两种数字化影像信息检测系统图像质量与辐射剂量的比较研究

目的对比研究平板探测器和影像板两种数字化影像信息检测系统图像质量与辐射剂量的关系。方法应用DR和CR系统分别对对比度-细节体模（CDRAD2．0）进行不同辐射剂量的曝光成像。记录每次曝光的模体表面辐射剂量,将所获取的影像用CDRAD 2．0评估软件分析计算图像质量因子反数值IQFinv,并应用Spearman相关性检验和Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析,比较两种数字化影像信息检测系统图像质量与辐射剂量的差异。结果在管电流量不同mAs时,DR系统的IQFinv值与CR的IQFinv值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论辐射剂量相同时,平板探测器对于低对比度细节的检测能力优于影像板;在获得相同的图像质量时,与CR相比应用DR大大降低了被检者辐射剂量。     

介绍两种逻辑曲线拟合的方法

凡是具有峰形曲线增长的生物种群,大体上可归纳为前峰形、中峰形和后峰形,完全像逻辑斯蒂曲线增长的不多。因而,采用逻辑斯蒂曲线拟合的方法拟合峰形曲线就有些不太理想。本文介绍两种拟合峰形曲线较理想的方法,一种是累加生成拟合,另一种是灰色逻辑斯蒂曲线拟合。第一种方法是通过一次累加生成弱化原始数据中的随机性和波动性,以适应于逻辑曲线的拟合。第二种是采用灰色系统理论的方法,采用     

运用遗传算法拟合Logistic曲线的研究

Logistic方程是研究有限空间内种群增长规律的重要工具之一．本文运用遗传算法拟合logistic曲线,并且比较了各种方法的拟合结果,证明遗传算法具有较强的拟合非线性方程的能力,对生物实验及生态、生理学中诸多非线性曲线的参数估计具有普遍意义．     

运用改进单纯形法拟合Logistic曲线的研究

Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程是研究有限空间内种群增长规律的重要工具之一本文运用改进单纯形法最优拟合Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线,结果表明改进单纯形法具有较强的拟合非线性方程的能力,对生物实验及生态、生理学中诸多非线性曲线的参数估计具有普遍意义．     

北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性研究——种-面积曲线的拟合与评价

本文选择了 1 0条曲线作为种 -面积曲线的拟合模型 ,它们分别是S=b a A (1 )S=b aln A (2 )S=(b aln A) c (3)S=aln(A 1 ) (4)S=aln(b A 1 ) (5)S=a Ab (6)S=a A/ (1 b A) (7)S=c/ (1 ae-b A ) (8)S=c - ae-b A (9)S=a(1 - e-b A ) (1 0 )对其中的 7个非线性模型给出了参数初值的计算方法 ,并用 Gauss- Newton或 Marquardt方法计算非线性最优解。又选择了剩余标准差 (RSE)、相关指数 (CRI)、偏差绝对值的平均值 (AAD)和相对偏差绝对值的平均值 (AARD)作为模型拟合优劣的 4个评价指标。研究结果表明 :1 ) 7个非线性模型中参数初值的计算方法是可行的。从 4个评价指标来看 ,它们的非线性最小二乘解都明显优于线性最小二乘解 ;2 ) 1 0个模型的拟合效果都相当好 ,对 5个样地及其各层拟合的共 2 0 0个 CRI中有 71 .5%大于 0 .9,89%大于0 .8,其中曲线 (3)和 (9)最好 ,其次是 (5)、(6)、(2 ) ,(1 )和 (1 0 )最差 ;3)秩相关分析表明 ,3个评价指标RSE、AAD和 AARD相互之间存在极强的正秩相关 ,因此在本研究中 ,它们的评价结果具很强的一致性。     

