Polymorphism in the acetylcholinesterase gene of Musca domestica L. field populations in Turkey

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), encoded by the Ace gene, is the primary target of organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CBs) in insects. Ace mutations have been identified in OP and CB resistant strains of Musca domestica. In this study, the Ace gene was partially amplified and sequenced at amino acid positions 260, 342, and 407 to determine the frequencies of these mutations in housefly samples collected from farms and garbage disposal sites of 16 provinces in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. In addition, the percent remaining AChE activities in these samples were assayed by using three OPs (malaoxon, paraoxon, and dichlorvos) and one CB (carbaryl) compound as inhibitors. In all the analyzed samples, 13 different combinations at the three amino acid positions were identified and the L/V260-A/G342-F/Y407 combination was found in the highest frequency. No susceptible individual was detected. The highest mean percent remaining AChE activities were detected in the individuals having the L260-A/G342-F/Y407 genotype when malaoxon and paraoxon were used as inhibitors and in the individuals with the L260-A342-F/Y407 combination when dichlorvos and carbaryl were used as inhibitors. The obtained data were heterogeneous and there was no exact correlation between the molecular genetic background and the resistance phenotypes of the flies. The findings of this study at the molecular and biochemical levels indicate the presence of significant control problems in the field.     

杀虫药剂抗性家蝇品系乙酰胆碱酯酶基因的特征分析

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药剂的作用靶标,这两大类杀虫药剂的广泛应用导致了昆虫对抗性的选择。靶标的修饰是某些昆虫产生抗性的分于机理,这种抗性是和AChE的变更型相关的,这些变更型的酶显示出对杀虫药剂的不被感性。利用RT-PCR和Streptavidin偶联磁珠技术从两种抗性家蝇(Musca domestica)品系D3和Kash中分别分离了AChE基因并测定了其按苷酸颅序。eDNA的可读框长2082bp．由此推导出了AChE的氨基酸顺序,通过与敏感家蝇品系Cooper的比较,发现了一些核苷酸顺序差异和4个氨基酸点突变,其中3个替代可能与杀虫药剂不敏感性有关。这一结果表明D3和Kash均属于CH₂抗性类型。     

家蝇攻击素(Attacin)基因的克隆与表达

通过同源克隆策略并结合cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,克隆到了编码家蝇攻击素(Attacin)基因的全长cDNA序列(GenBank登陆号：AY460106),并对相应的氨基酸序列进行了序列比对,对系统关系等进行了生物信息学分析。家蝇Attacin的cDNA全长778bp,其中包括627bp的开放式读码框(ORF),44bp的5’末端非编码区(5’UTR)和107bp的3’末端非编码区(3’UTR),相应的蛋白产物含208个氨基酸,与其他双翅目昆虫的Attacin具有很高的相似性,约50％-70％。以邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)所构建的系统关系表明,家蝇的Attacin与其他双翅目昆虫的Attacin起源于共同的祖先。应用半定量RT-PCR的方法,研究家蝇幼虫在受到外源刺激后Attacin基因的表达,结果表明,在家蝇幼虫体内Attacin基因呈诱导型表达,表达水平随诱导时间和诱导源的不同而变化。     

Colored bait preferences of house Fly (Musca domestica L.) (Dipetera: Muscidae)

The housefly, Musca domestica L. (Dipetera: Muscidae) transmits disease, contaminates laboratories, hospitals, equipment and can be annoying to people and animals. They are considered a serious urban pest worldwide. An important tool used to control houseflies is baiting. This study was undertaken to review the preference of housefly for different colored baits. Various colored baits were prepared and evaluated under laboratory conditions. These were colored blue, white, yellow, red, purple and green. Among the different colored baits used, the blue bait was preferred the most by the houseflies, followed by the white and yellow baits, and the red, purple and green baits were least attractive to the houseflies. Similarly, the blue bait was detected faster by the houseflies and was consumed significantly more than the red, purple or green baits. Also, the blue bait attracted a significantly higher number of flies than the red, purple and green baits.     

Some effects of CGA 72662 on larval development in the housefly,Musca domestica (L.)

