效液相色谱技术分析烟草体内的维生素B6化合物

维生素B6 (VB6)是一类化合物的总称.近年来研究发现VB6在植物体内发挥抗逆作用.烟草作为模式植物其体内VB6的存在形态还未见报道.本研究采用高效液相色谱结合荧光检测技术对烟草体内VB6的存在形态进行了分析.结果表明:土壤栽培烟草叶、茎和根中VB6的含量依次为2.9、1.7、3.0 μg/g鲜重;组培烟草叶片的VB...     

Vigabatrin inhibits pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase, not pyridoxal kinase in the hippocampus of seizure prone gerbils

To identify the effects of vigabatrin (VGB) on the metabolism of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) in the seizure prone gerbil hippocampus, we conducted a chronological and comparative analysis of pyridoxal kinase (PLK) and pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNP oxidase) expression. In the VGB treated animals, PNP oxidase immunoreactivity was reduced, although the distribution and immunodensity of PLK were unaltered, as compared with control animals. In a Western blot study, the densities of PNP oxidase immunoreactivities in VGB treated animals were found to have decreased significantly. However, no differences in PLK immunoreactive bands were observed in controls or in VGB treated animals. By enzyme activity assay, and in contrast to PLK, the specific activity of PNP oxidase in the VGB treated gerbils was significantly reduced. In conclusion, the present data presents a piece of in vivo evidence that supports the anti-epileptic effects mediated by pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate (PMP) metabolism, and which may be helpful in the development of an anti-epileptic drug.