蛋白激酶Ca相互作用蛋白的结构与功能

蛋白激酶Cα相互作用蛋白(proteininteractingwithCαkinase,PICK1)是蛋白激酶Cα(proteinkinaseCα,PKCα)的靶蛋白之一,也是在PKCα和突触后膜受体蛋白间起重要作用的衔接蛋白。PICK1分别由PDZ结构域、BAR结构域以及卷曲螺旋区和酸性氨基酸区组成。PICK1中的PDZ结构域和受体蛋白、转运蛋白、衔接蛋白的相互作用报道较多,BAR结构域则与支架蛋白、质膜等相互作用。PICK1在突触可塑性、神经递质传递、外周神经感觉、细胞生长和黏连等方面发挥重要作用。本文对PICK1的结构和功能进行综述。     

GST pull-down联合质谱鉴定BAG结构域相互作用蛋白

目的:BAG结构域(BAG domain,BD)为BAG家族蛋白的基本功能结构域,通过对BAG家族蛋白6个成员的9个BDs的相互作用蛋白进行分析,以探明不同BD相互作用蛋白的异同点并为研究BAG家族蛋白多样性生物功能的分子机制提供理论依据。方法:构建p-GEX-4T2-BDs重组子并转化E.coli BL21(DE3)经IPTG诱导表达GST-BDs融合蛋白并纯化。采用GST pulldown技术联合高效液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)的策略对BDs相互作用蛋白进行定性定量分析。最后,用DAVID(The Database for Annotation,Visualization and Intergrated Discovery)和cytoscape对BDs相互作用蛋白进行GO(Gene Ontology)功能分析及KEGG(Kyoto Enyoolpedia of Genes and Genomes)通路分析。结果:在Hela细胞的胞浆蛋白中总共鉴定到370个潜在的BDs相互作用蛋白,主要为核糖体蛋白(ribosomal proteins)、翻译起始因子(Eukaryotic translation initiation factors)、翻译延长因子(Eukaryotic translation elongation factors)、泛素化-蛋白酶体相关蛋白(ubiquitin-proteasome associated proteins)及HSP40家族蛋白。GO功能富集分析结果显示,BDs相互作用蛋白涉及多种生物学功能,包括细胞内蛋白质质量控制(protein quality control)、糖代谢(glycolysis)、免疫调控(immune response)、应激反应(stress response)、细胞周期(cell cycle)等。KEGG通路分析结果表明BDs相互作用蛋白参与多条细胞内重要的信号通路,包括FGF信号通路(FGF signaling pathway)、EGF受体信号通路(EGF receptor signaling pathway)、PDGF信号通路(PDGF signaling pathway)、Ras通路(Ras pathway)等。结论:BAG家族蛋白不同成员的BD所介导的蛋白-蛋白相互作用既有共性又有特异性,BAG家族蛋白通过BDs介导多种蛋白相互作用并参与细胞内多条重要的信号通路来调控细胞内蛋白质稳态、糖代谢、免疫反应、应激反应、细胞周期等过程。     

锌指蛋白结构及功能研究进展

锌指蛋白是一类具有手指状结构域的转录因子,对基因调控起重要的作用。根据其保守结构域的不同,可将锌指蛋白主要分为C2H2型、C4型和C6型。锌指通过与靶分子DNA、RNA、DNA-RNA的序列特异性结合,以及与自身或其他锌指蛋白的结合,在转录和翻译水平上调控基因的表达。我们简要综述了近年来锌指蛋白结构、分类及其与核酸及蛋白质相互作用等方面的研究进展。     

RanBPM的结构和功能

RanBPM是Ran蛋白在微管组织中心的结合蛋白。RanBPM包含5个结构域,分别是氨基端的脯氨酸结构域、SPRY结构域、LiSH结构域、CTLH结构域和CRA结构域。其中SPRY结构域和CRA结构域介导RanBPM与其它蛋白质间相互作用。RanBPM能与众多蛋白质相互作用,因而被认为是脚手架蛋白(scaffolding protein),它和几种受体蛋白相互作用后参与了细胞内多种信号转导途径。RanBPM能与细胞周期相关蛋白相互作用,调节细胞周期,它还参与了免疫系统、生殖系统和神经系统的调节。此外,RanBPM还能抑制蛋白质泛素化,是一个肿瘤细胞的抑制因子。     

