刺激大鼠迷走神经向中端对其不同脑区5-HT含量的影响

采用荧光分光光度法,测定脑内5-HT的含量,观察电刺激两侧颈迷走神经向中端对大鼠海马、下丘脑和中-桥脑内5-HT含量的影响,结果如下:(1)刺激迷走神经向中端后,三脑区的5-HT含量均显著增加(P<0.05-0.005);(2)侧脑室内注射新斯的明(10μg/10μl)或烟碱(10μg/10μl)后,刺激迷走神经向中端使三脑区5-HT含量增多的效应显著提高(p<0.01-0.001);(3)侧脑室内注射六烃季胺(250μg/10μl)后,刺激迷走神经向中端使三脑区5-HT含量增多的效应显著下降(p<0.05-0.005);(4)侧脑室内注射阿托品(10μg/10μl)或纳洛酮(10μg/10μl)后,不影响刺激迷走神经向中端引起的三脑区5-HT含量增多的效应(p>0.05)。由此看来,迷走传入冲动很可能先使脑内Ach释放增多,然后,Ach作用于N-胆碱受体而导致海马、下丘脑和中-桥脑内5-HT含量增加。以上结果表明,在脑内,迷走传入纤维和5-HT能神经元之间可能存在着机能联系。     

切除肾上腺后的迷走——垂体加压反应

张锡钧等(1937、1938)自发现垂体后叶能因迷走神经的反射刺激而分泌加压素后,复证实催产素亦可因同样机制而分泌。谢维铭(1938)显示刺激迷走神经中枢端所引起的血醣增加,为加压素的另一功能。吕运明等(1965)报道刺激狗、猫、羊、猪的迷走神经向中端均可引起血压升高反应(以下简称:迷走-加压反应)。切除垂体或两侧肾上腺,再刺激迷走神经向中端,血压仍升高。二者完全切除后,加压反应消失,但有时仍出现微弱的加压反应。等(1961,1964,1965,)在急性猫实验中,刺激其迷走神经向中端,血压出现双杷图形,在颈内动脉注射乙酰胆碱(以下简称Ach)可得同样结果,切除     

谷氨酸单钠化大鼠弓状核对束旁核痛单位放电的影响

下丘脑弓状核(ARC)是脑内β-内啡肽(β-end)能神经元胞体主要集中的核团(Bloom et al.,1978;Finley et al., 1981)。刺激大鼠ARC能明显抑制丘脑束旁核(PF)痛单位的诱发放电,而且,这种抑制效应可被吗啡受体阻断剂纳洛酮所阻断(陈向阳等,1986)。 新生期大鼠腹腔注射谷氨酸单钠(Monosodium Glutamate,MSG)能选择性地破坏ARC区神经元胞体(Krieger et al.,1979)。本实验在新生期注射MSG的成年大鼠上观察刺激ARC对PF痛单位放电的影响,以进一步探讨ARC在痛觉调制中的作用。     

内源性吗啡样多肽和镇痛

内源性吗啡样多肽(简称内啡肽)是近年来从脑、垂体、肠分离出来的一类具有吗啡样活性的神经多肽,目前已达8种,它们可能是一类新的神经递质或神经调节物质。其中脑啡肽是两个5肽:亮-脑啡肽及甲硫-脑啡肽,其脑内分布与(阿片)受体有相当显著的平行关系。β-内啡肽首先发现于垂体,然后亦在脑内找到。在脑内给药时其镇痛作用比脑啡肽强而持久。最近有许多资料提示脑刺激或针剌引起的镇痛都可能是由于激活了脑内的内啡肽能神经原使之释放内啡肽。本文讨论了有关的进展。     

刺激迷走神经向中端对大鼠中枢内β-内啡肽和强啡肽含量的影响

本工作利用放射免疫测定法研究了刺激迷走神经向中端对大鼠中枢内β-内啡肽和强啡肽含量的影响,结果如下:脊髓、丘脑和垂体内β-内啡肽含量减少(P<0.05),而海马、中脑、桥延和皮层则显著增加(P<0.05);强啡肽在海马内含量增高(P<0.05),而在脊髓则显著减少。(P<0.01)。这一结果提示内源性阿片肽与迷走神经传入联系具有一定的机能联系。     

