变形链球菌电击转化条件的优化研究

目的为增强对变形链球菌的电击转化效率,探索常用的胞壁弱化剂甘氨酸在电击转化中的加入模式。方法以氨苄青霉素抗性的pGL3 basic质粒作为外源DNA,通过电击转化导入变形链球菌参考株UA159内,并在选择性培养基上筛选阳性转化克隆,以优化筛选出最佳的甘氨酸加入浓度与模式,同时比较了不同电击方案转化效率的差异。结果在变形链球菌对数生长期后加入终浓度为10%的甘氨酸可有效地增强电击转化的效率;而不同的电转电压的选择对于转化效率的影响,在本实验中差异未见显著性。结论研究证实了甘氨酸作为胞壁弱化剂可增强对变形链球菌的转化效率,并优化了对变形链球菌的电击转化方案。     

高渗提高凝结芽孢杆菌P4-102B菌株的电击转化效率

【目的】凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)是一种非常有工业应用前景的微生物,但遗传转化的困难是限制对其进行代谢工程改造的关键因素。本研究主要考察生长培养基、电击缓冲液、复苏培养基中添加高渗剂如山梨醇、甘露醇等对凝结芽孢杆菌转化效率稳定性的影响,并对凝结芽孢杆菌电击转化条件进行优化。【方法】用穿梭质粒p NW33N电转化凝结芽孢杆菌P4-102B,系统地考察高渗条件下细胞生长阶段、感受态菌体浓度、电击缓冲液组分和复苏培养基组成等因素对转化效率的影响。【结果】同一电场压力下高渗体系转化效率较低渗体系明显提高且稳定性较好,菌体在含有0.5 mol/L山梨醇的LB培养基中生长到OD600为0.8时收集,用SMG[0.5 mol/L山梨醇,0.5 mol/L甘露醇,10%(质量体积比)甘油]电击缓冲液洗涤菌体4次制备感受态,在固定电场强度14 k V/cm、脉冲时间5 ms、1 mm规格的电转杯进行电击转化,电转化后立即加入含有0.5 mol/L山梨醇和0.38 mol/L甘露醇的LB复苏培养基培养,能够获得最佳的转化效率2.7×102 CFU/μg DNA。【结论】使用高渗电击转化法能够提高电击转化的稳定性和重复性,并且可以获得较高的转化效率。     

杜氏盐藻电击转化方法的系统优化

本研究系统分析了盐藻生长状态、电击条件、电击缓冲液成分和质粒浓度等条件对电击转化效率的影响。实验结果表明:正常接种后培养7d对数生长中期的盐藻细胞,在25μF、0.8kV的电击条件下加入终浓度为10μg/mL的质粒可使盐藻电击转化效率达到1.85‰;电击缓冲液中加入0.4mol/L的甘油可使转化效率显著提高至2.03‰(P<0.05)。在上述优化电击体系下,运用3种不同质粒分别转化盐藻细胞后获得的转化效率无显著差异。通过对电击转化中相关因素的优化,本研究建立了一种适用于杜氏盐藻的高效稳定的电击转化体系,为杜氏盐藻的转基因研究提供有效方法。     

甘油对杜氏盐藻电击转化的影响

通过在HEPES电击缓冲液中添加不同浓度的甘油,讨论了甘油对电转前细胞存活率的影响;通过在盐藻培养基中添加不同浓度的甘油,讨论了甘油对盐藻细胞生长的影响;使用含有不同浓度甘油的HEPES缓冲液介导质粒载体转入盐藻细胞,比较了甘油对于转化率的影响。实验结果表明,在电击缓冲液中添加0.5mol/L甘油能有效提高细胞存活率,促进转化细胞恢复生长,从而获得最佳转化效果。因此,0.5mol/L甘油可作为杜氏盐藻电击转化过程中一种良好的稳渗剂。     

酵母细胞的电击高频转化

用Ｂｉｏ－Ｒａｄ生产的基因脉冲仪进行酿酒酵母电击转化实验,得到的最适条件为：５ｋｖ／ｃｍ２５μＦ和２００Ω。电击后涂布前的培养时间为２小时。电击后细胞存活率为４６％时,每微克质粒ＤＮＡ得到１０６以上的转化子。用相同的质粒和受体菌进行原生质体法和醋酸锂法比较实验,转化率分别为２×１０４和３．５×１０２个转化子／μｇＤＮＡ。电击转化是最方便易行和高效率的方法。     

