中国豆野螟性信息素腺体组份的化学结构鉴定

研究中国豆野螟Marucavitrata(Fabricius)性信息素腺体成分。分析证实(反,反)-10,12-十六碳二烯醛(E,E-10,12-16∶ALD)是中国豆野螟性信息素腺体的主要组份;同时利用GC和GC-MS发现(反,反)-10,12-十六碳二烯醇(E,E-10,12-16∶OH)和反-10-十六碳单烯醛(E-10-16∶ALD)也是中国豆野螟性信息素腺体的组份;三者在腺体中分别以51∶4∶45的比例存在。     

楸螟行为观察及性信息素粗提物生物活性测定

本文报道了楸螟Omphisa plagialis Wileman的羽化昼夜规律和（25±1）℃、光周期L∶D=14∶10条件下的雌蛾求偶节律,用Y形管法测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素粗提物的行为反应。结果表明：楸螟的羽化发生在10：00到23：00之间;雌蛾在羽化当天即开始求偶,求偶行为集中在暗周期的23：30到01：30之间。采用正己烷提取的雌蛾性信息素粗提物存在性信息素成分,对雄蛾具有一定的引诱活性。     

黄杨绢野螟雌蛾性信息素的鉴定及诱蛾活性

【目的】研究旨在深入探讨中国黄杨绢野Diaphania perspectalis 的雌蛾性信息素组成及诱蛾活性。【方法】利用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄杨绢野螟正常型性成熟雌蛾的性腺体提取物和合成标样比较分析,并用反-11-十六碳烯醛(E11-16:Ald) 、顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z-11-16:Ald）、顺-9-十六碳烯醛（Z-9-16:Ald)、顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z-11-16:OH)等物质进行触角的电生理测定,最后开展田间诱集比较试验以筛选出最佳性信息素混合物。【结果】Z-11-16:Ald为中国黄杨绢野螟正常型性信息素主要组分,E-11-16:Ald的含量极低,Z-11-16:OH未检测到。正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟触角对Z-11-16:Ald, E-11-16:Ald, Z-9-16:Ald和Z-11-16:OH产生强烈的EAG反应,并随着浓度的提高而显著增加;而对Z-11-16:Ac和E-11-16:Ac的嗅觉反应较弱,低于对植物绿叶气味顺3-己烯乙酸酯（Z-3-6:Ac）的反应。单一Z-1-16:Ald对正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟具有强烈的诱集效果,加入E-11-16:Ald有一定的增效作用,但在统计上则不显著。单一Z-11-16:Ald组分对黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟无引诱活性,必需加入一定比例的E-11-16:Ald才显示诱蛾活性。Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为250 μg:250 μg时诱集到的黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多,而Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为429 μg:71 μg时则诱集到的正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多。同时,单一Z-11-16:Ald也可引诱大量雄性粘虫Mythimna separata,但E-11-16:Ald抑制其活性。【结论】中国黄杨绢野螟的性信息素主成分是Z-11-16:Ald,单一组分即可在田间强烈引诱雄蛾,E-11-16:Ald的功能只起到微弱的增效作用,但也可能起种的专一性的作用。正常型与黑化型黄杨绢野螟对性信息素的嗅觉反应存在差异,黑化型黄杨绢野螟的性信息素接近日本种,即性信息素组成为Z-11-16:Ald和E-11-16:Ald 的混合物,其比例为1:1,且E-11-16:Ald为必需。     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素鉴定及应用研究进展

近年甜菜夜蛾在我国大面积频频暴发 ,但缺少有效的防治手段。该文概述了有关甜菜夜蛾性信息素鉴定及应用方面的研究进展 ,认为利用性信息素可有效预测和防治甜菜夜蛾的发生和为害。我国应加强这一技术的研究和开发 ,使其尽快应用于农业生产尤其是无公害蔬菜生产中甜菜夜蛾的防治     