Summary

Houseflies reared on artificial diet supplemented with a range of concentrations of CGA 72662 suffered severe developmental disruption at the larval stage. Death was preceded by the appearance of a range of cuticular lesions and abnormalities. These cuticular abnormalities have been observed under the light and electron microscopes.     

Survey of insect growth regulator (IGR) resistance in house flies (Musca domestica L.) from southwestern Turkey

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are currently the fastest‐growing class of insecticides, and in Turkey these products represent a new approach to pest control. In recent years, several IGRs were also registered for the control of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in Turkey. A field survey was conducted in the summers of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate resistance to some agriculturally and medically used IGRs on house flies from livestock farms and garbage dumps in the greenhouse production areas (Merkez, Kumluca, Manavgat, and Serik) of Antalya province (Southwestern Turkey). The results of larval feeding assay with technical diflubenzuron, methoprene, novaluron, pyripoxyfen, and triflumuron indicate that low levels (RF<10‐fold) of resistance to the IGRs exist in the house fly populations from Antalya province. Exceptions, however, were two populations, Guzoren and Toptas, from the Kumluca area which showed moderate resistance to diflubenzuron with 11.8‐fold in 2006 and 13.2‐fold in 2007, respectively. We found substantial variation in susceptibility of field‐collected house fly populations from year to year and from product to product. We generally observed an increase in resistance at many localities sampled from 2006 to 2007. The implications of these results to the future use of IGRs for house fly control are discussed. It will be critically important to continue monitoring efforts so that appropriate steps can be taken if resistance levels start to increase.     

Superoxide dismutase in the housefly,Musca domestica (L.)

Four superoxide dismutase (SOD) (E.C. 1.15.1.1) isozymes were present in whole tissue homogenates of Musca domestica when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One of the isozymes contained manganese, and the other three contained copper and zinc. All were observed in each of the body tagma (head, abdomen, and thorax) and at each developmental stage (egg to adult). The copper- and zinc-containing isozymes purified from newly emerged, adult M. domestica had a relative molecular weight of 34,800 as determined by gel filtration chromatography but consisted of two equal-size subunits of 16,000 as measured by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An isoelectric point between 4.8 and 5.1 was measured. Approximately 2 mol each of copper and zinc were present per dimer. The three copper, zinc isozymes were identified as charge variants. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was similar to that of copper, zinc-containing superoxide dismutases from other sources. Purified housefly copper, zinc superoxide dismutase was neither deactivated nor able to protect lactic dehydrogenase against deactivation in the presence of light and rose bengal, a known generator of singlet oxygen. The role of SOD in the phototoxic reaction involving rose bengal is discussed.     

Microsatellite loci in the house fly,Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Genomic libraries from house flies enriched for (CA)₁₅ and (CAG)₁₀ repeats were constructed by using biotinylated probes. Twenty‐five loci were isolated and evaluated for polymorphisms in wild flies representing two geographically diverse populations. Fourteen of 19 dinucleotide loci, and one of six trinucleotide loci were polymorphic. One hundred and twenty‐seven alleles were detected, 39 of which were private. Average number of alleles per polymorphic locus was 8.4 ± 2.5 and average heterozygosity was 72 ± 4%. F_ST by the private allele method was 0.73. Three of 15 loci showed significant heterozygote deficiencies, attributed to null alleles. Five of 15 loci were amplified in the face fly, Musca autumnalis.     

Characterization of alanyl aminopeptidase from insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of Musca domestica L.

To investigate the high activity of intracellular proteases in insecticide resistant strains of Musca domestica L., purification by anion‐exchange chromatography and gel filtration of one of the enzymes, alanyl aminopeptidase (Ala AP), in three strains of Musca domestica was carried out. The fractions collected by gel filtration of soluble homogenates of the three strains (571ab, 17bb and Cooper) showed a single peak of Ala AP activity. Partially purified Ala AP of the three strains showed high activity at pH 7.5. The presence or absence of Ca²⁺ in the assay medium did not produce any difference in activity of Ala AP in the 571ab and Cooper strains, but there was a significant difference in the 17bb strain. The activity of Ala AP in all three strains was essentially unaltered in the presence of inhibitors of serine (PMSF), cysteine (E‐64) proteases and carboxypeptidases (pepstatin). Ala AP hydrolyzed alanine amino methylcoumarin (Ala‐AMC) maximally, followed by phenyl alanine amino methylcoumarin (Phe‐AMC), leucyl amino methylcoumarin (Leu‐AMC) and ornithine amino methylcoumarin (Orn‐AMC). Ala AP from the three strains showed differential activity towards various substrates. The comparison of alanyl aminopeptidase's activity from different sources is discussed.     

