秋茄红树植物落叶分解的碎屑能量研究

测定了红树植物秋茄（Ｋａｎｄｅｌｉａ ｃａｎｄｅｌ （Ｌ．） Ｄｒｕｃｅ）落叶在不同季节分解过程中碎屑的热值和富能有机化合物的变化。结果表明,季节间落叶的热值差别不大,平均为１９．６３ ｋＪ／ｇ干重或２１．５５ ｋＪ／ｇ 去灰分干重。各季节的落叶在其分解后的碎屑的热值均明显提高,且夏秋季快于冬春季,但它们与分解程度有相应的相关关系：分解初期上升,后期稍降,最大值出现在半分解期（失重５０％ ）附近。碎屑的最大热值平均比落叶的热值提高１７．６７％ （干重热值）或１４．３５％ （失灰分干重热值）。分解中总能量的耗散稍慢于干物质的损失。随分解的进行,碎屑中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维的能量增大,而无氮浸出物的能量减少。     

红树植物秋茄落叶分解碎屑的有效能研究

测定了福建红树植物秋茄各季节落叶分解碎屑中水解有效能（ＨＡＣ）、无丹宁水解有效能（ＴＦＨＡＣ）和化学有效能（ＣＡＣ）的绝对含量和相对含量。测定结果表明：落叶中有效能的绝对含量和它占总能量的百分含量的季均值是：ＨＡＣ４．０６ｋＪ／ｇＤＷ,２０．８５％;ＴＦＨＡＣ３．３２ｋＪ／ｇＤＷ,１６．６８％。在半分解（失重率为５０％）的碎屑中它们降为ＨＡＣ１．７５ｋＪ／ｇＤＷ,９．２５％ ;ＴＦＨＡＣ１．６４ｋ     

九龙江口秋茄（Kandelia candel）红树林掉落叶自然分解与落叶腐解微生物的关系

 通过对九龙江口秋茄红树林人工模拟凋落叶自然分解过程中落叶腐解与落叶腐解微生物变化的研究,结果表明：1．随落叶分解进程,落叶腐解微生物数量有了显著地变化;就细菌、放线菌和丝状真菌等三大类群微生物数量来看,整个过程以细菌占绝对优势,其数量在200×104一8800×104个／克干重,占三大类群微生物总数量的96—99%以上。这表明细菌是落叶分解起主要作用的微生物类群。2．微生物各生理类群中,以氨化细菌数量最多,在26×104一180×104个／克干重;而亚硝化细菌,反硝化细菌及纤维分解菌分别仅在0.03×104一0.24×104,0.03×104一0.10×104及1.14×104一7.33×104个／克干重。表明氨化细菌是有机物质无机化的主要生理类群。并且氨化作用、亚硝化作用和反硝化作用是同时进行;并随落叶腐解周期的延长(半腐解周期内)而加强,唯强度不一,它反映了该生境干、湿交替的沼泽化特点。纤维分解菌数量的变化较特殊,在落叶腐解第2周时,有了明显增多,至第4周达全周期的最高值,而以后周期都与初始叶面纤维分解菌的数量相近,甚至减少。从微生物活性的变化测定结果来看,与上述微生物生理类群的变化特点是相一致的。3．在该生境中,落叶腐解速度是很快的,当落叶入土1周后将近1／4有机物被腐解,至第6周达半腐解状态。随落叶腐解有机物质无机化程度的加速,残叶中单位叶重的可溶性总糖含量和全磷量都明显地减少,而全氮含量显著地增加。     

盐度对秋茄凋落叶分解过程中物质与能量动态的影响

在室内人工模拟潮汐, 研究了4种盐度(0、10‰、25‰和35‰, 分别代表淡水、低盐、中盐和高盐)下秋茄(Kandelia candel)凋落叶分解过程中物质与能量动态的差异。结果表明, 高盐处理下的失重率和平均分解速率显著低于淡水和低盐处理, 而高盐下的半分解理论值则高于其他处理; 盐度对分解过程中的残叶氮磷变化动态有显著影响, 其中, 残叶氮的释放速率在实验后期会随着盐度的升高而上升, 高盐度下残叶总氮含量显著低于低盐或淡水处理; 而在分解第1周, 淡水或低盐处理能加速磷的释放, 但中高盐度残叶中总磷含量最终会低于淡水和低盐处理; 盐度同样能对残叶热值产生显著影响, 淡水和低盐处理下的碎屑热值要显著高于高盐处理下的残叶热值, 但不同盐度下分解的能量损失差异不显著。     