竹织叶野螟成虫求偶行为及其雌蛾性信息素分泌腺超微结构

【目的】蛾类昆虫性信息素的合成和释放与求偶行为的发生是一致的,其合成和释放的器官是性信息素腺体。为深入了解竹织叶野螟性信息素的分泌生理,开展了竹织叶野螟求偶行为及其性信息素腺体超微结构的研究。【方法】在光周期14L:10D、温度26±2℃、相对湿度80%±10％的室内条件下,观察研究了竹织叶野螟的求偶行为;依据求偶规律研究结果,选取最活跃日龄雌蛾,在暗期求偶高峰时间段,充分挤压其腹部末端,然后于第8节处横向切下,将切下的腹末标本处理后,借助显微镜和扫描电镜观察性信息素腺体的表面特征及超微结构。【结果】竹织叶野螟雌雄蛾求偶均具一定的程序性,且求偶行为只发生在暗期,暗期前5 h内雌蛾求偶率较低,6 h后求偶率明显升高,并在暗期7-8 h达到求偶高峰;求偶率与雌蛾日龄有密切关系,3日龄雌蛾求偶率最高,持续时间也最长。竹织叶野螟性信息素分泌腺位于腹部第8-9节节间膜上,是一完整的环状结构,显微镜下观察其分泌腺为一乳白色囊状体,扫描电镜下其腹面囊状体迂回褶皱多,大体分为3个褶皱区,除第1褶皱区外,其余褶皱区表面密布乳突、凹陷沟和刺状物,且刺状物顶端有孔;背面囊状体皱褶少,其表面形态与第2和第3褶皱区相似。【结论】研究结果有助于了解竹织叶野螟性信息素合成和释放的时辰节律,也为该虫性信息素的准确提取和鉴定、性信息素的生物合成及利用提供了科学依据。     

大螟成虫性信息素生物合成和释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律

【目的】探索大螟Sesamia inferens性信息素顺11-十六碳烯乙酸酯(Z11-16∶Ac)和顺11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16∶OH)的合成和释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律,及其与田间性信息素诱捕的关系。【方法】通过溶剂浸提和固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction, SPME)分析大螟雌蛾性信息素Z11-16∶Ac和Z11--16∶OH的滴度,结合行为观测和多地田间实时性信息素诱捕数据,调查大螟性信息素的生物合成、释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律。【结果】大螟雌蛾腺体内性信息素Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH含量可检测到的时间始于暗期前1 h,暗期后4 h快速增加,暗期8 h为第1次高峰,但光期1h又一次高峰,光期5 h还可以被显著检测到。分泌至腺体外的性信息素化合物可检测到的时间始于暗期后6 h,高峰期在暗期后10 h,光期后1 h性信息素Z11-16∶Ac滴度达到96.9±20.9 ng/雌。采用溶剂浸提法获得的Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH的比例在暗期平均为2.8±1.9,在光期平均为2.5±0.9,统计上二者没有显著差异,而SPME法获得的Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH的比例在暗期平均为8.5±1.2,在光期平均为5.7±0.6,统计上二者差异显著。产卵器伸出时间发生在暗期6-8 h,产卵器伸出持续时间平均为80.8±4.4 min。大螟的交配发生在暗期4-10 h,交配持续时间平均为83.4±5.0 min。广东、四川、浙江、江苏四省性诱自动计数的田间每日每小时实时计数数据显示,越冬代诱蛾比较集中,之后的世代则比较分散,田间雄蛾的性诱昼夜节律受地理环境、季节和世代等因子的影响。【结论】本研究发现大螟交配和性信息素释放的昼夜节律在时间上不一致,交配时间在暗期较早时段。雌蛾性信息素有效的释放时间范围比雄蛾对性信息素反应的要小。产卵器伸展与雌蛾性信息素化合物的释放速率加快和扩散 范围有关。     

大豆豆荚螟防治

豆荚螟(Etiella zinckenezla)属鳞翅目,螟蛾科。是大豆重要害虫之一。幼虫蛀入大豆及其他豆科植物荚内,食害豆粒,严重影响产量和品质。     

豆野螟成虫日龄对交尾的影响及雄蛾对性信息素的触角电位反应

豆野螟Marucavitrata(Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。在不同温度,光周期14L∶10D,相对湿度75%～80%条件下,研究豆野螟成虫日龄对交尾的影响及雄蛾对性信息素的EAG反应。不同日龄雌蛾与3日龄雄蛾的交尾,交尾率随蛾龄增加呈下降趋势;不同日龄雄蛾与3日龄雌蛾交尾,交尾率随蛾龄增加呈升高趋势;相同日龄成蛾,交尾率先升后降。不同日龄雌蛾交尾百分率的下降在较高温环境比在较低温环境更加显著;但环境温度对不同日龄雄蛾的交尾却没有太大的影响;相同日龄成蛾3日龄以后的交尾在较高温环境下下降的更快。不同日龄雌蛾的交尾研究中,随着雌蛾日龄的增加,交尾持续时间明显延长;不同日龄雄蛾的交尾研究中,较低日龄和较高日龄雄蛾交尾时的持续时间较长。在较低温环境下所有试验各日龄的持续时间均有所延长。不同日龄雌蛾(雄蛾)与3日龄雄蛾(雌蛾)的交尾和相对应的雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素的EAG反应基本一致,说明雄蛾的反应在交尾行为的完成中具有重要的作用。     