家蝇转铁蛋白基因的克隆和生物信息学分析

为了研究家蝇转铁蛋白基因功能,获得全长cDNA序列并对其蛋白序列进行生物信息学分析,利用在线分析程序和相关工具软件分析转铁蛋白基因的开放读码框,分析编码蛋白的理化性质、结构域、并预测其空间结构和功能。结果表明家蝇转铁蛋白基因编码蛋白由622个氨基酸组成,分子量为70.58kDa,理论等电点为5.33,为稳定蛋白,有跨膜区,含有信号肽,该蛋白属于TR-FER保守结构域家族,亚细胞定位于细胞核,二级结构以无规则卷曲为主,功能预测该蛋白具有酶活性。     

拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂对家蝇的寄生作用

拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂Melittobia acasta Walker是一种可以寄生家蝇Musca domestica L.的寄生蜂。首次报道食物对该蜂寿命的影响,以及该蜂日龄、家蝇蛹龄、寄生蜂密度和蝇蛹密度与寄生率的关系。以15%糖水饲养该小蜂寿命最长;单只啮小蜂最多可以寄生8只蝇蛹,最大出蜂总量达58只;单个蝇蛹最多出蜂22只;随着寄生蜂的日龄和蝇蛹日龄增加,该蜂对蝇蛹的寄生个数有下降的趋势,寄生率和寄生蜂日龄符合y=3.36-0.062x-0.045x2,寄生率和蝇蛹日龄符合y=2.50+0.91x-0.34x2;蝇蛹的密度对小蜂的寄生率的影响拟合Holling功能反应模型:Na=0.6165TrN0(1+0.6165×0.499N0);寄生蜂自身密度对寄生率的影响符合方程:a=0.4943P-0.306。     

家蝇胚胎细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

昆虫细胞系在许多领域得到广泛的应用。以家蝇Musca domestica L.卵(胚胎)为材料,用含20%胎牛血清的M3培养基培养,原代培养35d左右形成单层,每7d传代1次,连续传代60代次。细胞群体倍增时间为44h,染色体2n=12,可在液氮及4℃冰箱中保存复苏,命名为MDEC-07114。     

Evaluation of commercial and field‐expedient baited traps for house flies,Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

A comparison of nine commercial baited fly traps on Florida dairy farms demonstrated that Terminator traps collected significantly more (13,323/trap) house flies (Musca domestica L.) than the others tested. Final Flight, Fly Magnet, and FliesBeGone traps collected intermediate numbers of flies (834‐2,166), and relatively few were caught with ISCA, Advantage, Fermone Big Boy, Squeeze & Snap, or OakStump traps (<300). Terminator traps collected about twice as many flies (799.8/trap) as FliesBeGone traps (343.8) when each trap was baited with its respective attractant, but when the attractants were switched between the two trap types, collections were significantly lower (77‐108) than was observed with traps baited with their respective attractant. Solutions of molasses were significantly more attractive to house flies than honey, maple syrup, or jaggery (date palm sugar). Field‐expedient traps constructed from discarded PET water bottles were much less effective than commercial traps, but painting the tops of such traps with black spray paint resulted in a six‐fold increase in trap capture.     

家蝇Thymosin(THY)基因的克隆及原核表达

采用EST测序技术从构建的家蝇(Musca domestica)幼虫c DNA质粒文库中筛选到胸腺肽(Thymosin,THY)基因,以该基因的c DNA文库质粒为模板,设计引物,通过PCR扩增,测序鉴定,获得THY基因完整编码序列。运用生物信息学方法对该基因及其编码蛋白的基本理化性质、信号肽和亚细胞定位等方面进行预测和分析。构建p ET-28a(+)-THY重组质粒,转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达。研究结果表明,THY基因ORF全长384 bp,编码127个氨基酸,理论分子量14.3 k D,等电点为5.22,具有THY家族的蛋白保守结构域。构建重组原核质粒p ET-28a(+)-THY,经IPTG诱导,蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得表达,经亲和层析柱纯化获得目的蛋白,Western blot检测发现纯化的目的蛋白大小正确。     

Relationship between diet composition and the fecundity of Musca domestica

A study of the relationship between diet compositions of housefly Musca domestica and the fecundity of the insect was carried out. Fecundity was increased more than 30% by adding a protein source and inorganic salts into the larval and adult diets. Also, adding a protein source into the adult diet prolonged the oviposition period of adult houseflies.     