大鼠蓝斑核区神经降压素对迷走—加压反应的影响

本文应用放射免疫、核团微量注射及组织荧光分光测定等实验方法,研究大鼠蓝斑核区神经降压素对迷走-加压反应的影响。结果表明:1.电刺激颈迷走神经向中端,孤束核、蓝斑核区和下丘脑中神经降压素免疫活性物的含量明显增高(p<0.05)。2.蓝斑核区注入神经降压素后,刺激颈迷走神经向中端,迷走-加压反应明显减弱(P<0.01),并呈明显的量效依赖关系。3.蓝斑核区注入抗神经降压素血清,迷走-加压反应明显加强(p<0.01)。4.蓝斑核区注入神经降压素后,刺激颈迷走神经向中端,该区去甲肾上腺素含量明显增高(p<0.05)。以上结果提示:内源与外源性神经降压素参与迷走-加压反应的调节过程,并可能与神经降压素引起蓝斑核区去甲肾上腺素含量增加有关。     

大鼠孤束核神经降压素在迷走—加压反应中的作用

采放放射免疫、核团微量注射及组织荧光分光测定等实验方法,研究了大量孤束核神经降压素对迷走－加压反应的影响,结果表明,１．不走神经向中端,孤束核神经降压素免疫活性物的含量明显增高;２．孤束核内注入抗神经降压素血清后,刺激颈迷走神经向中端,迷走－加压反应明显;３．孤束核内注入神经降压素后,刺激颈迷走神经向中端,迷走－加压反应明显减弱,４．孤束核注入神经降压素后,刺激颈迷走神经向中端,孤束核去甲腺素含量     

刺激迷走神经向中端引起的垂体后叶加压素和肾上腺素的反射性释放

强锡钧等曾进行中枢神经化学性傳递的研究,发现刺激用他狗或本身血液灌输狗头的迷走神经向中端能使给毒扁豆硷(eserine)后的他狗或本身下部的血压升高。在猫的实验中得到了证实。切除垂体后,给以毒扁豆硷,刺激迷走神经向中端,仍得加压反     

樟薄孔菌发酵液醇沉物的急性毒性和对小鼠肝癌H_(22)体内抑瘤活性

<正>樟薄孔菌Antrodia camphorata又称樟芝、牛樟菇、樟内菇等,是台湾特有的珍稀药用菌(宋爱荣2002),具有抗肿瘤(Chen et al.1995)、抗氧化(You et al.2002)、消炎(Shen et al.2004)等功效。樟薄孔菌成分复杂,主要含有多糖(Chang et al.     

山地麻蜥继饥饿后的补偿生长

动物继饥饿后一段时间后恢复喂食,在恢复生长阶段中常出现高于正常生长速度的补偿生长现象.有关脊椎动物补偿增长的研究主要集中在畜禽类、哺乳类和鱼类(Wilson et al.,1960;Plavnik et al.,1985;Drew et al.,1975;Pitts,1986;Kim et al.,1995),并且已在一些经济动物的饲养中利用补偿增长效应而提高经济效益.爬行动物是否存在补偿生长的现象迄今不明.本研究以山地麻蜥(Eremias breuchleyi)作为实验对象,研究其继饥饿后的补偿生长,预期为揭示爬行动物饥饿胁迫条件下的生长对策提供基础资料.     

The effect of the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin on the enkephalin level in the rat brain

Met- and leu-enkephalin contents in midbrain (including hypothalamus) and striatum of rats were determined by radioimmunoassay after bestatin (racemate) injection (200 g, i.c.v.). It was found that bestatin administration influenced the midbrain met-enkephalin content, values and directions of the changes observed being dependent upon the time after the injection. The data obtained confirm the participation of aminopeptidase in enkephalin inactivation and present evidence for the possibility of regional variations of enkephalin catabolism pathways in the brain.     

Enkephalin and cyclic nucleotide content in the brain structures of rats at different stages of the formation and development of alcoholic dependence

Rats with increased alcohol motivation have been found to have a rise in enkephalin levels in limbic cortex and a decrease in met-enkephalin levels in the brain basal ganglia. Reduction of met-enkephalin to leu-enkephalin ratio in basal ganglia, limbic cortex and hypothalamus may serve as an index of increased inclination to ethanol in these animals. Alcohol dependence is characterized by reduced cAMP content in the majority of brain structures studied, sharply decreased met-enkephalin levels in limbic cortex and hypothalamus, and diminished cAMP and cGMP content in hypothalamus. In the third stage of experimental alcoholism the partial normalization of met-enkephalin and cAMP levels is observed in brain structures, with cGMP content increased in hypothalamus and considerably reduced in basal ganglia.     

