60Co-γ射线处理稻草秸秆对其纤维质酶解效果的影响

通过60Co-γ射线处理干稻草秸秆以及提取的稻草粗纤维,研究辐照预处理后的稻草秸秆酶降解效果。采用DNS法和硫酸-苯酚法分别测定处理样品中水溶性还原糖和总糖的含量;通过电子显微镜扫描观测辐照处理对稻草秸秆纤维组织结构的影响。结果表明:采用1 000 kGy~1 500 kGy的辐照剂量处理稻草秸秆,能有效破坏稻草的纤维组织结构,特别是稻草表面硅晶结构和纤维结构,随着辐射剂量的加大破坏程度增强,稻草水溶性还原糖和总糖含量显著增加。辐照与酶复合处理稻草秸秆能极显著地提高稻草秸秆纤维的转化率,稻草秸秆降解的水溶性还原糖含量达到21.44%,总糖含量达75.85%。辐照处理对木质素降解无明显影响。     

不同品种水稻秸秆的理化特性及酶解产糖的研究

本研究以不同品种水稻秸秆为原料,测定分析了三大主要组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量及理化特性的差异,并分析对比了经碱预处理后酶解及直接酶解的产糖率差异。利用X-射线衍射仪测定分析了结晶度和晶粒尺寸的异同,红外光谱仪定性评估了特定基团的差异,扫描电镜观察分析了表面形态结构的差异。综合考虑理化特性和酶解产糖率结果,与a(常规水稻黄华占)相比,5种不同品种的超级杂交水稻秸秆中,b(杂交水稻Y两优1)、c(杂交水稻隆两优2010)和f(杂交水稻Y两优143)三个品种的秸秆材料比较适合作为酶解产糖的原材料。     

蒸汽爆破处理沙柳原料酶解条件优化

研究蒸汽爆破预处理对沙柳原料酶解效果的影响,通过响应曲面实验设计法优化蒸汽爆破处理沙柳原料的酶解工艺。结果表明,蒸汽爆破预处理沙柳原料的最佳蒸汽爆破处理条件：压力3.5 MPa、维压时间300 s; 蒸汽爆破最佳酶解条件：pH 4.8、温度53.5 ℃、 每克底物酶加量29.8 FPU。在最优条件下,蒸汽爆破处理沙柳原料的酶解率可以达到最大值87.92%,并验证了数学模型的有效性,试验结果表明蒸汽爆破预处理可以有效提高沙柳原料的水解率。     

60Co-γ射线辐照协同氢氧化钠预处理对油菜秸杆酶解产糖的影响

研究了辐照协同氢氧化钠预处理油菜秸秆对酶解产还原糖的影响。利用响应面法对氢氧化钠反应条件进行了优化,得出最优条件为氢氧化钠浓度为2．38％,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为0．5h。这一条件预期还原糖产量为524．93mg／g,通过实验验证,实际还原糖含量（528．51mg／g）能够很好地与预期相吻合。扫描电镜观察表明,辐照协同氢氧化钠预处理后秸秆表面积明显增大,出现很多蜂窝状孔洞结构,能够有效增大酶解可及表面积,从而提高酶解效率。     

稀酸和稀碱预处理对四种不同生物质资源制备还原糖的影响

本论文探讨了不同浓度的稀H_2SO_4和稀NaOH预处理对大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆、象草和狼尾草四种不同生物质酶解制备还原糖的影响。结果表明,大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆、象草和狼尾草具有较高的纤维素和半纤维素含量,是制备还原糖的理想原料。与稀H_2SO_4预处理相比,经稀NaOH预处理后的样品表现出较好的酶解性能。通过使用4%的NaOH对大豆秸秆和狼尾草进行预处理,还原糖产量分别为145.8 mg/mL和319.2 mg/mL。此外,以1%NaOH预处理后的水稻秸秆和象草为原料,可以分别获得385.2 mg/mL和231.6 mg/mL还原糖产量。     

玉米秸秆酶水解过程中的酶复配条件优化

降低酶解成本是纤维素乙醇生产的关键。利用酶复配技术优化蒸汽爆破处理后玉米秸秆的酶水解工艺条件,以提高纤维素的转化率。通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究了纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶对酶解效率的影响规律。结果表明,汽爆玉米秸秆,纤维素含量达42.21%,半纤维素仅为3.65%。纤维素酶对酶解过程起决定性作用,添加40 FPU/g时,酶解率为75.45%;木聚糖酶可促使更多的纤维素暴露出来,添加1 500 IU/g时,酶解率最高为78.03%;β-葡萄糖苷酶有助于消除纤维二糖积累造成的反馈抑制,用量40 IU/g时,纤维二糖浓度为0.330 4 g/100 m L,酶解率达76.45%。正交实验确定最佳工艺为:纤维素酶用量30 FPU/g,木聚糖酶用量800 IU/g,β-葡萄糖苷酶用量40 IU/g;该条件下,进行底物质量浓度25%的验证实验,葡萄糖达9.3g/100 m L,若用单一天冠纤维素酶,葡萄糖仅5.9 g/100 m L,提高了57.63%。三种酶的影响顺序为:纤维素酶木聚糖酶β-葡萄糖苷酶。     