豆野螟成虫行为学特征及性信息素产生与释放节律

豆野螟Maruca vitrata (Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。本文在（29±1）℃、相对湿度75%～80%、光周期14L∶10D条件下研究了豆野螟成虫的羽化、交尾行为以及雌蛾性信息素的释放节律。结果表明：其羽化行为全天可见,在雌蛾中,86%于暗期羽化; 在雄蛾中,73%于暗期羽化。雌雄蛾羽化行为在暗期第4、5和8 h差异达到显著 (t>4; P<0.05)。交尾活动发生在暗期19：00到5：00之间,交尾持续时间最短约为20 min,最长约为90 min,3日龄进入暗期第5 h具有最高的交尾率。1、6和7日龄成虫具有单个交尾高峰,2到5日龄成虫具有两个交尾高峰。同一日龄成虫交尾在暗期前半段平均花费的时间要明显高于在后半段花费的时间。低龄和高龄的成虫用于交尾的时间明显高于中龄的性成熟成虫。成虫的开始交尾时间随着日龄的增加逐渐前移。雄蛾对进入暗期后第5 h和第9 h处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强,对 3日龄处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强。处女雌蛾田间诱蛾试验表明：23：00-01：00为诱蛾高峰期,3日龄处女雌蛾的诱蛾效果最好。该蛾的羽化、交尾及性信息素产生与释放均存在节律上的一致性。雌蛾的性信息素释放的时间较长,见于整个暗期,然而交尾行为发生时间较短,主要发生于两个交尾高峰之间。     

荒漠草原柠条林地黑胸茧蜂对豆荚螟的追踪作用

对豆荚螟寄生蜂———黑胸茧蜂Bracon nigrorufum Cushman与豆荚螟Etiella zinchenella Treitschke在空间分布、生态位、豆荚螟密度与寄生率的关系等寄生适应性进行研究。结果表明,黑胸茧蜂与豆荚螟不但在柠条林间的分布型十分吻合,且在单株柠条植株上的分布也相似;在树冠上、中、下3层中,均以上部聚集度最大、密度最高;在树冠东、南、西、北4个方位中,均以南方聚集度最大、密度最高。树冠上层黑胸茧蜂的寄生率高于中、下层,东面寄生率高于其他3个方位;豆荚螟密度与黑胸茧蜂寄生率为非线性的负相关关系。二者生态位宽度、重叠度和种间竞争系数较大,说明黑胸茧蜂对豆荚螟有较强的追随关系,控制力较强。     

Identification of four components from the female sex pheromone of the lima-bean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella

Four compounds, tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were identified from female sex pheromone extracts of Hungarian and Egyptian lima-bean pod borers (Etiella zinckenella Tr., Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) by gas chromatography with flame ionization (FID) and electroantennographic (EAD) detection. In EAG studies these monoun-saturated acetates gave the best responses in a series of other tetradecenyl acetates and tetradecenols. The four component blend of the identified components in similar ratios as in the pheromone extract attracted significant numbers of male lima-bean pod borers in both Hungary and Egypt. In a preliminary subtraction test best capture was achieved by the ternary mixture of the monounsaturated acetates.

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Résumé A partir de femelles d'E. zinckenella d'origines hongroise et égyptienne, nous avons isolé quatre composés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse avec ionisation de flamme et électroantennographie (EAD): l'acétate de tétradécanyl, l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl, l'acétate (E)-11-tétradécényl et l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl. Les acétates monoinsaturés donnent les meilleures réponses en EAG parmi une série d'acétates tétradécényls et de tétradécénols. Les quatre composés mélangés dans les mêmes proportions que dans l'extrait de la phéromone ont attiré un nombre significatif de mâles tant en Egypte qu'en Hongrie. Dans un test préliminaire de soustraction, la meilleure capture a été réalisée par le mélange ternaire d'acétates monoinsaturés.

     

Identification of the sex pheromone of Ostrinia palustralis

By means of gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) at a ratio of 99:1 were identified as female sex pheromone components of Ostrinia palustralis. The average amounts of E11- 14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in a single sex pheromone gland were 37.2±24.4 ng and 0.3±0.2 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the binary blend of E11- and Z11-14:OAc elicited the same male behavioral responses as did virgin females.     

Sex pheromone of Etiella behrii, a pod borer of soybean in Indonesia: identification and field attraction

Four EAG-active components were detected in GC-EAG analyses of hexane extracts from virgin Etiella behrii (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) females. These components were identified as dodecyl acetate (12:Ac), (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac), either (Z)-9- or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9- or E11-14:Ac), and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac) by comparison of retention indices on both nonpolar and polar GC columns. The available extract was insufficient for further GC-MS or other chemical analyses (<0.2 ng/female). In field tests carried out in East Java, a 10:90 mixture of E9-12:Ac and Z11-14:Ac showed attractiveness to male moths and addition of 12:Ac and/or E11-14:Ac significantly increased the trap catches while addition of Z9-14:Ac showed no significant effect. Maximum attraction was obtained with 5.35 or 10.7 g/rubber septum of a mixture of E9-12:Ac, Z11-14:Ac, 12:Ac and E11-14:Ac at the ratio of 10:90:0.7:6.3, respectively. The role of pheromone blends in species discrimination between E. behrii and the related E. zinckenella (Treitschke) is discussed.     

