原位杂交检测大鼠前庭代偿中GAP-43 mRNA水平

用ＤＩＧ标记的ＧＡＰ－４３ｃＤＮＡ为探针,以大鼠海马切片作阳性对照,使用原位杂交方法检测了大鼠迷路损毁５,１２,２０和３０ｄ后前庭核区ＧＡＰ－４３ｍＲＮＡ水平的变化,结果表明,迷路损毁后前庭核区ｍＲＮＡ水平升高,原位杂交的应用,为前庭代偿中轴突发芽,突触重组的神经可塑性研究打下了方法学基础。     

前庭代偿：研究中枢神经系统可塑性的一个理想模型

前庭代偿是一个研究神经系统损伤后机制修复和替代的理想模型,这个模型在中枢神经系统可塑性和机能恢复的研究机具有普遍意义,本文综述了有关前庭代偿的电生理学,生物化学和分子神经生物学的研究现状,还特别讨论了在前庭代偿中神经生长相关蛋白（ＧＡＰ－４３）ｍＲＮＡ的表达以及银杏叶提取物在前庭代偿过程中的促进作用。     

原位杂交检测大鼠前庭代偿中GAP-43 mRNA水平

用DIG标记的GAP-43 cDNA为探针,以大鼠海马切片作阳性对照,使用原位杂交方法检测了大鼠迷路损毁5、12、20和30 d后前庭核区GAP-43 mRNA水平的变化.结果表明,迷路损毁后前庭核区mRNA水平升高.原位杂交的应用,为前庭代偿中轴突发芽,突触重组的神经可塑性研究打下了方法学基础.     

缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织中血小板源性生长因子和c—my…

本研究分析了大鼠肺组织中血小板源性生长因子Ａ链、Ｂ链和ｃ－ｍｙｃ原癌基因ｍＲＮＡ。正常肺组织可表达１．７ｋｂ的ＰＤＧＦ－ＡｍＲＮＡ和３．５ｋｂ的ＰＤＧＦ－ＢｍＲＮＡ,还有少量２．２ｋｂｃｍＲＮＡ．在缺氧过程中,ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ链ｍＲＮＡ和ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ迅速增加,至缺氧１４ｄ时,分别为正常的３倍和５倍。而ＰＤＧＦ－ＡｍＲＮＡ在缺氧７ｄ时增高,而后又略有降低。结果表明：缺氧的肺组织局生成的ＰＤＧＦ激活     

缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织中血小板源性生长因子和c－myc基因表达增强

本研究分析了大鼠肺组织中血小板源性生长因子Ａ链、Ｂ链（ＰＤＧＦ－Ａ,ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ）和ｃ－ｍｙｃ原癌基因ｍＲＮＡ在正常和缺氧时的含量变化。正常肺组织可表达１．７ｋｂ的ＰＤＧＦ－ＡｍＲＮＡ和３．５ｋｂ的ＰＤＧＦ－ＢｍＲＮＡ,还有少量２．２ｋｂｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ。在缺氧过程中,ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ链ｍＲＮＡ和ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ迅速增加,至缺氧１４ｄ时,分别为正常的３倍和５倍。而ＰＤＧＦ－ＡｍＲＮＡ在缺氧７ｄ时增高,而后又略有降低。结果表明：缺氧的肺组织局部生成的ＰＤＧＦ激活了ｃ－ｍｙｃ原癌基因,这对于缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成具有重要作用。     

切断外侧嗅束后嗅球中僧帽细胞内B—50（GAP—43）mRNA的表达

本工和用原位杂交方法研究大鼠嗅球中僧帽细胞损伤后，Ｂ－５０（ＧＡＰ－４３）ｍＲＮＡ表达的变化。结果表明外侧嗅束切断，导致约４０％的僧帽细胞内Ｂ－５０ｍＲＮＡ表达显著增高。持续到损伤后１０ｄ，在损伤后４周已下降至对照水平。而外侧嗅束切断后，大量僧帽细胞逐渐退化。因此本文工作报道嗅球中部分僧帽细胞，具有应答损伤而致细胞内Ｂ－５０ｍＲＮＡ上升的能力，但这种反应并不伴随被切断的嗅束的再生。     