蒸汽爆破和微生物酶解处理对剑麻纤维结构的影响

将蒸汽爆破和微生物酶解两种方法处理的剑麻纤维与对照进行了比较,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)和热性能分析等仪器对纤维微观表面结构、基团及其热稳定性进行了分析,同时对化学组分、直径、回潮率、含水率、耐碱性和抗拉强度等也进行了研究.结果表明:蒸汽爆破对剑麻纤维中的半纤维素组分影响较大,但在红外光谱中并未形成新的基...     

一株乳杆菌对蒸汽爆破处理纤维物料的乳酸发酵研究

用筛选得到的一株乳酸杆菌ZJU-1(Lactobacillus sp．)对蒸汽爆破预处理纤维物料的乳酸发酵进行了研究,结果表明该菌株能对蒸汽爆破处理的纤维物料酶解液进行乳酸发酵,在还原糖质量浓度为52．1mg/mL时,乳酸量为42．1mg/mL;与纤维素酶的酶解过程相耦合,对蒸汽爆破处理的物料进行同时糖化乳酸发酵。其发酵周期比分步糖化发酵的过程周期短,在底物质量分数为80mg/mL,接种量为10％,温度为45％时,乳酸量为45．3mg/mL。     

稻草生物质的预处理及其发酵产酶与酶解效果研究

采用稀酸、稀碱、高温稀碱、亚硫酸盐法(SPORL法)和稀酸-亚硫酸盐法(稀酸SPORL法)对粉碎稻草秸秆预处理,考察不同预处理方法对稻草基质多菌发酵产纤维素酶的影响,分析预处理前后稻草基质主要成分的变化,酶水解液中糖组分的含量。结果表明:稀酸SPORL法处理的稻草粉在固态发酵产酶和酶解糖化都具有较好的效果,所得羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase酶)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-G)比酶活分别达到21 511.22和51 508.41 U/g,同时酶水解率达到84.99%。除SPORL法外,其他预处理方式所得酶活均出现了不同程度的下降。稀酸预处理对稻草基质中的半纤维素去除效果较好,含量由20.77%下降到7.34%;稀碱高温处理对木质素脱除效果较好,Klason木质素含量由12.47%下降到7.58%。通过酶解糖化实验发现,未处理稻草粉酶水解率仅为17.82%,稀碱高温法效果最好,稻酶水解率达到91.66%。稀酸和稀酸SPORL法处理后,稻草粉基质的酶解糖化液中,戊聚糖占总糖相对含量较低,分别为7.38%和6.92%。     

超微粉碎对酶解玉米秸杆粉纤维的影响研究

目的:对不同粒度玉米秸秆的纤维素酶水解条件进行了探索。方法:研究了秸秆酶解产生还原糖量随时间的变化趋势,并做了粒度、温度、纤维素酶用量、固液比等因素对秸秆酶解影响的研究,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察酶解不同粒径秸杆粉的表面形态。结果:随着玉米秸杆粉粒径的减小,其酶纤维的能力提高,即还原糖得率提高,酶解不同粒径的秸杆粉表面形貌也有一定的差异。结论:超微粉碎技术可以影响玉米秸杆中纤维的酶解效率,提高了还原糖得率,在食品及生物能源加工业应用方面具有一定的潜力。     

Effect of inhibitors formed during wheat straw pretreatment on ethanol fermentation by Pichia stipitis

The inhibitory effect of the main inhibitors (acetic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) formed during steam explosion of wheat straw was studied through ethanol fermentations of model substrates and hydrolysates from wheat straw by Pichia stipitis. Experimental results showed that an increase in acetic acid concentration led to a reduction in ethanol productivity and complete inhibition was observed at 3.5 g/L. Furfural produced a delay on sugar consumption rates with increasing concentration and HMF did not exert a significant effect. Fermentations of the whole slurry from steam exploded wheat straw were completely inhibited by a synergistic effect due to the presence of 1.5 g/L acetic acid, 0.15 g/L furfural and 0.05 g/L HMF together with solid fraction. When using only the solid fraction from steam explosion, hydrolysates presented 0.5 g/L of acetic acid, whose fermentations have submitted promising results, providing an ethanol yield of 0.45 g ethanol/g sugars and the final ethanol concentration reached was 12.2 g/L (10.9 g ethanol/100 g DM).     

Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol production

The combined pretreatment of rice straw using dilute-acid and steam explosion followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated and compared with acid-catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment. In addition to measuring the chemical composition, including glucan, xylan and lignin content, changes in rice straw features after pretreatment were investigated in terms of the straw's physical properties. These properties included crystallinity, surface area, mean particle size and scanning electron microscopy imagery. The effect of acid concentration on the acid-catalyzed steam explosion was studied in a range between 1% and 15% acid at 180°C for 2 min. We also investigated the influence of the residence time of the steam explosion in the combined pretreatment and the optimum conditions for the dilute-acid hydrolysis step in order to develop an integrated process for the dilute-acid and steam explosion. The optimum operational conditions for the first dilute-acid hydrolysis step were determined to be 165°C for 2 min with 2% H(2)SO(4) and for the second steam explosion step was to be carried out at 180°C for 20 min; this gave the most favorable combination in terms of an integrated process. We found that rice straw pretreated by the dilute-acid/steam explosions had a higher xylose yield, a lower level of inhibitor in the hydrolysate and a greater degree of enzymatic hydrolysis; this resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the overall sugar yield when compared to the acid-catalyzed steam explosion.     

Effect of refiner defibrizing on the fermentability of ryegrass straw

The effects of two grinding methods, hammer milling and defibrizing by disk refining, on the fermentability of ryegrass straw were investigated. Disk refined or defibrized straw produced more sugar than hammer milled straw. Release of sugar was especially pronounced when H₂SO₄ was added to the straw during the defibrizing process. In vitro rumen digestibility was significantly higher (P < 0.1) for defibrized than for hammer milled straw. With semisolid culture the level of yeast growth was about three times as high on the defibrized as on hammer milled straw. A scanning electron micrograph revealed that defibrizing removed the waxy surface of the straw as well as separating fiber bundles, so that the surface area of the exposed fiber structure was increased.     

The enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated wood substrates

Aspenwood chips were pretreated by steam explosion. The various wood fractions obtained were assayed for their ability to act as substrates for growth and cellulase production of different Trichoderma and Clostridium thermocellum species. Steam exploded aspenwood was as efficiently utilized as solka floc and correspondingly high cellulase activities were detected in the various culture filtrates. When T. harzianum E58 was grown on increasing concentrations of solka floc, highest cellulase and xylanase activities were detected at 1% substrate concentrations while high substrate concentrations (10-20%) inhibited growth and enzyme production. When the cellulosic substrates were supplemented with increasing amounts of glucose, cellulase and xylanase production were inhibited when the glucose concentration exceeded 0.1%. Highest xylanase activities were detected after growth of T. reesei C30 and T. harianum E58 on xylan and solka floc respectively. All of the steam exploded fractions were at least partially hydrolyzed by the T. harzianum E58 cellulase system. The extent of the pretreatment also influenced the ability of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment the liberated sugars to ethanol. About 85% of the theoretical yield of ethanol from cellulose could be obtained from the combined hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated aspenwood.     

Optimization of Ethanol Production From Microfluidized Wheat Straw by Response Surface Methodology

In this study, wheat straw was pretreated with a microfluidizer to improve its enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol yields. The pretreatment was performed at various pressures (500, 1000, and 1500 bar) and solid loadings (1, 2, and 3%). The microfluidized biomass was then subjected to hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) experiments at different enzyme loadings (5, 10, and 15 FPU/g dry wheat straw) using a mutant yeast. The results indicated that the microfluidization method alters the structure of biomass and leads to a reduction in lignin content. The samples pretreated at 1% solid loading contained the minimum lignin concentration and provided the maximum sugar and ethanol yields. These results signified that the microfluidization method is more effective on biomass at low solid loadings. The process conditions were optimized for higher ethanol and sugar yields using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum pressure and solid and enzyme loadings were found as 1500 bar, 1%, and 15 FPU/g dry wheat straw, respectively. The yields obtained at this condition were 82%, 94%, and 65% for glucose, xylose, and ethanol, respectively. High sugar yields implied that microfluidization is an effective pretreatment method for cellulosic ethanol production. On the other hand, low ethanol yield may indicate that the microorganism was sensitive to inhibitory compounds present in the fermentation medium.     