蛋白激酶Cα相互作用蛋白的结构与功能

蛋白激酶Cα相互作用蛋白（protein interacting with Cα kinase,PICK1）是蛋白激酶Cox（protein kinase Cα,PKCα）的靶蛋白之一,也是在PKCα和突触后膜受体蛋白间起重要作用的衔接蛋白。PICK1分别由PDZ结构域、BAR结构域以及卷曲螺旋区和酸性氨基酸区组成。PICK1中的PDZ结构域和受体蛋白、转运蛋白、衔接蛋白的相互作用报道较多,BAR结构域则与支架蛋白、质膜等相互作用。PICK1在突触可塑性、神经递质传递、外周神经感觉、细胞生长和黏连等方面发挥重要作用。本文对PICK1的结构和功能进行综述。     

细胞膜蛋白与细胞骨架蛋白相互作用研究进展

细胞膜蛋白与胞浆骨架蛋白的相互作用对于维持细胞正常形态,细胞粘附与信号传导有重要作用,含有4.1/JEF结构域的蛋白4.1超家族与含有PDZ结构域的MAGUK蛋白家族能结合多种膜蛋白胞内区与胞浆蛋白,在膜蛋白与胞浆蛋白之间建立联系,对于细胞、细胞-细胞间连接的正常结构与功能的维持有着重要作用。     

植物中的冷激蛋白

植物冷激蛋白结构保守,具有RNA结合位点(S1结构域)或类似的β折叠构成的桶状结构,它与原核生物冷激蛋白同源性高,通过转录、翻译等的调节完成其生理功能。     

共价交联捕获聚酮合成中的酮基还原酶和酰基载体蛋白结构域的瞬时复合物

【背景】在模块化聚酮合成酶(polyketidesynthase,PKS)的催化过程中,催化结构域与同源酰基载体蛋白(acyl-carrierprotein,ACP)之间的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用起重要作用,但这种瞬时可逆的相互作用难以捕捉分析。【目的】获得ACP和酮基还原酶(ketoreductase,KR)相互作用的蛋白复合物。【方法】在KR和ACP之间的Linker上插入烟草蚀纹病毒(tobacco etch virus,TEV)蛋白酶切位点,通过双功能马来酰亚胺试剂BMH将KR和ACP共价交联,随后TEV酶切检测交联结果。调整反应条件,使交联效率最大化。根据KR-ACP交联复合物与体系内其他蛋白标签和分子量的差异,通过亲和层析和凝胶过滤等纯化手段,获得纯度较高的KR-ACP稳定交联复合物。【结果】单独表达的KR和ACP结构域交联不成功,融合表达的KR+ACP双结构域可以有效交联,结合使用亲和层析和凝胶过滤等纯化手段成功获得纯度较高的复合物。该策略可运用于多个KR和ACP的共价交联。【结论】建立了捕获并纯化KR和ACP瞬时相互作用复合物的有效方法,为后期晶体结构的解析、KR与ACP相互作用机理的揭示及参与相互作用关键氨基酸的鉴定提供了实验基础。     

酿酒酵母Sup35朊蛋白结构域的自组装机理及其应用的研究进展

Sup35是酿酒酵母的翻译终止因子,其朊蛋白结构域在体内外都能形成淀粉样蛋白纤维。由于其高度有序的交叉β-片层构象与其他物种中的淀粉样蛋白纤维相似,因此,Sup35的分子自组装机理的研究可以作为蛋白质错误折叠性疾病及朊病毒生物学等相关研究的理想模型。而Sup35朊蛋白结构域自组装成纳米线的能力在生物技术和纳米材料等方面已得到广泛的应用。     

细胞膜蛋白与细胞骨架蛋白相互作用研究进展

细胞膜蛋白与胞浆骨架蛋白的相互作用对于维持细胞正常形态 ,细胞粘附与信号传导有重要作用。含有 4 .1 JEF结构域的蛋白 4 .1超家族与含有PDZ结构域的MAGUK蛋白家族能结合多种膜蛋白胞内区与胞浆蛋白 ,在膜蛋白与胞浆蛋白之间建立联系 ,对于细胞、细胞 -细胞间连接的正常结构与功能的维持有着重要作用。     

GYF domain proteomics reveals interaction sites in known and novel target proteins

GYF domains are conserved eukaryotic adaptor domains that recognize proline-rich sequences. Although the structure and function of the prototypic GYF domain from the human CD2BP2 protein have been characterized in detail, very little is known about GYF domains from other proteins and species. Here we describe the binding properties of four GYF domains of various origins. Phage display in combination with SPOT analysis revealed the PPG(F/I/L/M/V) motif as a general recognition signature. Based on these results, the proteomes of human, yeast, and Arabidopsis thaliana were searched for potential interaction sites. Binding of several candidate proteins was confirmed by pull-down experiments or yeast two-hybrid analysis. The binding epitope of the GYF domain from the yeast SMY2 protein was mapped by NMR spectroscopy and led to a structural model that accounts for the different binding properties of SMY2-type GYF domains and the CD2BP2-GYF domain.     