茶园冬季乔木落叶的分解和矿质元素释放

在我国南方存在着一种传统植茶方式——茶林复合生态系统,近年来人们已逐步认识到它在维持土壤肥力,抗御自然灾害和保证茶叶内质特性等方面的作用,然而对冬季乔木落叶分解和矿质元素释放的作用尚无报道。本文是对安徽省黄山市休宁县茶树-乌桕复合园和茶树-板栗复合园的冬季乔木落叶分解的研究,为全面认识茶林复合生态系统的性质提供依据。     

福建秋茄红树林碳氢氮素的动态研究

本文主要探讨了福建九龙江口２０ａ生人工秋茄红树群落Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ素的含量、贮备及年动态。结果表明：（１）秋茄植物体不同组分Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ素含量有一定差异,含量范围分别为：Ｃ４３．８１％─５１．２２％、Ｈ４．５０％─５．６８％、Ｎ０．２３％─１．８０％,组分间差异程度顺序为Ｃ＜Ｈ＜Ｎ。原子数率为Ｃ（１）Ｈ（１．１１─１．４８）Ｎ（０．００４─０．０３４）。（２）群落Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ素现存总库量分别为７４５７．５３ｇ／ｍ￣２、８３７．４８ｇ／ｍ￣２和７３．６１ｇ／ｍ￣２,其中地上部分别占５９．３１％、５８．４０％和５９．５４％,地下部分别占４０．６９％、４１．６０％和４０．４６％。（３）群落年净固定Ｃ素、结合Ｈ素和吸收Ｎ素分别为１１１３．４１ｇ／ｍ￣２、１２４．３７ｇ／ｍ￣２和１６．８３ｇ／ｍ￣２,其中用于群落自身增长而存留的分别为６８４．８８ｇ／ｍ￣２、７７．１５ｇ／ｍ￣２和６．６５ｇ／ｍ￣２,经凋落物年输出的分别为４２８．５３ｇ／ｍ￣２、４７．２２ｇ／ｍ￣２和１０．１８ｇ／ｍ￣２。（４）群落年能量净固定量为４３５４４ｋＪ／ｍ￣２,年Ｏ＿２净释放量为２９６９ｇ／ｍ￣２。     

毛白杨落叶分解的研究

本文对毛白杨落叶在土壤中的分解进行了为期一年的研究。结果表明:土壤微生物的活动导致落叶中氮、水溶性糖、钾和钙含量的变化,而落叶中磷、钠和镁的含量变化不显著;落叶分解可提高土壤中氮的含量,土壤中有效钾在分解前期也有明显提高。设计的室内保温保湿试验表明温度和湿度明显地影响分解程度,但对分解变化的趋势和微生物的演替影响较小。     

人工合成污水对秋茄幼苗的几个生态生理学指标影响初报

人工合成污水对秋茄幼苗的几个生态生理学指标影响初报陈桂珠,缪绅裕（中山大学,广州５１０２７５）谭凤仪（香港城市理工学院,香港）黄玉山（香港科技大学,香港）Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｏｎｅｃｏ－ｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｎ...     

Cloning and Functional Expression of Cycloartenol Synthases from Mangrove Species Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Kandelia candel (L.) Druce

To obtain cDNAs encoding oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), we cloned two cDNAs, KcCAS and RsCAS, from roots of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce and leaves of Rhizophora stylosa Griff. by homology based PCR method respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of both OSCs showed 82% homology to cycloartenol synthases from Lotus japonicus (OSC5) and Ricinus cummunis (RcCAS), suggesting that these are cycloartenol synthases of K. candel and R. stylosa. The genes obtained were expressed in a lanosterol synthase deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ERG7) strain, GIL77. GC–MS analysis identified the accumulated reaction product in the yeast transformant to be cycloartenol, indicating that both KcCAS and RsCAS encode cycloartenol synthase.     

Molecular cloning and functional expression of a multifunctional triterpene synthase cDNA from a mangrove species Kandelia candel (L.) Druce

Homology based PCRs with degenerate primers designed from the conserved sequences among the known oxidosqualene cylases (OSCs) have resulted in cloning of a triterpene synthase (KcMS) from the young roots of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (Rhizophoraceae). KcMS consists of a 2286 bp open reading frame, which codes for 761 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 79% homology to a lupeol synthase from Ricinus communis suggesting it to be a lupeol synthase of K. candel. KcMS was expressed in a lanosterol synthase deficient yeast with the expression vector pYES2 under the control of GAL1 promoter. GC-MS analysis showed that the transformant accumulated a mixture of lupeol, beta-amyrin and alpha-amyrin in a 2:1:1 ratio, indicating that KcMS encodes a multifunctional triterpene synthase, although it showed high sequence homology to a R. communis lupeol synthase. This is the first OSC cloning from mangrove tree species.     

