香蕉果实成熟相关基因研究进展(综述)

本文从乙烯生物合成、呼吸作用、碳水化合物代谢、细胞壁降解及其它有关成熟的代谢过程等方面,概述与香蕉果实成熟相关的基因研究进展。     

控制果实成熟的植物基因工程研究进展

八十年代以来植物基因发展日新月异,并取得重要成果,１９９４年５月２１日Ｃａｌｇｅｎｅ Ｉｎｃ公司的Ｆｌａｖｅ Ｓａｖｒ＾ＴＭ的番茄成为获准在美国出售的第一种遗传工程完整食品,这标志着利用基因要实的成熟已进入产业化阶段,具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的经济效益。     

乙烯受体在果实成熟及花衰老中的研究进展

乙烯受体是乙烯信号转导网络的第一个转导元件,通过调控受体基因的表达,可以调节植物对乙烯的敏感性,以调控果实的成熟及花衰老进程的响应.随着人们对乙烯受体研究的深入,乙烯受体突变体及受体抑制剂在采后果实和切花保鲜上的应用已受到广泛关注.就近年来关于乙烯受体的相关研究进展进行综述,重点介绍了乙烯受体的分子调控机制及乙烯受体在...     

果实成熟过程相关调控基因研究进展

果实成熟过程中,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ）参与果胶的分解,从而在果实软化中起作用,新近发现,果实软化过程中,协同展蛋白具有一定的作用：ＡＣＣ合成酶（ＡＣＳ）、ＡＣＣ氧化酶（ＡＣＯ）和ＡＣＣ脱氨酶与乙烯合成直接有关,ＡＣＳ是乙烯形成的关键酶,由多基因家族编码,各个基因协同表达,每一基因都有自己的转录特性,新近不断发现果实中ＡＣＳ基因家族中的新成员;ＡＣＯ是一种与膜结合的酶,这种酶具有结构上的立体专一性     

果实成熟的基因调控

果实的成熟过程是由一系列生理生化学变化过程组成,这些变化过程受到外界环境条件、植激素和基因的调控。随着近年来有关果实成熟衰老的基因的分离,定性及反义基因技术在控制果实成熟上的成功应用,对揭示果实成熟衰老的分子机理起到了重要作用。本文就近来果实成熟基因调控研究进展作一简要评述。     

果实成熟的基因调控

果实的成熟过程是由一系列生理生化变化过程组成,这些变化过程受到外界环境条件、植物激素和基因的调控。随着近年来有关果实成熟衰老的基因的分离、定性及反义基因技术在控制果实成熟上的成功应用,对揭示果实成熟衰老的分子机理起到了重要作用。本文就近年来果实成熟基因调控研究进展作一简要评述 。     

烟草乙烯受体研究进展(综述)

对近几年有关烟草乙烯受体基因研究的最新进展作简要介绍,并就今后该领域的研究方向进行探讨。已知烟草乙烯受体家族至少包括NtETR1、NtERS1、NTHK1和NTHK2等4种基因,其中NTHK1和NTHK2同源且有相似结构,两者的激酶活性与细菌双组分调节系统非常相似,激酶活性需要一些二价阳离子的参与。烟草乙烯受体在细胞内的作用位点还缺少研究。     

乙烯生物合成途径及其相关基因工程的研究进展(综述)

在对植物激素乙烯生理功能作简要回顾的基础上着重对乙烯的生物合成途径中的关键酶,包括腺苷蛋氨酸合成酶、ACC合成酶及ACC氧化酶的性质和基因的研究进展作了综述,同时展现出了与调控内源乙烯生物合成有关的基因工程的整体轮廓。     

猕猴桃果实乙烯受体基因Ad-ETR1的克隆及其表达

以"布鲁诺"美味猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa cv.Bruno)果实为材料,根据其它植物乙烯受体氨基酸保守区序列,设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出1个657bp大小的cDNA片段(Ad-ETR1)该片段编码219个氨基酸,与其它植物乙烯受体及其基因的氨基酸及核苷酸同源性在72%～90%之间.Northern杂交结果表明,猕猴桃果实成熟衰老进程中Ad-ETR1 mRNA的积累趋于增加.这种积累的最大值出现在乙烯进入跃变之后;乙烯处理可以促使Ad-ETR1 mRNA最大值提前出现,乙酰水杨酸(ASA)处理则显著抑制Ad-ETR1表达.     