Novel interaction partners of the CD2BP2-GYF domain

The GYF domain of CD2BP2 serves as an adapter that recognizes proline-rich sequences in intracellular proteins. Although the T cell adhesion molecule CD2 and the core splicing protein SmB/B' were previously shown to interact with CD2BP2-GYF, we are now using a general approach to identify putative GYF domain target sites within the human proteome. The phage display-derived recognition motif for CD2BP2-GYF is PPG(W/F/Y/M/L). SPOT analysis confirmed that the GYF domain interacts with peptides from human proteins containing the consensus site. Epitope mapping by NMR spectroscopy performed for several peptides revealed a conserved binding surface. A direct interaction of the CD2BP2-GYF domain with the novel protein interaction partners PI31 and NPWBP was verified by yeast two-hybrid analysis.     

Dynamic interaction of CD2 with the GYF and the SH3 domain of compartmentalized effector molecules

Intracellular protein interaction domains are essential for eukaryotic signaling. In T cells, the CD2BP2 adaptor binds two membrane-proximal proline-rich motifs in the CD2 cytoplasmic tail via its GYF domain, thereby regulating interleukin-2 production. Here we present the structure of the GYF domain in complex with a CD2 tail peptide. Unlike SH3 domains, which use two surface pockets to accommodate proline residues of ligands, the GYF domain employs phylogenetically conserved hydrophobic residues to create a single interaction surface. NMR analysis shows that the Fyn but not the Lck tyrosine kinase SH3 domain competes with CD2BP2 GYF-domain binding to the same CD2 proline-rich sequence in vitro. To test the in vivo significance of this competition, we used co-immunoprecipitation experiments and found that CD2BP2 is the ligand of the membrane-proximal proline-rich tandem repeat of CD2 in detergent-soluble membrane compartments, but is replaced by Fyn SH3 after CD2 is translocated into lipid rafts upon CD2 ectodomain clustering. This unveils the mechanism of a switch of CD2 function due to an extracellular mitogenic signal.     

The GYF domain

GYF domains are small, versatile adaptor domains that recognize proline-rich sequences (PRS). They are present in most eukaryotic species sequenced so far, but in contrast to other PRS-recognition domains (PRD), GYF domains have not experienced the same amplification in metazoa during evolution. Mutational and structural analysis has shown the conserved signature W-X-Y-X(6-11)-GPF-X(4)-M-X(2)-W-X(3)-GYF to be the site of interaction with proline-rich peptides. In contrast, composition and length of the C-terminal half of GYF domains are not conserved. Similar to other PRD, GYF domains bind to many different PRS that converge on a minimal consensus sequence. All GYF domains analyzed so far selected for the core motif PPG, whereas amino-acid preferences adjacent to this motif vary. As a result of this analysis, two subfamilies have been identified: CD2BP2-type and SMY2-type GYF domains. The latter subfamily comprises most GYF domains and is characterized by a shorter beta(1)-beta(2) loop and an aspartate instead of the tryptophan found at position 8 in CD2BP2-type GYF domains. Recent analysis of binding specificities for GYF domains allowed identification of novel interaction partners. Thereby proteomics has contributed to a functional understanding of GYF domain-containing proteins and sets the stage for a more systematic investigation of their functions in vivo.     

EVH1 domains: structure, function and interactions

Drosophila enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology 1 (EVH1) domains are 115 residue protein-protein interaction modules which provide essential links for their host proteins to various signal transduction pathways. Many EVH1-containing proteins are associated closely with actin-based structures and are involved in re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton. EVH1 domains are also present in proteins enriched in neuronal tissue, thus implicating them as potential mediators of synaptic plasticity, linking them to memory formation and learning. Like Src homology 3, WW and GYF domains and profilin, EVH1 domains recognize and bind specific proline-rich sequences (PRSs). The binding is of low affinity, but tightly regulated by the high specificity encoded into residues in the protein:peptide interface. In general, a small (3-6 residue) 'core' PRS in the target protein binds a 'recognition pocket' on the domain surface. Further affinity- and specificity-increasing interactions are then formed between additional domain epitopes and peptide 'core-flanking' residues. The three-dimensional structures of EVH1:peptide complexes now reveal, in great detail, some of the most important features of these interactions and allow us to better understand the origins of specificity, ligand orientation and sequence degeneracy of target peptides, in low affinity signalling complexes.     