The complex effects of the invasive polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. on benthic nutrient dynamics

The effects of the polychaetes Marenzelleria sp. (Polychaeta, Spionidae), nonindigenous, rapidly increasing species in the Baltic Sea, on benthic nutrient fluxes, denitrification and sediment pore water nutrient concentration were studied in laboratory experiments using a flow-through setup with muddy sediment from coastal regions of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, different forms of sediment phosphorus (P), separated by chemical fractionation, were studied in three sediment layers. At a population density corresponding to about half the highest measured in the northern Baltic Sea, Marenzelleria sp. increased the fluxes of P and ammonium to the water column. No effect could be recorded for denitrification. Since the previously dominant species of the area, Monoporeia affinis, can enhance denitrification and lower the amount of dissolved P in the pore water, the replacement of M. affinis with Marenzelleria spp. may lead to increased P flux to the water column and decreased denitrification, further increasing the ammonium flux to the water column. However, sediment reworking by Marenzelleria spp. also oxidizes the surface sediment in the long run, improving its ability to retain P and support nitrification. Therefore, the impact of Marenzelleria spp. on sediment nutrient release may not be as drastic as the initial reactions seen in our experiments suggest.     

Production,nutrient dynamics and initial decomposition of floating leaves of Nymphaea alba L. and Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. (Nymphaeaceae) in alkaline and acid waters

Production, turnover and nutrient dynamics of floating leaves of Nymphaea alba L. and Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. were studied in four aquatic systems in The Netherlands, differing strongly in water quality. Production was 108–447 g AFDW.m⁻² for N. lutea and 319–348 g AFDW.m⁻² for N. alba. Turnover ranged from 3.6 to 4.4 without much difference between the sites and the species. During senescence 60–70% of the N and P from the leaves was resorbed by both of the plant species. The nutrient flow from the floating leaves into the detritus food chain differed considerably between the species and sites studied, mainly because of the differences in production. The data suggest that production is strongly influenced by the environment, whereas turnover and nutrient resorption during senescence seem to be plant characteristics. There was little difference in dynamics of the chlorophyll-α concentration in the leaves of the two species, irrespective of the growing site. Floating leaves of both species lost about 70% of their area due to fragmentation in the alkaline waters, whereas in the acid water very little fragmentation was observed.     

苦橙叶精油化学成分及抗炎作用研究

为探究苦橙叶精油的抗炎作用。实验采用气相-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析精油成分,并建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW 264.7细胞炎症模型,用Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)含量评价其体外抗炎作用,随后进一步通过巴豆油致小鼠耳肿胀模型和鸡蛋清致小鼠足肿胀模型评价其体内抗炎作用。结果表明苦橙叶精油成分以酯类、醇类物质为主;25μg/mL浓度能显著抑制RAW 264.7细胞NO的释放;中浓度苦橙叶精油能明显减轻小鼠耳肿胀程度;低、中、高浓度苦橙叶精油均对小鼠足肿胀模型有炎症缓解作用,并于肿胀前期呈浓度依赖性。以上实验证明苦橙叶精油在体外和体内具有一定抗炎作用。     

Chemical fingerprint,acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves from Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum

Inflammation is a protective response of the organism against damaging agents, this process is considered beneficial, however in some situations, this response can be damage when exacerbated effect are present. This claim objective to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative chemical profile, acute toxic and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves from Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum. (HELTF). Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed by HPLC-DAD and colorimetric assay. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was determined in Croton oil-induced ear edema assay and systemic activity was performed in vascular permeability, paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. Phytochemical analysis of leaves from HELTF showed presence of tannin, flavonoid, saponins an other that confirmed by HPLC analysis. The extract did not cause significant with LD₅₀ greater than 5000 mg/kg and did not promote significate reduction in topical inflammatory process. However, HELTF demonstrate significant reduction of paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. The HELTF (200 mg/kg) reduced the protein/cell migration in the intradermal carrageenan-induced inflammation. Our results demonstrated that the first time the chemical profile and describe the effective action in systemic anti-inflammatory, antiedematogenic activity and low acute toxicity. This activity presents, supporting its traditional use. However, new studies are necessary for the detection and clarification of the possible mechanism of action.