Responsiveness of Pseudaletia unipuncta males to the female sex pheromone

ABSTRACT. In wind tunnel experiments male response to different concentrations of synthetic pheromone varied with age. At 25°C responsiveness increased up to day 5 and then declined slightly on day 7. For any given age the level of response generally increased with an increase in pheromone concentration. Males held at 15°C (since emergence) showed a continual increase in responsiveness with age; however, overall response levels were less than at 25°C. At 25°C male response to low concentrations of pheromone (10 and 30 μg) varied markedly over a 24 h period but no differences were observed at higher concentrations (100 and 300 μg).     

Correlation between glycerolipids and pheromone aldehydes in the sex pheromone gland of female tobacco hornworm moths,Manduca sexta (L.)

Analysis by TLC and HPLC revealed that the triacylglycerols comprise the most abundant lipid class in the sex pheromone glands of Manduca sexta females. Also, conjugated olefinic acyl analogs of the major pheromone aldehydes occur principally in the triacylglycerols. The amount of triacylglycerols with conjugated diene acyl moieties significantly decreased when the period of pheromone production was extended by 7 h beyond the normal period of pheromone production by 3 injections of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) at 3 h intervals. This decrease indicates that the triacylglycerols stored in the gland may serve as major sources of pheromone precursors in the biosynthesis of the sex pheromone aldehydes. Furthermore, analysis of pheromone aldehydes and triacylglycerols in the gland from moths treated with PBAN showed that the proportions of the triacylglycerols with conjugated diene moieties were closely correlated with the proportions of aldehydes found in the same gland. This correlation suggests that the proportions of fatty acids bound to certain triacylglycerols regulates the proportions of aldehydes in biosynthesis of the pheromone blend in M. sexta. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

Responses of Etiella zinckenella to habitat fragmentation of Caraganas in desert steppe in Ningxia, China

Habitat fragmentation is a common cause for which species becomes threatened or endangered. Existence of viable habitat is critical to the survival of any species, so habitat fragmentation is the main reason for the changes in distribution and abundance of organisms, and is usually considered to have negative effect on the abundance, species richness and population of organisms in a specific landscape. But this effect may also depend on whether some species could use one or more types of habitat in a specific landscape. Because of its well resistance to stress, Caragana is one of predominant shrub in desert region for forest planting and desert preventing, which plays a critical role in desert control and ecosystem stabilization. Baijitan National Nature Reserve, located in Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, is typical of desert nature reserve in which the Caragana spp., Oxytropisaciphylla and other desert plants are protected. The Caragana woodlands in this region show a pattern of dots, patches and strips separated by natural and cultivated forest, thereby leading to a typical fragmented landscape. Etiellazinckenella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) is one of seed pests of Caragana. In order to illuminate the responses of E. zinckenella to the habitat fragmentation of Caraganas woodlands, the present study focused on the effects of habitat area, habitat fragmentation, as well as matrix composition on the population density and damage ratio of E. zinckenella in desert steppe. From May 2008 to June 2009, by using parallel jump sampling method, 13 Caragana woodland patches representing four landscapes from Baijitan National Nature Reserve were investigated and totally 15,117 pods were inspected. Then, the landscape fragmentation indices, population density and damage ratio of E. zinckenella in Caragana woodlands were calculated. The statistic analysis of the data indicated that the four landscapes have a significant difference in the population density and damage ratio of E. zinckenella; and in the same landscape, the neighbor patches also have a significant difference in the damage ratios of E. zinckenella. E. zinckenella seems to prefer some species of Caragana, for instance, the damage ratio of E. zinckenella to Caragana microphylla is found the highest, followed by the damage ratio to Caraganadavazamcidamage, while the damage ratio to Caraganakorshinskii is found the lowest. The coverage of Caragana is found positively related to the damage ratio of E. zinckenella with hinge damage ratio in high coverage of Caragana forest. The regression analysis shows that the latitude (R_s = 0.5724), longitude (R_s = 0.5577), altitude (R_s = 0.4614) and patch area (R = 0.3012) were not significantly associated with population density and damage ratio of E. zinckenella. However, the population density and damage ratio of E. zinckenella decreased with the increasing in patch area. The landscape patch fragmentation index (R = 0.91129) and the patch density index (R = 0.89864) show a positive correlation with damage ratio. The fragmentation shape index (R = ?0.89675) and inside habitat area fragmentation index (R = ?0.77646) show a negative correlation with the damage ratio. As a result, the population of E. zinckenella was suppressed by the landscape fragmentation, but the patch isolation and complementary resources in the landscape matrix may also have a positive impact on the population density of E. zinckenella.