家蝇卵巢中的信息化学物质引诱雌蝇产卵的研究

产卵期家蝇MuscadomesticaL .卵巢中的信息化学物质诱引家蝇产卵。行为试验表明 ,雌蝇产卵时优先选择被成熟卵巢污染过的发酵麦麸 ,诱集的产卵百分率依次为 :发酵麦麸 + 1对卵巢 >湿麦麸+ 1对卵巢 >发酵麦麸 >湿麦麸 ;卵巢提取物同样对产卵雌蝇有诱集活力。产卵雌蝇卵巢正己烷、二氯甲烷以及乙酸乙酯的提取物均能诱集雌蝇产卵 ,诱集的产卵百分率依次为 :雌蝇卵巢正己烷提取物 >乙酸乙酯提取物 >二氯甲烷提取物。推测家蝇卵巢中的信息化学物质可能含有家蝇产卵聚集信息素的组分。     

家蝇泛素编码区 cDNA 序列的克隆及在原核细胞中的表达

泛素-蛋白酶体途径(ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)是具有高度选择性的蛋白质降解途径,该途径对细胞内蛋白的选择性降解起着重要作用。本研究根据 GenBank 已登录的真核生物泛素（ubiquitin）编码框的氨基酸序列,设计一对简并引物,RT-PCR 克隆了家蝇 Musca domestica 泛素基因的编码区 cDNA 序列,并进行了测序。序列分析表明,该编码区的长度为 228 bp,编码 76 个氨基酸,命名为 Mdubi ,GenBank 登录号为 DQ115796。同源性比较发现,Mdubi 氨基酸序列与其他真核生物泛素编码框同源性可达 94% 以上。RT-PCR 检测表明,Mdubi 在家蝇不同组织中均高效表达,且不受大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli 刺激的影响,是遍在性表达。为进一步研究 Mdubi 的结构和功能,将 Mdubi 克隆到原核表达载体 pQE30 上,构建重组质粒 pQE30-UBI,转化大肠杆菌 M15 感受态细胞,在 IPTG 诱导下进行了高效表达,SDS-PAGE 检测表明 Mdubi 在大肠杆菌中可表达相对分子质量为 9.6 kD 的可溶性融合蛋白;Western blot 分析表明表达产物能与 Ni-NTA 鏊合物特异性的结合,表明表达的 Mdubi 为 N 端带有 6His 标签的融合蛋白。利用 Ni²⁺-NTA 亲和柱一步纯化了 Mdubi,以该融合蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备了抗 Mdubi 血清。本研究成功克隆了家蝇泛素的编码序列,并在原核细胞中得到了表达,为进一步研究泛素在家蝇体内的作用机制奠定了基础。     

Extraction of chitin and chitosan from housefly,Musca domestica,pupa shells

Chitins and chitosans are some of the most abundant natural polysaccharide materials, and are used to increase innate immune response and disease resistance in humans and animals. In this work, chitin and chitosan from housefly, Musca domestica, pupa shells were obtained by treatment with HCl and NaOH. For chitin extraction, 2 N HCl and 1.25 N NaOH solutions were used to achieve decalcification and deproteinization, respectively. For chitosan extraction, 50% NaOH solution was used to achieve deacetylation. The yields of chitin and chitosan from pupa shells of M. domestica were 8.02% and 5.87%, respectively. The deacetylations of chitosan (from chitin C1 and C2) were 89.76% and 92.39%, respectively, after the first alkali treatment with 50% NaOH (w/w) solution at 105 °C for 3 h and 5 h, respectively. The viscosities of the chitosans (from chitin C1 and C2) were 33.6 and 19.2 cP, respectively.