泛素—26s蛋白酶体途径在凋亡中的作用

泛素－26s蛋白酶体途径（ubiquitin-26s proteasome pathway;UPP)是真核生物细胞中ATP依赖的蛋白降解系统,可通过选择性降解细胞凋亡相关的调节性蛋白,参与细胞凋亡的调控。     

昆虫泛素基因和功能研究进展

泛素(Ubiquitin)是一种广泛存在于真核细胞中的小分子量蛋白质,其基本功能是通过泛素-蛋白水解酶复合体通路(Obiquitin proteasome pathway UPP)高效并高度选择性降解蛋白质.本文综述了昆虫泛素基因的克隆鉴定、表达特点、作用途径,重点介绍了昆虫泛素在调控转录因子、调节细胞周期和细胞凋亡、细胞生长以及信号转导中的作用.泛素调控机制、信号转导、生理功能及其影响因素,以及针对泛素设计特异性昆虫生长发育调节剂可能是今后昆虫泛素研究的重点.     

SCF和APC/C的结构及功能

细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclin dependent kinases,CDKs)是细胞周期进行的推动力,泛素-蛋白酶体途径(ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,UPP)通过对细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)和CDK抑制物(CDK inhibitors,CKIs)的蛋白质水解作用来实现对CDKs活性的调控。SCF(Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein)和APC/C(anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome)这两个泛素连接酶复合物参与了很多细胞周期调节因子的泛素化作用。它们参与的蛋白质降解系统的功能失调可能导致细胞增殖紊乱、基因组不稳定和肿瘤的发生。现对这两个泛素连接酶复合物的结构以及它们在细胞周期调控和肿瘤发生机制中的作用进行综述。     

泛素－蛋白水解酶复合体通路对Smad通路的调节

Smad通路是转化生长因子—β(TGF—β)胞外信号自跨膜受体向核内传递的信号通路。Smads最终与靶基因启动子结合,完成TGF—β对核内基因转录的调控作用。泛素—蛋白水解酶复合体通路(UPP)是参与众多细胞生理事件的重要蛋白水解途径。Smad通路的适时关闭是完成Smads正确转录调控功能的重要机制。近3年的最新研究发现了降解Smads及Smad通路调节蛋白的泛素连接酶新成员,如Smurf1、Smurf2、SCF／Roc1、SIAH1、UbcH5等,从而证明Smad通路的关闭和调节通过UPP实现。本文首次综述了UPP对Smad通路的调节机制。     

植物泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径的研究进展

泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径（ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway,UPP）是目前已知最有效的、最具特异性的蛋白质降解途径。该途径介导了真核生物80%-85%的蛋白质降解,参与了细胞多项生命活动过程,对于维持细胞正常生理功能具有重要意义。研究结果表明,植物生长发育的诸多方面以及干旱胁迫响应等过程都受到该途径的调控。概述了泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径及其在植物生长发育过程中的作用,并着重阐述了由泛素-蛋白连接酶E3介导的植物干旱胁迫响应及其作用机制的研究进展。     

泛素?蛋白酶体途径在精子生成中的作用

泛素?蛋白酶体途径(Ubiquitin–proteasome pathway,UPP)是真核细胞内蛋白质主要降解途径,通过调节蛋白质相互作用、蛋白活性、蛋白定位及信号转导,进而在细胞周期进程、细胞凋亡、应激反应及机体生长发育等过程发挥重要作用。研究表明,UPP在人和动物精子生成中的顶体生物合成及精子尾部形成过程起着关键的调控作用,精子变态过程中UPP调控异常导致精子畸形及精子活力降低,并引发少精子症、不育及睾丸肿瘤等生殖系统疾病。本文综述了UPP在动物精子生成过程中的信号传导及调节机制,以期为后续相关研究提供参考。     

泛素融合降解蛋白UFD1的结构与功能

泛素-蛋白酶体途径是细胞内蛋白质选择性降解的主要途径,参与多种真核生物细胞生理过程,与细胞的生理功能和病理状态有着密切的关系。该途径中UFD1作为泛素识别因子介导泛素化的靶蛋白至26S蛋白酶体降解。该文在概述泛素-蛋白酶体途径作用机制的基础上,对哺乳动物和酵母UFD1蛋白的结构及其在细胞周期调控、转录调控、内质网相关蛋白降解中的功能进行了综述。     

