Cytologische Untersuchungen des Zwitterganges und des Spermoviduktes vonHelix pomatia L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Gestalt und Verlauf des Darmkanales von Viviparus Viviparus L., Bithynia Tentaculata L. und Helix Pomatia L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 14 Textabbildungen     

Zur Struktur und Funktion des Exkretionssystems von Ascaris lumbricoides L.

Zusammenfassung Das Exkretionssystem von Ascaris lumbricoides besteht aus einer einzigen großen etwa H-förmigen Zelle, deren lange Sehenkel in den lateralen Epidermisleisten der Tiere liegen. Die Schenkel sind jeweils von einem intrazellulären Kanal durchzogen, dessen Lumen nach den elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen nach hinten zu schnell abnimmt. Die Kanalwandung ist aus geschichteten Cytoplasmaplatten aufgebaut, die anscheinend aus einer dicht gepackten Vesikelschicht hervorgehen. Auch die äußere Zellmembran besitzt Oberflächendifferenzierungen in Form tiefer Einfaltungen. Die Zellschenkel sind von schwammartigen Hüllzellen zur Leibeshöhle hin umgeben. Eine Basalmembran bildet die Grenze zur Leibeshöhle.Die physiologischen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß das Exkretionssystem für die Osmoregulation ohne Bedeutung ist; dagegen spielt das System für die Ionen-Regulation eine Rolle: Nach Aufenthalt in stark Na⁺-haltigen Medien steigt die Konzentration an Na⁺ im Endharn stark an, die Konzentration an K⁺ sinkt; nach Aufenthalt in stark K⁺-haltigen Medien war es genau umgekehrt. Die Konzentration an K⁺ und Na⁺ in der Leibeshöhlenflüssigkeit blieb erhalten.Die morphologischen Befunde lassen es unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, daß sich der Harn durch Filtration bildet. Gegen eine Filtration spricht auch der Befund, daß in die Leibeshöhle eingebrachtes Inulin im Endharn nicht nachweisbar war. Die Harnbildung erfolgt daher wahrscheinlich durch Sekretion.

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Structure and function of the excretory system of Ascaris lumbricoides L.

Summary The excretory system of Ascaris lumbriocoides L. is formed by one single cell. This cell is H-shaped, with the two long tubules running in each lateral chord on both sides of the animal. The diameter of tubular lumen declines rapidly along tubular length. The cellular wall is formed by layers of cytoplasma plates which seem to originate in a densely packed vesicle layer (Fig. 2). The outer cellmembrane has deep basal infoldings. Between cell and body cavity spongelike cells are located. The body cavity is lined with a basal membrane.The constancy of final urine osmolality during immersion in hypo- or hypertonic solutions demonstrated no important role of the excretory system in osmoregulation, whereas the Na⁺-and K⁺-excretion varied remarkably with the electrolyte composition of the bathing solution (Fig. 9), indicating the importance of the excretory system in ion regulation of body fluid. Inulin-C¹⁴ injected into body cavity was not excreted in the final urine, a result consistent with the finding that no filtration elements were detected by morphological examination. Therefore in this animal urine is formed by secretion.

     

Die Sekretion des Mitteldarms von Tenebrio molitor L. und die Regulation des Wasserhaushaltes bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Luftfeuchten

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten.Herrn Prof. Dr. O. Kuhn zum 60. Geburtstag.     

Beitrag zur fortpflanzungsbiologie und morphologie des genitalapparates von boreus hiemalis L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Weitere Untersuchungen zur Feinstruktur und Innervation des Pinealorgans von Passer domesticus L.