Interaction interfaces of protein domains are not topologically equivalent across families within superfamilies: Implications for metabolic and signaling pathways

Using a data set of aligned protein domain superfamilies of known three-dimensional structure, we compared the location of interdomain interfaces on the tertiary folds between members of distantly related protein domain superfamilies. The data set analyzed is comprised of interdomain interfaces, with domains occurring within a polypeptide chain and those between two polypeptide chains. We observe that, in general, the interfaces between protein domains are formed entirely in different locations on the tertiary folds in such pairs. This variation in the location of interface happens in protein domains involved in a wide range of functions, such as enzymes, adapters, and domains that bind protein ligands, or cofactors. While basic biochemical functionality is preserved at the domain superfamily level, the effect of biochemical function on protein assemblies is different in these protein domains related by superfamily. The divergence between proteins, in most cases, is coupled with domain recruitment, with different modes of interaction with the recruited domain. This is in complete contrast to the observation that in closely related homologous protein domains, almost always the interaction interfaces are topologically equivalent. In a small subset of interacting domains within proteins related by remote homology, we observe that the relative positioning of domains with respect to one another is preserved. Based on the analysis of multidomain proteins of known or unknown structure, we suggest that variation in protein-protein interactions in members within a superfamily could serve as diverging points in otherwise parallel metabolic or signaling pathways. We discuss a few representative cases of diverging pathways involving domains in a superfamily.     

Effect of cisplatin treatment on speckled distribution of a serine/arginine-rich nuclear protein CROP/Luc7A

The C-half of cisplatin resistance-associated overexpressed protein (CROP), an SR-related protein, comprises domains rich in arginine and glutamate residues (RE domain), and is rich in arginine and serine residues (RS domain). We analyzed the role of the individual domains of CROP in cellular localization, subnuclear localization, and protein-protein interaction. CROP fused with green fluorescent protein, GFP-CROP, localized exclusively to the nucleus and showed a speckled intranuclear distribution. The yeast two-hybrid system revealed that CROP interacted with SF2/ASF, an SR protein involved in RNA splicing, as well as CROP itself. The RE and RS domains were necessary for both the intranuclear speckled distribution and the protein-protein interaction. CROP was phosphorylated by mSRPK1, mSRPK2, and Clk1 in vitro, and when cells were treated with cisplatin the subnuclear distribution of GFP-CROP was changed. These results suggest that cisplatin affects RNA splicing by changing the subnuclear distribution of SR proteins including CROP.     

Two novel proteins that are linked to insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptors by the Grb10 adapter and modulate IGF-I signaling

Grb10 is a protein that binds to the intracellular domains of activated tyrosine kinase receptors, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and insulin receptors. This occurs through the interaction of two C-terminal Grb10 motifs (BPS and Src homology domains) with receptor phosphotyrosine residues. Published data from transfection/overexpression studies support both positive and negative regulatory effects of Grb10, thus leaving its physiological role unclear. Because Grb10 has the structure of an adapter protein, the objective of this study was to determine whether Grb10 links other proteins to IGF-I receptors and thus modulates IGF-I signaling. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, the N terminus of Grb10 was shown to interact with two novel proteins, designated GIGYF1 (Grb10 interacting GYF protein 1) and GIGYF2. Mutation analysis indicates that a 17-amino acid sequence in GIGYF1 and GIGYF2, homologous to the GYF domain described previously, binds to tandem proline-rich regions in the N terminus of Grb10. In IGF-I receptor-expressing R+ fibroblasts, there is detectable binding of a Myc-tagged fragment of GIGYF1 to Grb10 in the basal state. Stimulation with IGF-I results in increased binding of GIGYF1 to Grb10 and transient binding of both Grb10 and GIGYF1 to IGF-I receptors, presumably via the adapter function of Grb10. At later time points, GIGYF1 dissociates, but Grb10 remains linked to IGF-I receptors. Overexpression of the Grb10 binding fragment of GIGYF1 in R+ cells results in a significant increase in IGF-I-stimulated receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. In conclusion, we have identified two members of a novel protein family, which become transiently linked to IGF-I receptors by the Grb10 adapter protein following IGF-I stimulation. Grb10 and GIGYFs may act cooperatively to regulate receptor signaling.