泛素-蛋白水解酶复合体通路与病毒侵染

泛素-蛋白水解酶复合体通路(Ubiquitinproteasome pathway, UPP)是细胞内依赖于ATP、非溶酶体途径的蛋白质降解通路,广泛参与包括细胞周期调控、细胞凋亡、信号转导、转录调控、免疫应答及抗原呈递等多种机体代谢活动。UPP在病毒侵染中作用的研究仍处于起步阶段。已发现,昆虫病毒和非洲猪瘟病毒分别是迄今发现唯一编码泛素和泛素连接酶的病毒。最近,大量的研究表明,病毒利用宿主细胞的UPP逃避免疫系统监控、促进病毒复制以及进行病毒粒子的组装和释放。     

泛素-蛋白水解酶复合体通路在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精中的作用

泛素—蛋白水解酶复合体通路(Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,UPP)高效快速并高度选择性地降解特定的蛋白质,从而参与控制多种重要的细胞生物学过程。在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精过程中,该通路通过降解细胞周期中的关键因子,如细胞周期蛋白、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制图子等细胞周期调控因子,从而参与卵母细胞生发泡破裂、第一极体排放、MII阻滞的维持和克服等过程,使细胞通过特定的检验点。此外,UPP也与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路、Polo样激酶、成熟促进因子、蛋白激酶C、钙调蛋白依赖激酶Ⅱ等减数分裂关键调节因子相互作用来参与卵母细胞减数分裂成熟和受精。一些周期蛋白(如后期促进复合体的某些亚单位等)还充当泛素连接酶成分,直接参与泛素化过程。     

泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径与植物的生长发育

泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径在植物蛋白降解系统中起重要作用,泛素分子主要通过泛素活化酶(E1)、泛素结合酶(E2)和泛素连接酶(E3)将靶蛋白泛素化,泛素化的蛋白最后被26S蛋白酶体识别和降解。泛素蛋白酶体途径参与植物体内的多种生理过程,如花和胚的发育、光形态建成、植物生长物质等几乎所有的生长发育过程,本文主要对泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径及其在植物生长发育过程中的精确调控作用进行综述。     

Similarities and differences in the growth of the heart in situ and in transplants

Growth and ploidy of rat ventricular myocytes were studied during development in situ and in grafts (1 day old rat ventricle transplanted under kidney capsule of syngenic adult animals). Both in situ and in the transplants polyploidization occurred on days 4-14 of postnatal life, and the modal group of myocytes was represented by binucleate diploid (2c x 2) cells. Minor quantities of 4c, 4c x 2, 8c and 2c x 4 myocytes were detected as well. In ventricles of 14 and 28 days old rats and in the transplants of the corresponding age the portion of polyploid myocytes was 90-96% and 32-63% respectively. The intensity of postmitotic myocyte transplants was decreased as compared with in situ development, and cells that exit proliferation cycle did not grow until day 14. The data on thymidine label dilution suggest that diploid myocytes of the transplant can divide two or three times but the majority of labeled diploids divided only once. Labeled 2c x 2 myocytes originated from the first, and less frequently, the second cell generation or resulted from initial acytokinetic mitosis. Mononucleate tetraploids 4c originated from 2c x 2 and mostly from 2c cells. Octaploids were formed after 3d or 4th labeled mitosis. The conclusion about cardiac myocyte polyploidization as an intrinsic developmental program is supported, implying the programming of onset, mode, duration and termination of polyploidization and its prolongation during early postnatal life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Differences in the concentration of erythrocytes and the hematocrit value in the blood in relation to the location of the vessels and the intensity of the blood flow

The experiments in adult rabbits revealed that in the blood flowing in cerebral veins the red cell concentration and hematocrit are much greater than in the veins of hind legs of the same animals. In blood samples taken from the heart these values are higher than in those taken from the hind leg, but usually lower than in blood samples taken from the brain. Under conditions of reduced cerebral blood flow (ischemia) the red cell concentration and hematocrit in the brain vessels decrease significantly as compared to the control conditions. Thus, the red cell distribution in arterial branching sequence is irregular, depending both on the localization of the vascular bed and the blood flow rate in it.     

Tremor characteristics in the norm and in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism

With the aid of tensotremorography, a voluntary effort was recorded and characteristics of involuntary and voluntary components of the hands' isometrically recorded efforts were studied. The revealed frequency ranges of the oscillations spectral density's changes corroborate existence of two suprasegmental systems of movements control, the systems being related to voluntary control and a current control of the efforts maintaining or preserving a posture. Results of cross-correlation analysis of the hands' efforts maintained under conditions of a visual feedback are demonstrated in norm and in central disorders of the movement control system.