Met- and leu-enkephalin immuno- and bio-reactivity in human stomach and pancreas

Acid extracts of human pancreas and gastric corpus and antral mucosa and muscularis were investigated for the presence of met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin by radioimmunoassay, Sephadex chromatography and radioreceptor assay. As the assays for leu-enkephalin crossreacted with those for met-enkephalin, only cyanogen bromide-treated samples were used for the determination of leu-enkephalin. Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was destroyed by more than 94% when treated with cyanogen bromide. Serial extract dilutions displaced ¹²⁵ I labelled met-enkephalin and ¹²⁵ I leu-enkephalin in the respective enkephalin radioimmunoassay both roughly parallel to the standard curves. Sephadex chromatography of the extracts resulted in elution of met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity similar to the size of ³H-met-enkephalin, and these eluates displaced ³H-met-enkephalin from rat brain membranes in an opioid radioreceptor assay. The highest concentration of met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in tissue obtained at surgery was in the mucosa of the body of the stomach. Met- and leu-enkephalin receptor bioreactivity concentrations exceeded immunoreactivity concentrations. These investigations provide evidence of the presence of met-enkephalin- and leu-enkephalin-like substances in human stomach and pancreas.     

Immunocytochemical localization of methionine enkephalin: preliminary observations.

Antiserum directed against methionine enkephalin (metenkephalin) was used to determine its anatomical distribution in rat brain. Cross reactivity of that antiserum was not detectable against leucine enkephalin (leu-enkephalin), β-lipotropin (β-LPH), β-endorphin or assorted peptide fragments of met-enkephalin; alpha-endorphin was 370 times less active than met-enkephalin. The localization of met-enkephalin was carried out in the presence of excess leu-enkephalin and yet could be blocked with equal amounts of met-enkephalin. Met-enkephalin was detected in several structures in the spinal cord, medulla, pons, mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon. No met-enkephalin was detected in cerebellum or cerebral cortex.     

The influence of electrical stimulation of vagus nerve on elemental composition of dopamine related brain structures in rats

Recent studies of Parkinson's disease indicate that dorsal motor nucleus of nerve vagus is one of the earliest brain areas affected by alpha-synuclein and Lewy bodies pathology. The influence of electrical stimulation of vagus nerve on elemental composition of dopamine related brain structures in rats is investigated. Synchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence was applied to the elemental micro-imaging and quantification in thin tissue sections. It was found that elements such as P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br and Rb are present in motor cortex, corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, ventral tectal area, and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. The topographic analysis shows that macro-elements like P, S, Cl and K are highly concentrated within the fiber bundles of corpus striatum. In contrast the levels of trace elements like Fe and Zn are the lowest in these structures. It was found that statistically significant differences between the animals with electrical stimulation of vagus nerve and the control are observed in the left side of corpus striatum for P (p = 0.04), S (p = 0.02), Cl (p = 0.05), K (p = 0.02), Fe (p = 0.04) and Zn (p = 0.02). The mass fractions of these elements are increased in the group for which the electrical stimulation of vagus nerve was performed. Moreover, the contents of Ca (p = 0.02), Zn (p = 0.07) and Rb (p = 0.04) in substantia nigra of right hemisphere are found to be significantly lower in the group with stimulation of vagus nerve than in the control rats.     

下丘脑前区的脑啡肽参与急性心肌缺血减弱颈动脉窦升压反射的效应

家兔急性心肌缺血时,下丘脑等脑区亮啡肽(L-Enk)含量显著升高,延脑未见明显变化,向下丘脑前区直接注射微量L-Enk,同阻断冠脉效应相同,也可减弱窦升压反射。该区注射纳络酮(Nx)可逆转心肌缺血减弱窦升压反射的效应,而对正常兔的窦升压反射没有明显影响。提示:急性心肌缺血时,下丘脑前区的脑啡肽可被激活,并参与窦升压反射的调节。但在正常情况下,这些脑啡肽可能处在非活动状态,在窦升压反射的调节中可能不起重要作用。     

Analysis of the mechanism of the stress-protective action of delta sleep-inducing peptide

By RIA there were studied the contents of corticosterone, ACTH, beta-endorphin and insulin in the blood plasma, met- and leu-enkephalin in different regions of the rat brain and in the adrenal glands after a 6-hour immobilization. The stress increased the content of corticosterone, ACTH, beta-endorphin, but not insulin in the blood plasma, and the levels of met-enkephalin in the adrenal glands, but decreased the met-enkephalin contents in the striatum. The injection of DSIP (0.1 mg/kg, i/p) blocked partly the elevation of corticosterone only. The authors propose, that stress-protective action of DSIP is realized with the involvements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal gland system.     