切断外侧嗅束后嗅球中僧帽细胞内B－50（GAP－43）mRNA的表达

本工作用原位杂交方法研究大鼠嗅球中僧帽细胞（一种ＣＮＳ神经元）损伤后,Ｂ－５０（ＧＡＰ－４３）ｍＲＮＡ表达的变化。结果表明外侧嗅束切断,导致约４０％的僧帽细胞内Ｂ－５０ｍＲＮＡ表达显著增高。持续到损伤后１０ｄ,在损伤后４周已下降至对照水平。而外侧嗅束切断后,大量僧帽细胞逐渐退化。因此本文工作报道嗅球中部分僧帽细胞,具有应答损伤而致细胞内Ｂ－５０ｍＲＮＡ上升的能力。但这种反应并不伴随被切断的嗅束的再生。     

大鼠动脉内膜损伤后血管中的骨桥蛋白和基质Gla蛋白mRNA的表达变化

本实验采用球囊剥脱大鼠主动脉内皮造成血管内膜损伤的芭Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析,逆转录聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）等方法,研究大鼠主动脉内损伤后血管中的骨桥蛋白（ｏｓｔｅｏｐｏｎｔｉｎ,ＯＰＮ）和基质Ｇｌａ蛋白（ｍａｔｒｉｘ Ｇｌａ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＭＧＰ）ｍＲＮＡ水平的动态变化。与无内皮损伤血管比较,损伤后的血管中ＯＰＮ和ＭＧＰ的ｍＲＮＡ水平明显升高,损伤后１,７,１４ｄ,两者的ｍＲＮＡ水平逐渐     

脑啡肽增强胶质细胞的神经营养作用与NO生成减少有关

本文在ＳＤ大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞神经元共培养模式上,以神经元存活、突起生长、生长相关蛋白４３（ｇｒｏｗｔｈａｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ４３,ＧＡＰ４３）ｍＲＮＡ的表达为指标,观察了脑啡肽对胶质细胞神经营养作用的影响,并对其机理作了初步探讨。结果表明,经脑啡肽处理的胶质细胞能使神经元的存活计数增加２８％（Ｐ＜００５）,单个神经元突起总长度增加１１％（Ｐ＜００５）,最长突起长度增加１６％（Ｐ＜００５）,ＧＡＰ４３ｍＲＮＡ的表达增加２６％（Ｐ＜００５）。然后又观察了脑啡肽（１０－６～１０－１２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对培养胶质细胞生成一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的影响。结果表明,浓度为１０－８,１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的脑啡肽能明显抑制其生成（Ｐ＜００５）。结果提示,脑啡肽可能增强胶质细胞的神经营养作用,其机制之一可能是通过抑制胶质细胞ＮＯ的生成。     

人白介素6受体基因在痘苗病毒载体系统中的表达

人ＩＬ－６受体是一个在各种细胞上表达的跨膜糖蛋白分子,是ＩＬ－６发挥细胞效应所必需的。本文通过将ＩＬ－６４ ｃＤＮＡ重组到痘苗病毒的ＴＫ基因中构建成重组痘苗病毒ＶＩＬ６４。细胞原位杂交和ＡＰＡＡＰ染色结果表明,感染ＶＩＬ６Ｒ后的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中,ＩＬ－６Ｒ在ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平上于现较强后     

Overexpression of HuD, but not of its truncated form HuD I+II, promotes GAP-43 gene expression and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells in the absence of nerve growth factor