Zusammenfassung Im Parenchym der Epiphysis cerebri von Passer domesticus kommen Nervenzellen vor. Ihre Neuriten ziehen im langgestreckten Epiphysenstiel zur Commissura habenularum. Im proximalen Endabschnitt des Epiphysenstiels wird ein Teil dieser Fasern myelinisiert. Zwischen die Nervenfasern schieben sich zahlreiche Pinealocytenausläufer; synaptische Bänder helfen die letzteren eindeutig zu identifizieren. Im Bereich der synaptischen Bänder liegen: 1. 300 Å Vesikel, 2. 300 Å Vesikel und 800–1200 Å Granula, 3. nur 800–1200 Å große granulierte Vesikel. Die Tatsache, daß in Pinealocytenausläufern nebeneinander synaptische Bänder und Granula vorkommen, und daß apikal in zilientragenden Zellen ebenfalls Granula nachweisbar sind, spricht dafür, daß bei Passer domesticus ein Pinealzelltyp sensorische und sekretorische Strukturmerkmale besitzen kann. Außerdem werden Kontaktsynapsen beobachtet; ihre praesynaptischen Fasern enthalten die gleichen Strukturelemente wie die Fasern mit synaptischen Bändern. Die Zahl der Mikrofibrillen und Mikrotubuli variiert in den Pinealocytenausläufern, in den postsynaptischen Dendriten und in den Neuriten so stark, daß es mitunter schwierig ist, diese Fortsatztypen einwandfrei zu unterscheiden und die Zahl der zum Gehirn ziehenden Neuriten exakt zu ermitteln.Efferente sympathische Nervenfasern dringen in die Bindegewebssepten der Epiphyse ein. Sie enthalten Granula mit einem Durchmesser von 300–500 Å und 800–1200 Å. Nach Injektion von Nialamid zeigen beide Granulatypen einen elektronendichten Kern. Mikrospektrographisch ist Serotonin und Noradrenalin in diesen Nervenfasern nachweisbar. Das Material dieser Studie enthält keinen fluoreszenzmikroskopischen oder elektronenmikroskopischen Hinweis darauf, daß die sympathischen Nervenfasern durch die Basalmembran in den Zellverband des Epiphysenparenchyms eintreten. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild haben manche Pinealocytenausläufer eine Ähnlichkeit mit autonomen Nervenfasern.Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Vogelepiphyse als photo-neuro-endokrines Organ wird diskutiert.

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Further investigations on the structure and innervation of the pineal organ of Passer domesticus L.

Summary The pineal organ of Passer domesticus contains nerve cells within its parenchyma. Axons of the nerve cells run within the elongated stalk of the pineal organ to the habenular commissure. At the proximal end of the stalk, some axons become myelinated. In the stalk, the axons intermingle with pinealocyte processes containing synaptic ribbons. The synaptic ribbons are in contact with (1) vesicles with a diameter of 300 Å; (2) 300 Å diameter vesicles and 800–1,200 Å diameter dense-core granules; or (3) the dense-core granules only. Dense-core granules are also present in pinealocytes with 9+0 type cilia. These results suggest that sensory and secretory structures are present in the same pineal cell type. Furthermore, conventional synapses are present between receptor and nerve cells: The presynaptic fibers have the same structure as the fibers containing synaptic ribbons. The numbers of microfibrils and microtubules vary among postsynaptic fibers (dendrites), the pinealocyte processes, and the neurites. Thus it is difficult to obtain an exact count of the number of axons running to the brain.Efferent sympathetic nerve fibers enter the pineal organ associated with the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels. The fibers show granules of 300–500 Å diameter or 800–1,200 Å diameter. After nialamide injection, both types of granules contain a dense core. Microspectrographically serotonin and noradrenaline are demonstrated in the sympathetic nerve fibers. There is no evidence found in the material of this study to suggest that sympathetic nerve fibers perforate the basement membrane and enter the parenchymal cell complexes of the pineal organ. Pinealocyte processes and sympathetic nerve fibers often show a very similar ultrastructural pattern.The role of the avian pineal organ in photo-neuro-endocrine regulation is discussed.

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Bau und funktionen der blutzellen des mehlkäfers Tenebrio molitor L.