电转化条件对大肠杆菌XL1-Blue菌株转化效率的影响

探讨XL1-Blue菌株电转化的最优条件。通过改变电压、质粒DNA浓度、细菌生长周期等影响电转化的重要条件,做出转化率的变化曲线,从中探索电转化的最优条件。实验结果得出在电容25μF、电阻200 Ω、电压2.5 kV、D600nm为0.3～0.4、0.2 cm电转化杯、DNA终浓度0.1μg/ml、感受态细胞终浓度2.5×1012、氨苄青霉素浓度50μg/ml的条件下,电转化效率最高,可达到7.64×108。电转化实验转化效率高,重复性好,为成功的建立抗体库提供了保证。     

电击法介导的紫孢侧耳原生质体转化

使用基因脉冲导入仪成功地将糙皮侧耳DNA导入紫孢侧耳单核原生质体内,获得了具有"锁状联合”特征的双核转化菌株T₁,和T₂。转化率为8．2×10^-5,转化比为3．6％。酯酶同I酶分析结果表明,转化菌株除具有受体菌的酶带外,还存在供体菌的酶带,由此证明转化菌株确为紫孢侧耳和糙皮侧耳DNA重组的产物。转化菌株子实体形态也发生了变化。两菌株子实体均不释放孢子;T₁。菌柄中生,T₂成熟子实体菌盖中部易长出菌丝。     

电击法诱导的欧白英原生质体转化和转化植株再生

本研究使用电击法成功地将带有标记基因NPTⅡ的质粒pCaMVNEO转入欧白英的原生质体,并获得了再生转化植株。通过用pDW2质粒进行的CAT基因短暂表达研究,确定了欧白英原生质体转化的电击条件为：电容30nF、电场强度l 500V／cm、时间衰变常数59．4微秒;质粒DNA浓度为20μg／2×10⁶原生质体。在以上条件下,欧白英原生质体的相对转化率为12．4％,绝对转化率为2.4×10^-4在大多数抗性愈伤组织和从抗性愈伤组织再生的植株中检测到新霉素磷酸转移酶活性。分子杂交结果也证明了在转化植株中存在NPTⅡ基因序列,而未转化的对照植株则没有。     

质粒浓度对氯化钙转化法转化效率的影响

在保证其他条件一致的情况下．设置质粒浓度梯度并建立阴性对照进行研究来确定大肠杆菌DH50t氯化钙转化法时的最佳质粒浓度,结果表明质粒浓度为10^2ng／μL时的转化效率最高。与其他质粒浓度相比,质粒浓度为10^2ng／μL时的转化效率最高,实验重复性好,成本低廉,操作简便,而且对目的基因的克隆也具有重要意义,因此值得推广使用。     

植病生防菌成团泛菌电击转化条件的研究*

研究了植病生防菌成团泛菌（Ｐａｎｔｏｅａ ａｇｇｌｏｍｅｒａｎｓ）的电击转化条件。结果表明受体菌固体培养、生长到对数早期时的细胞转化效果最好;质粒ＤＮＡ分子量增加１０培,转化效率降低１００倍;质粒ＤＮＡ浓度在０．０１－１μｇ／μＬ范围内其变化与转化频率呈正比,与转化效率成反比;从成团泛菌中提纯的质粒ＤＮＡ比从大肠杆菌中提纯的相同质粒ＤＮＡ转化成团泛菌的效率高出３０倍;最佳电击条件为场强１５ｋＶ／ｃ     

乳杆菌电转化条件的研究

用Pgk12、Pmg36c等质粒电转化不同的乳杆菌。研究了影响转化效率的多种因素。受体细胞经20μg/ml氨苄青霉素处理1h,可以提高转化效率200倍。同时,发现电击后的细胞必需在高渗培养基中才能存活,电击后2～3h的复苏表达期和用亚抑制抗生素浓度选择转化子,这些对电转化成功以及提高转化效率都是十分关键的。在改进电转化方法中,各种参数为电场强度8.75kV/cm,电阻100Ω或200Ω,电容25μF和2×磷酸缓冲液。     

Effects of DNA Topology on Transformation Efficiency of Bacillus subtilis ISW1214 by Electroporation