北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性研究一种-面积曲线的拟合与评价

 本文选择了10条曲线作为种—面积曲线的拟合模型,它们分别是 S=b+aA (1) S= b+alnA (2) S=(b+alnA)c (3) S=aln(A+1) (4) S=aln(bA+1) (5) S= aAb (6) S=aA/(1+bA) (7) S=c/(1+ae-bA) (8) S=c-ae-bA (9) S=a(1-e-bA) (10)对其中的7个非线性模型给出了参数初值的计算方法,并用Gauss—Newton或Marquardt方法计算非线性最优解。又选择了剩余标准差(RSE)、相关指数(CRI)、偏差绝对值的平均值(AAD)和相对偏差绝对值的平均值(AARD)作为模型拟合优劣的4个评价指标。研究结果表明：1)7个非线性模型中参数初值的计算方法是可行的。从4个评价指标来看,它们的非线性最小二乘解都明显优于线性最小二乘解;2)10个模型的拟合效果都相当好,对5个样地及其各层拟合的共200个CRI中有71.5％大于0.9,89％大于0.8,其中曲线(3)和(9)最好,其次是(5)、(6)、(2),(1)和(10)最差;3)秩相关分析表明,3个评价指标RSE、AAD和AARD相互之间存在极强的正秩相关,因此在本研究中,它们的评价结果具很强的一致性。     

岩溶植物光合-光响应曲线的两种拟合模型比较

用直角双曲线和非直角双曲线两种模型,对桂林岩溶区石山植物红背山麻杆（Alchornea trewioides）、九龙藤（Bauhinia championii）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）和圆叶乌桕（Sapium rotundifolium）光合作用的光响应曲线进行拟合。结果表明,直角双曲线拟合的表观量子效率（α）、最大净光合速率（Pmax）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）、光补偿点（Lcp）和光饱和点（Lφ）数值均高于相应的非直角双曲线拟合结果;直角双曲线模型拟合的参数值大小和曲线变化趋势不符合实际情况;非直角双曲线模型拟合结果更符合生理意义。红背山麻杆和九龙藤具有较高的表观量子效率和较低的光补偿点,对光能的利用效率和耐荫性均强于圆叶乌桕和青檀。     

三种直径分布拟合模型在长白落叶松林分的实际应用

基于长白落叶松中龄纯林样地调查,采用相对直径法、指数函数法和Weibull分布函数法三种常用方法拟合林分胸径分布规律.结果表明,三种方法均能有效描述林分直径分布规律,特别是指数函数简单易行、拟合精度高、适用性强,可视为长白落叶松中龄林直径分布拟合的最优模型.     

基于可视中国人高分辨人体结构数据集的辐射剂量模拟研究进展

中国数字化辐射虚拟人研究是以中国数字人高分辨三维结构数据集为基础,构建可用于蒙特卡洛辐射模拟的三维计算模型,并实现X射线、中子、质子等多粒子多能级的仿真计算。论著中讨论了基于高分辨人体结构数据集的辐射模型构建过程和特点,以及蒙特卡洛模拟软件,并将剂量测定结果与现有的国外人体模型模拟数据进行了比较。中国数字化辐射虚拟人模型是具备中国人体特征的辐射模型。计算结果很大程度上补充或校正了现有放射学计量数据集,为临床放疗规划、核医药、核辐射防护设计提供精确量化参考。     

柑桔大实蝇辐照成虫对两种引诱剂的敏感性

为了明确柑桔大实蝇Bactrocera minax (Enderlein)辐照成虫和田间自然发生的成虫对引诱剂的敏感性差异,指导柑桔大实蝇辐照不育技术的有效利用,在田间释放柑桔大实蝇辐照成虫,以常用引诱剂桔丰和果瑞特同期进行诱集监测。监测结果显示,辐照显著降低了柑桔大实蝇成虫对桔丰和果瑞特的敏感性。在柑桔大实蝇成虫发生高峰期桔丰诱集到辐照成虫的数量仅为诱集总虫量的2.6%-11.6%,果瑞特为5.0%-50.0%;桔丰诱集到的辐照雌性成虫的数量仅为诱集的所有雌性成虫数量的4.4%-11.8%,果瑞特为33.7%-50.0%;桔丰诱集到的辐照雄性成虫的数量仅为诱集的所有雄性成虫的5.3%-11.4%,而果瑞特始终未能诱集到辐照雄性成虫。此外,辐照缩短了柑桔大实蝇成虫对常用引诱剂趋向性的持续时间。研究结果对柑桔大实蝇辐照不育技术与诱集诱杀技术的协调应用具有重要指导意义。     