Summary The morphology and the functions of the blood cells of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor L. are investigated with various methods in histological preparations and in unharmed, living pupae under completely natural conditions with timelapse and slow-motion microcinematography. Thus it is possible to immediately observe their normal shape and funktions. It was found that conventional methods of obtaining haemolymph from live or dead insects extensively change the behaviour and shape of the blood cells. A method for gaining haemocytes of unaltered morphological appearance for histological investigations is described. The fine structure in light and electron microscopy, histochemistry of inclusions and some enzymes, behaviour in the pupa, locomotion, cell division, clotting, phagocytosis, histolysis, wound healing, encapsulation of foreign bodies, behaviour in tissue culture and death of the blood cells are studied in detail. Two main groups of blood cells with clear differences in shape, inclusions, and functions are distinguished. The first group consists of oval or disc-like blood cells with rounded outline. They contain many mucopolysaccharide granules, little RNA, and few mitochondria. In the haemocoel of the normal animal, they show no recognizable changes or activities, but remain ready in a state of high reactivity to explode in the process of clotting in fractions of seconds at injuries at contact with the outer atmosphere or with foreign bodies. The second group is chiefly concerned with functions within the body and comprises spindle-shaped cells with pointed processes, or polymorphous cells, containing much RNA, many mitochondria, some reserve material, but only few or no mucopolysaccharide granules. The polymorphous amoeboid forms; devoid of mucopolysaccharide granules and often loaded with reserve materials and cell fragments, are capable of active movement, phagocytosis; and secretion. They are engaged in several functions in the normal animal and undergo characteristic changes under pathological influences. Spindle-shaped cells are able to transform into polymorphous pseudopodial forms. The clotting of the haemolymph consists of three combined components, 1. formation of a meshwork of strands, 2. coagulation of the lymph, 3. formation of pseudopodial cells; it is an immediate activity of the blood cells and no sole reaction of the haemolymph. The single actions of the three components are demonstrated by inhibiting the other two ones respectively, and can be correlated to certain types of blood cells or inclusions: coagulation of the haemolymph to the cells with round outline, formation of strands to the mucopolysaccharide granules from which they arise, and transformation into amoeboid forms to the spindle-shaped cells. The haemocytes arise by mitosis and differentiation from small original forms. Comparison with the conditions in some other insect species reveales that the strict separation into two different haemocyte groups as in Tenebrio does not generally occur; however the basic functional patterns remain the same in alle observed cases. A new nomenclature is proposed and discussed which is not based on morphological but on physiological characteristics of blood cells.     

Gliederung und Verbreitung des FormenkreisesLanius schach L

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Enzymaktivitäten und Intermediatspiegel des Glucosekatabolismus bei proliferierenden und Suberin synthetisierenden Speicherparenchymzellen von Solanum tuberosum L.

Summary Isolation of tissue fragments from the potato tuber can initiate either periderm formation including suberin synthesis or cell proliferation without cicatrization effects. TCA-cycle activity has been shown to develop only in causal correlation with suberin synthesis (Lange, 1970). Biochemical pathways of carbohydrate metabolism are analysed by investigating the changing levels of 10 intermediates and the activities of 12 corresponding enzymes. Differences between the metabolic kinetics of the two contrasting types of tissue are discussed as the biochemical background of different respiratory behaviour and different histogenetic development.Glucose and pyruvate as well as all triose- and hexosephosphates investigated except 6-phospho-gluconate generally show an intensive rise in concentration after derepression with subsequent degradation. In several cases not a concomitant rise but rather a contrary drift between the concentration of metabolites and the activity of corresponding enzymes is observed, e.g. phosphoglucomutase/glucose-6-phosphate, enolase/phosphoenolpyruvate. This phenomenon is connected with the occurrence of suberin synthesis and remains totally absent in proliferating tissue.After derepression the pentose phosphate shunt (6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase) is strongly activated independently of different histogenetic processes. On the other hand, the glycolytic pathway via fructose-6-phosphate becomes more effective in suberizing tissue, as is indicated by enhanced activity of phosphoglucoisomerase and accumulation of F-6-P.Little or no difference can be found with regard to hexokinase, triosephosphateisomerase, aldolase and pyruvate-kinase; on the other hand suberin formation strongly stimulates phosphoglyceromutase. From the high activity of the TCA-cycle in suberin synthesizing cells it must be concluded that acetyl-CoA is formed at a high rate by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, which leads finally to citrate synthesis. Measurements of different steps of pyruvate metabolism and respiration suggest an inhibition of this pathway in proliferating tissue. Sim a taneously certain compensatory reactions are activated. The activity of glutamaulpyruvate-transaminase increases considerably, whereas it is almost entirely eliteinated in suberin synthesizing cells. Moreover, malic enzyme activity showsmgreater increase in proliferating tissue, and large pools of pyruvate, phospho(enol)-pyruvate, and 2-phospho-glycerate are accumulated. The difference in the glycolytic metabolism of the two tissues suggests a suppression of periderm formation and its substitution by cell proliferation as a result of insufficient production of precursors of suberin biosynthesis such as acetyl-CoA and fatty acids.

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Auszug aus einer Habilitationsschrift der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Frankfurt a.M., 1969.