Differential expression of expansin gene family members during growth and ripening of tomato fruit

cDNA clones encoding homologues of expansins, a class of cell wall proteins involved in cell wall modification, were isolated from various stages of growing and ripening fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). cDNAs derived from five unique expansin genes were obtained, termed tomato Exp3 to Exp7, in addition to the previously described ripening-specific tomato Exp1 (Rose et al. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 5955–5960). Deduced amino acid sequences of tomato Exp1, Exp4 and Exp6 were highly related, whereas Exp3, Exp5 and Exp7 were more divergent. Each of the five expansin genes showed a different and characteristic pattern of mRNA expression. mRNA of Exp3 was present throughout fruit growth and ripening, with highest accumulation in green expanding and maturing fruit, and lower, declining levels during ripening. Exp4 mRNA was present only in green expanding fruit, whereas Exp5 mRNA was present in expanding fruit but had highest levels in full-size maturing green fruit and declined during the early stages of ripening. mRNAs from each of these genes were also detected in leaves, stems and flowers but not in roots. Exp6 and Exp7 mRNAs were present at much lower levels than mRNAs of the other expansin genes, and were detected only in expanding or mature green fruit. The results indicate the presence of a large and complex expansin gene family in tomato, and suggest that while the expression of several expansin genes may contribute to green fruit development, only Exp1 mRNA is present at high levels during fruit ripening.     

Identification of an ETR1-homologue from mango fruit expressing during fruit ripening and wounding

We have isolated a mango (Mangifera indica L.) cDNA homologue of the ethylene receptor gene ETR-1, referred to as METR1, which codes for a polypeptide of 802 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 89 kDa. The amino acid sequence is highly homologous (over 80 percnt;) to ETRs from other fruits. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that two or more ETR homologues exist in mango. RNA blot analysis revealed that the level of METR1 mRNA in the mesocarp increased during fruit ripening. In addition, it was found that the METR1 mRNA increases transiently during wounding of the tissue. This is the first report of an ETR homologue showing an induction during fruit ripening and wounding.     

Ethylene regulation of fruit ripening: Molecular aspects

Progress in ethylene regulating fruit ripening concerning itsperception and signal transduction and expression of ACC synthaseand ACC oxidase genes is reviewed. ACC synthase and ACC oxidasehave been characterized and their genes cloned from various fruittissues. Both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are encoded bymultigene families, and their activities are associated withfruit ripening. In climacteric fruit, the transition toautocatalytic ethylene production appears to be due to a seriesof events in which ACC sythase and ACC oxidase genes have beenexpressed developmentally. Differential expression of ACCsynthase and ACC oxidase gene family members is probably involvedin such a transition that ultimately controls the onset of fruitripening.In comparison to ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, less is knownabout ethylene perception and signal transduction because of thedifficulties in isolating and purifying ethylene receptors orethylene-binding proteins using biochemical methods. However, theidentification of the Nr tomato ripening mutant as anethylene receptor, the applications of new potent anti-ethylenecompounds and the generation of transgenic fruits with reducedethylene production have provided evidence that ethylenereceptors regulate a defined set of genes which are expressedduring fruit ripening. The properties and functions of ethylenereceptors, such as ETR1, are being elucidated.Application of molecular genetics, in combination withbiochemical approaches, will enable us to better understand theindividual steps leading from ethylene perception and signaltransduction and expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genefamily member to the physiological responses.     

Induction of a Citrus gene highly homologous to plant and yeast thi genes involved in thiamine biosynthesis during natural and ethylene-induced fruit maturation

Maturing citrus fruit undergo pigment changes which can be enhanced by exogenous ethylene. In order to identify genes induced by ethylene in citrus fruit peel, we cloned the gene c-thi1. mRNA corresponding to c-thi1 increased gradually in the peel during natural fruit maturation and in response to ethylene. GA₃ pretreatment reduced the inductive effect of ethylene. Levels of c-thi1 increased also in juice sacs but the effect of ethylene was much less prominent. c-thi1 is homologous to yeast and plant genes encoding for an enzyme belonging to the pathway of thiamine biosynthesis. The data suggest that thiamine is involved in citrus fruit maturation.     

The role of ethanol and acetaldehyde in flower senescence and fruit ripening – A review

Ethanol and acetaldehyde are present in carnation flowers during the senescence process. If applied to cut carnations, flower longevity is increased. These same compounds are found in increasing concentrations during fruit ripening, and the application of acetaldehyde can promote the ripening process. If the natural concentrations are increased by means of external application of either acetaldehyde or ethanol, ripening of some fruits may be inhibited. Acetaldehyde apparently inhibits the formation of ethylene, by preventing the action of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. Low concentrations of ethanol may prevent normal climacteric respiration from occurring. If ethanol is present in high concentrations, it leads to increased membrane permeability and damages the lipid bilayers, where the site of ethylene action is suspected to be. The effect of both acetaldehyde and ethanol on binding sites, respiration and ethylene production are reviewed. An attempt is also made to provide some understanding of the interrelationship between ethanol and acetaldehyde. The role played by alcohol dehydrogenase in this relationship remains largely unexplored.