Production of enkephalins by the human and bovine corpus luteum

In search of early pregnancy factors, we detected by radioimmunoassay the presence of enkephalin in bovine and human corpus luteum. In vitro met-enkephalin release by bovine corpus luteum is about 0.5 to 1 pmole/mg of fresh tissue/24 hrs. The content of the fresh tissue is between 0.7 and 1.9 pmoles per gram of human tissue, and 0.9 pmoles for bovine tissue. Furthermore, we determined the presence of leu-enkephalin and met-enkephalin Arg-Gly-Leu to. The ratios observed confirm a pro-enkephalin A expression in the ovary. Opiates or opioid-like peptides are present in the female genitalia at the time of early embryo development. The roles of these opioid peptides is discussed in term of ovum transport, granulosa cell physiology and early pregnancy factors.     

Evidence for a Selective Processing of Proenkephalin B into Different Opioid Peptide Forms in Particular Regions of Rat Brain and Pituitary

The distribution of five major products of proenkephalin B [dynorphin1-17, dynorphin B, dynorphin1-8, alpha-neo-endorphin and beta-neo-endorphin] was studied in regions of rat brain and pituitary. The distribution pattern of immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin B (= rimorphin) was found to be similar to that of ir-dynorphin1-17, with the highest concentrations being present in the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. HPLC and gel filtration showed the tridecapeptide dynorphin B to be the predominant immunoreactive species recognized by dynorphin B antibodies in all brain areas and in the posterior pituitary. In addition, two putative common precursor forms of dynorphin B and dynorphin1-17 with apparent molecular weights of 3,200 and 6,000 were detected in brain and the posterior pituitary. The 3,200 dalton species coeluted with dynorphin1-32 on HPLC. In contrast with all other tissues, anterior pituitary ir-dynorphin B and ir-dynorphin1-17 consisted exclusively of the 6,000 dalton species. Concentrations of dynorphin1-8 were several times higher than those of dynorphin1-17 in striatum, thalamus, and midbrain while posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, pons/medulla, and cortex contained roughly equal concentrations of these two opioid peptides. No dynorphin1-8 was detected in the anterior pituitary. Concentrations of beta-neo-endorphin were similar to those of alpha-neo-endorphin in the posterior pituitary. In contrast, in all brain tissues alpha-neo-endorphin was found to be the predominant peptide, with tissue levels in striatum and thalamus almost 20 times higher than those of beta-neo-endorphin. These findings indicate that differential proteolytic processing of proenkephalin B occurs within different regions of brain and pituitary. Moreover, evidence is provided that, in addition to the paired basic amino acids -Lys-Arg- as the "typical" cleavage site for peptide hormone precursors, other cleavage signals also seem to exist for the processing of proenkephalin B.     

Sex and hormonal cycle differences in rat brain levels of pain-related cannabimimetic lipid mediators

One important function of endocannabinoids and related lipid mediators in mammalian central nervous system is modulation of pain. Evidence obtained during the last decade shows that altered levels of these compounds in the brain accompany decreases in pain sensitivity. Such changes, if sexually dimorphic, could account for sex differences in pain and differences that occur during different phases of the hormonal cycle in females. To examine this possibility, we measured the levels of the pain-modulatory lipids anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, N-arachidonoyl glycine, N-arachidonoyl gamma amino butyric acid, and N-arachidonoyl dopamine in seven different brain areas (pituitary, hypothalamus, thalamus, striatum, midbrain, hippocampus, and cerebellum) in male rats, and in female rats at five different points in the estrous cycle. The cerebellum did not demonstrate a change in endocannabinoid production across the estrous cycle, whereas all other areas tested showed significant differences in at least one of the compounds measured. These changes in levels occurred predominantly within the 36-h time period surrounding ovulation and behavioral estrus. Differences between males and females were measured as either estrous cycle-independent (all estrous cycles combined) or cycle-dependent (comparisons of males to each estrous cycle). In cycle-independent analyses, small sex differences were observed in the pituitary, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and striatum, whereas no differences were observed in the thalamus, midbrain, and hippocampus. In cycle-dependent analyses, the hypothalamus and pituitary showed largest sex differences followed by the striatum, midbrain, and hippocampus, whereas no sex differences were measured in thalamus and cerebellum. These data provide a basis for investigations into how differences in sex and hormonal status play a role in mechanisms regulating endocannabinoid production and pain.