罗布麻茶辐照灭菌工艺中的剂量控制

本文给出罗布麻茶灭菌剂量的Ｄ１０值,讨论了产品箱内吸收剂量分布及剂量场空间纵向分布分布,结果表明,罗布麻茶最佳灭菌剂量范围为６－９ＫＧｙ。静态辐照灭菌宜选用水平方向沿等剂量线多层码放,纵向采用不等时多源位辐照处理工艺。可有效地提高产品的剂量均匀性及射线利用率。     

Methods for Fitting the Right-Truncated Weibull Distribution to Life-Test and Survival Data

This paper develops mathematical and computational methods for fitting, by the method of maximum likelihood (ML), the two-parameter, right-truncated Weibull distribution (RTWD) to life-test or survival data. Some important statistical properties of the RTWD are derived and ML estimating equations for the scale and shape parameters of the RTWD are developed. The ML equations are used to express the scale parameter as an analytic function of the shape parameter and to establish a computationally useful lower bound on the ML estimate of the shape parameter. This bound is a function only of the sample observations and the (known) truncation point T. The ML equations are reducible to a single nonlinear, transcendental equation in the shape parameter, and a computationally efficient algorithm is described for solving this equation. The practical use of the methods is illustrated in two numerical examples.     

Validation of Radiation Sterilization Dose for Lyophilized Amnion and Bone Grafts

A limited number of grafts produced in one batch is the main constrain to validate radiation sterilization dose of amnion and bone grafts according to ISO standard. The validation experiments done were according to ISO 13409 with a slight modification in sampling method. The experiments were carried out three times by using 20 samples each, 10 for bio-burden enumeration and 10 for sterility test at verification dose. The average bio-burden with sample item portion (SIP) = 1 for amnion membranes were 98, 50 and 69 cfu respectively and 0 cfu for bone grafts. Verification dose experiments, were done at doses of 2.90kGy for bone grafts and 5.13kGy for amnion grafts and the results of sterility tests showed that amnion grafts got one positive and bone grafts got 0 positive. The results met the requirements of ISO 13409 so that the radiation sterilization dose, at sterility assurance level of 10^-6 was 25kGy for both amnion and bone grafts. Viral contamination was excluded in this experiment.     

Maximum Likelihood Methods for Fitting the Burr Type XII Distribution to Life Test Data

This paper describes mathematical and computational methodology for estimating the parameters of the Burr Type XII distribution by the method of maximum likelihood. Expressions for the asymptotic variances and covariances of the parameter estimates are given, and the modality of the log-likelihood and conditional log-likelihood functions is analyzed. As a result of this analysis for various a priori known and unknown parameter combinations, conditions are given which guarantee that the parameter estimates obtained will, indeed, be maximum likelihood estimates. An efficient numerical method for maximizing the conditional log-likelihood function is described, and mathematical expressions are given for the various numerical approximations needed to evaluate the expressions given for the asymptotic variances and covariances of the parameter estimates. The methodology discussed is applied in a numerical example to life test data arising in a clinical setting.     

食管癌三维适形放疗和常规放疗比较

目的对比研究三维适形放疗（3DCRT）和常规模拟机定位放疗两种不同方法在食管癌放射治疗中的优缺点。方法 20例食管癌患者采用3DCRT方法进行治疗,应用同一治疗计划系统,制定适形放疗和常规模拟机定位放疗方案。结果与常规模拟定位机定位放疗相比,食管癌照射中3DCRT有最好的剂量分布,既可明显提高靶区的剂量,同时能较好地保护正常组织。结论食管癌的适形放疗技术能降低正常组织的放射损伤和并发症,提高放疗治疗的适形度,改善靶区的剂量分布。     

Comparison of Two New Robust Parameter Estimation Methods for the Power Function Distribution

Estimation of any probability distribution parameters is vital because imprecise and biased estimates can be misleading. In this study, we investigate a flexible power function distribution and introduced new two methods such as, probability weighted moments, and generalized probability weighted methods for its parameters. We compare their results with L-moments, trimmed L-moments by a simulation study and a real data example based on performance measures such as, mean square error and total deviation. We concluded that all the methods perform well in the case of large sample size (n>30), however, the generalized probability weighted moment method performs better for small sample size.     