We have previously shown that the RNA-binding protein HuD binds to a regulatory element in the growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 mRNA and that this interaction involves its first two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs). In this study, we investigated the functional significance of this interaction by overexpression of human HuD protein (pcHuD) or its truncated form lacking the third RRM (pcHuD I+II) in PC12 cells. Morphological analysis revealed that pcHuD cells extended short neurites containing GAP-43-positive growth cones in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). These processes also contained tubulin and F-actin filaments but were not stained with antibodies against neurofilament M protein. In correlation with this phenotype, pcHuD cells contained higher levels of GAP-43 without changes in levels of other NGF-induced proteins, such as SNAP-25 and tau. In mRNA decay studies, HuD stabilized the GAP-43 mRNA, whereas HuD I+II did not have any effect either on GAP-43 mRNA stability or on the levels of GAP-43 protein. Likewise, pcHuD I+II cells showed no spontaneous neurite outgrowth and deficient outgrowth in response to NGF. Our results indicate that HuD is sufficient to increase GAP-43 gene expression and neurite outgrowth in the absence of NGF and that the third RRM in the protein is critical for this function.     

The RNA-binding protein HuD is required for GAP-43 mRNA stability, GAP-43 gene expression, and PKC-dependent neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells

The RNA-binding protein HuD binds to a regulatory element in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the GAP-43 mRNA. To investigate the functional significance of this interaction, we generated PC12 cell lines in which HuD levels were controlled by transfection with either antisense (pDuH) or sense (pcHuD) constructs. pDuH-transfected cells contained reduced amounts of GAP-43 protein and mRNA, and these levels remained low even after nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation, a treatment that is normally associated with protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent stabilization of the GAP-43 mRNA and neuronal differentiation. Analysis of GAP-43 mRNA stability demonstrated that the mRNA had a shorter half-life in these cells. In agreement with their deficient GAP-43 expression, pDuH cells failed to grow neurites in the presence of NGF or phorbol esters. These cells, however, exhibited normal neurite outgrowth when exposed to dibutyryl-cAMP, an agent that induces outgrowth independently from GAP-43. We observed opposite effects in pcHuD-transfected cells. The GAP-43 mRNA was stabilized in these cells, leading to an increase in the levels of the GAP-43 mRNA and protein. pcHuD cells were also found to grow short spontaneous neurites, a process that required the presence of GAP-43. In conclusion, our results suggest that HuD plays a critical role in PKC-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and that this protein does so primarily by promoting the stabilization of the GAP-43 mRNA.     

Specific Proteolysis of Neuronal Protein GAP-43 by Calpain: Characterization,Regulation, and Physiological Role

The mechanism of specific proteolysis of the neuronal protein GAP-43 in axonal terminals has been investigated. In synaptic terminals in vivo and in synaptosomes in vitro GAP-43 is cleaved only at the single peptide bond formed by Ser41; this is within the main effector domain of GAP-43. Proteolysis at this site involves the cysteine calcium-dependent neutral protease calpain. The following experimental evidences support this conclusion: 1) calcium-dependent proteolysis of GAP-43 in synaptosomes is insensitive to selective inhibitor of micro-calpain (PD151746), but it is completely blocked by micro- and m-calpain inhibitor PD150606; 2) GAP-43 proteolysis in the calcium ionophore A23187-treated synaptosomes is activated by millimolar concentration of calcium ions; 3) the pattern of fragmentation of purified GAP-43 by m-calpain (but not by micro-calpain) is identical to that observed in synaptic terminals in vivo. GAP-43 phosphorylated at Ser41 by protein kinase C (PKC) is resistant to the cleavage by calpain. In addition, calmodulin binding to GAP-43 decreases the rate of calpain-mediated GAP-43 proteolysis. Our results indicate that m-calpain-mediated GAP-43 proteolysis regulated by PKC and calmodulin is of physiological relevance, particularly in axonal growth cone guidance. We suggest that the function of the N-terminal fragment of GAP-43 (residues 1-40) formed during cleavage by m-calpain consists in activation of neuronal heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein G(o); this results in growth cone turning in response to repulsive signals.