Explosive pretreatment of lignocellulosic residues with high-pressure carbon dioxide for the production of fermentation substrates

A new pretreatment technique has been developed in which the lignocellulosic material is subjected to the action of steam and high-pressure carbon dioxide before being explosively discharged through a defibrating nozzle of novel design. Operating at 200 degrees C and gas pressures in the range of 3.45-13.8 MPa, exploded products with maximum in vitro cellulase digestibilities of 81, 78, and 75% were obtained from wheat straw, bagasse, and Eucalyptus regnans woodchips, respectively. The treatment times required to obtain substrates of maximum digestibility were 5 min for wheat straw and bagasse and 15 min for E. regnans. Analysis of the exploded products indicated that the pretreatment had substantially removed and solubilized the hemicellulose fraction of the feed materials, giving an autohydrolysis liquor rich in xylose and a fibrous residue primarily composed of alpha-cellulose and lignin. The fibrous residue was readily amenable to cellulase hydrolysis, with saccharification being completed within 48 h. The theoretical energy demand for gas compression in the pretreatment process has been calculated at 11 k Wh/ton raw material when the digester is operated at 3.45 MPa and a packing density of 250 kg raw material/m(3) digester volume.     

油菜秸秆混合发酵降解菌的筛选

油菜秸秆含有大量木质纤维素,该类物质结构稳定,不易降解,限制了其工业化应用.通过对10株包括细菌、酵母菌和白腐真菌的菌株产酶能力和特性进行比较,并进行共同培养试验,筛选出5株可共同生长的木质纤维素降解菌BS09、BL、PC、TS和KS.通过对这5个菌株单独发酵降解油菜秸秆的能力考察,结果表明:PC对木质纤维素的降解能力...     

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw using steam explosion coupled with high shear homogenization

Cellulose nanofibrils of diameter 10–50 nm were obtained from wheat straw using alkali steam explosion coupled with high shear homogenization. High shear results in shearing of the fiber agglomerates resulting in uniformly dispersed nanofibrils. The chemical composition of fibers at different stages were analyzed according to the ASTM standards and showed increase in α-cellulose content and decrease in lignin and hemicellulose. Structural analysis of steam exploded fibers was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability was higher for cellulose nanofibrils as compared to wheat straw and chemically treated fibers. The fiber diameter distribution was obtained using image analysis software. Characterization of the fibers by AFM, TEM, and SEM showed that fiber diameter decreases with treatment and final nanofibril size was 10–15 nm. FT-IR, XRD, and TGA studies confirmed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin during the chemical treatment process.     

Synergistic effects of mixing hybrid poplar and wheat straw biomass for bioconversion processes

Background

Low cost of raw materials and good process yields are necessary for future lignocellulosic biomass biorefineries to be sustainable and profitable. A low cost feedstock will be diverse, changing as a function of seasonality and price and will most likely be available from multiple sources to the biorefinery. The efficacy of the bioconversion process using mixed biomass, however, has not been thoroughly investigated. Considering the seasonal availability of wheat straw and the year round availability of hybrid poplar in the Pacific Northwest, this study aims to determine the impact of mixing wheat straw and hybrid poplar biomass on the overall sugar production via steam pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification.

Results

Steam pretreatment proved to be effective for processing different mixtures of hybrid poplar and wheat straw. Following SO₂-catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment, on average 22 % more sugar monomers were recovered using mixed feedstock than either single biomass. Improved sugar recovery with mixtures of poplar and wheat straw continued through enzymatic hydrolysis. After steam pretreatment and saccharification, the mixtures showed 20 % higher sugar yields than that produced from hybrid poplar and wheat straw alone.

Conclusions

Blending hybrid poplar and wheat straw resulted in more monomeric sugar recovery and less sugar degradation. This synergistic effect is attributable to interaction of hybrid poplar’s high acetic acid content and the presence of ash supplied by wheat straw. As a consequence on average 20 % more sugar was yielded by using the different biomass mixtures. Combining hybrid poplar and wheat straw enables sourcing of the lowest cost biomass, reduces seasonal dependency, and results in increasing biofuels and chemicals productivity in a cellulosic biorefinery.

     

Fast and efficient alkaline peroxide treatment to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of steam-exploded softwood substrates.

The enzymatic digestibility of steam-exploded Douglas-fir wood chips (steam exploded at 195 degrees C, 4.5 min, and 4.5% (w/w) SO(2)) was significantly improved using an optimized alkaline peroxide treatment. Best hydrolysis yields were attained when the steam-exploded material was post-treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide at pH 11.5 and 80 degrees C for 45 min. This alkaline peroxide treatment was applied directly to the water-washed, steam-exploded material eliminating the need for independent alkali treatment with 0.4% NaOH, which has been traditionally used to post-treat wood samples to try to remove residual lignin. Approximately 90% of the lignin in the original wood was solubilized by this novel procedure, leaving a cellulose-rich residue that was completely hydrolyzed within 48 h, using an enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g cellulose. About 82% of the originally available polysaccharide components of the wood could be recovered. The 18% of the carbohydrate that was not recovered was lost primarily to sugar degradation during steam explosion.