We report an investigation of electrotransformation by three different topological isomers, circular supercoiled (sc DNA), circular relaxed (cr DNA), and linearized (In DNA) forms of the plasmids pUB110 (4.5 kbp) and pBDR331T (12.6 kbp), of a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis ISW1214. Treatment of the sc DNA with calf thymus topoisomerase I removed the superhelicity and the DNA assumed the relaxed circular form. Treatment of sc DNA with restriction endonuclease linearized the DNA. The transformation with the sc DNA of pUB110 resulted in the maximum efficiency of (2.6±0.6) × 10⁵ transformants per μg DNA higher than that ((2.0±0.3) × 10⁴ transformants per μg DNA) for the cr DNA, using the DNA concentration of 20 μg/ml at an electric field strength of 7kV/cm and a capacitance of 10 μF with a single decayed pulse. The transformation efficiency (TE) for the In DNA was zero. The variations of TE for different topological forms of DNA reflected their relative stability in the host cells. The molecular efficiency (ME, transformants per molecule) for sc DNA was nearly one order of magnitude greater for the lower molecular size of pUB110 DNA than that for the higher molecular size of pBDR331T DNA.     

环形电极介导的小麦基因转化

用环形电极电激法有效地将外源DNA导入完整的小麦幼胚组织中。电激的物理参数采用770V／cm场强、800μF电容、100μg／mL质粒DNA(含有bar和GUS双标记基因),幼胚被电激3次。经PCR和Southern杂交分析表明,外源基因已稳定整合到小麦基因组中,转化频率为7．5％,高于相同处理条件下基因枪法的转化频率(4．2％)。     

电脉冲穿孔法将几丁质酶基因导入巨大芽胞杆菌

为了探索适宜于巨大芽胞杆菌电脉冲转化条件,将带有沙雷氏菌几丁质酶编码基因的穿梭质粒转化到植病生防菌—巨大芽胞杆菌B1301中。以芽胞杆菌B1301对数期细胞为感受态细胞,采用不同的电击转化条件进行转化,通过转化率和几丁质酶活性表达认为巨大芽胞杆菌的最佳电击转化条件为电压1000 V/mm,电容25μF,电阻400Ω,转化率为9.6×104/μg质粒,几丁质酶活性表达的菌株几率为41.67%。     

Transformation system of rice suspension-cultured microcolonies by Electroporation

For establishing a transformation system of rice (Oryza sativa), after three days of culture embryogenic suspension-cultured cell clusters were enzymatically macerated for 2 hours in electroporation buffer containing 2% cellulase and filtered through 550, 400, 250 and 100 μm stainless mesh. Filtered embryogenic microcolonies of 100–250 μm with pBI121 were electroporated at 400 V/cm for 1.2 ms. Four weeks after the electroporation, stable transformed calli were obtained at a frequency of 72% on the selection medium containing 100 mg/L kanamycin. GUS gene in the genomic DNA among 20 out of 22 putative transformed calli lines were detected by PCR analysis. The expression of GUS gene into the kanamycin-resistance calli was confirmed by spectrophotometric assay and histochemical assay of GUS activity. In a histochemical study of the transgenic rice regenerants, it was shown that the GUS activity directed by the CaMV 35S promoter was localized mainly in leaf vein and root apex.     

The Effect of thecrp Genotypes on the Transformation Efficiency in Escherichia coli

We have found that a significant difference exists in transformationefficiency between the crp⁺/crp^– isogenic pair of strainsof Escherichia coli, with the efficiency being much higher incrp^– than in crp⁺. The ratio of transformation efficiencybetween crp⁺ and crp^– strains depends very little on theplasmid size. This observation suggests that the differenceof the transformation efficiency is due to mechanisms otherthan a crp-regulated endonuclease. The crp gene is one of thefirst specific genes that have been shown to affect transformationefficiency.     

The Transformation of the Unicellular Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Electroporation

The cell wall–lacking mutant CW-15 of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was transformed by electroporation using plasmid pCTVHyg, which was constructed with the hygromycin phosphotransferase genehpt as the selective marker and the Tn₅ transposon of Escherichia coli under the control of the virus SV40 early gene promoter. Under optimal conditions (10⁶ mid-exponential cells/ml; electric field strength 1 kV/cm; and pulse length 2 ms), the transformation yielded 10³ Hyg^R transformants per 10⁶ recipient cells. The exogenous DNA integrated into the nuclear genome of Ch. reinhardtii was persistently inherited through more than 350 cell generations. The advantages of this system for the transformation ofCh. reinhardtii with heterologous genes are discussed.