Application of NMR Spectroscopy in the Assessment of Radiation Dose in Human Primary Cells

We employed the primary cell model system as a first step toward establishing a method to assess the influence of ionizing radiation by using a combination of common and abundant metabolites. We applied X‐ray irradiation amounts of 0, 1, and 5 Gy to the cells that were harvested 24, 48, or 72 h later, and profiled metabolites by 2D‐NMR spectroscopy to sort out candidate molecules that could be used to distinguish the samples under different irradiation conditions. We traced metabolites stemming from the input ¹³C‐glucose, identified twelve of them from the cell extracts, and applied statistical analysis to find out that all the metabolites, including glycine, alanine, and gluatamic acid, increased upon irradiation. The combinatorial use of the selected metabolites showed promising results where the product of signal intensities of alanine and lactate could differentiate samples according to the dose of X‐ray irradiation. We hope that this work can form a base for treating radiation‐poisoned patients in the future.     

2种染色方法在微核试验中的比较

DNA存储着生物体赖以生存和繁衍的遗传信息,维护DNA分子的完整性对细胞至关紧要.外界环境和生物体内部的因素都会导致DNA分子的损伤或改变,微核试验是检测外来化合物对染色体损伤作用的重要方法,已在国内外普遍应用.蜘蛛是许多农、林害虫的天敌,在生物防治中起重要作用,保护和利用蜘蛛已成为生物防治的一项重要内容.本文主要是通过2种染色方法吉姆萨染色法和吖啶橙染色法对蜘蛛血细胞进行微核试验,比较2种染色方法的优劣.     

Statistical Inference Methods for Two Crossing Survival Curves: A Comparison of Methods

A common problem that is encountered in medical applications is the overall homogeneity of survival distributions when two survival curves cross each other. A survey demonstrated that under this condition, which was an obvious violation of the assumption of proportional hazard rates, the log-rank test was still used in 70% of studies. Several statistical methods have been proposed to solve this problem. However, in many applications, it is difficult to specify the types of survival differences and choose an appropriate method prior to analysis. Thus, we conducted an extensive series of Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the power and type I error rate of these procedures under various patterns of crossing survival curves with different censoring rates and distribution parameters. Our objective was to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of tests in different situations and for various censoring rates and to recommend an appropriate test that will not fail for a wide range of applications. Simulation studies demonstrated that adaptive Neyman’s smooth tests and the two-stage procedure offer higher power and greater stability than other methods when the survival distributions cross at early, middle or late times. Even for proportional hazards, both methods maintain acceptable power compared with the log-rank test. In terms of the type I error rate, Renyi and Cramér—von Mises tests are relatively conservative, whereas the statistics of the Lin-Xu test exhibit apparent inflation as the censoring rate increases. Other tests produce results close to the nominal 0.05 level. In conclusion, adaptive Neyman’s smooth tests and the two-stage procedure are found to be the most stable and feasible approaches for a variety of situations and censoring rates. Therefore, they are applicable to a wider spectrum of alternatives compared with other tests.     

Two Methods for Modelling the Propagation of Terahertz Radiation in a Layered Structure

Modelling the interaction of terahertz(THz) radiation with biological tissueposes many interesting problems. THzradiation is neither obviously described byan electric field distribution or anensemble of photons and biological tissueis an inhomogeneous medium with anelectronic permittivity that is bothspatially and frequency dependent making ita complex system to model.A three-layer system of parallel-sidedslabs has been used as the system throughwhich the passage of THz radiation has beensimulated. Two modelling approaches havebeen developed a thin film matrix model anda Monte Carlo model. The source data foreach of these methods, taken at the sametime as the data recorded to experimentallyverify them, was a THz spectrum that hadpassed though air only.Experimental verification of these twomodels was carried out using athree-layered in vitro phantom. Simulatedtransmission spectrum data was compared toexperimental transmission spectrum datafirst to determine and then to compare theaccuracy of the two methods. Goodagreement was found, with typical resultshaving a correlation coefficient of 0.90for the thin film matrix model and 0.78 forthe Monte Carlo model over the full THzspectrum. Further work is underway toimprove the models above 1 THz.