浅析高中生物环境教学的实践思考

生物的环境适应性教学也即环境生物学,它以受人类干扰的生态系统为研究对象,以现场调查、室内实验、生物模拟等技术为研究方法,从生态环境切入,研究自然的保护,以促进人类对自然的合理利用,为保护和改善人类的生存环境提供理论基础,促进人、生物、环境的协调平衡发展。     

空气氧的环境生态学效应

空气氧作为自然界生物圈中生物群落生存和发展的重要物质基础 ,其含量直接关系着人类的健康 ;同时 ,做为生态系统的核心组分之一 ,空气氧可通过一系列环境生态效应对微小生态进行调节 ,由此所产生的对人群的间接生物学效应也日益受到关注 ,特别是与提高环境质量的关系不容忽视。本文简述空气氧的有关环境生态学效应。1　空气氧含量与空气物理特性Ｏ2 作为空气化学组成的重要成分 ,可影响空气中的太阳辐射、电离、离子化等物理性状及其生物学效应[1,2 ] 。1 1　空气氧与空气离子化　空气分子和原子在自然或人为条件下 ,失去电子成为空气正离…     

在科学教学中明确“社会文化”对科学的影响

《普通高中生物学课程标准(2017年版)》中强调,科学本质观对于目标的达成起到重要的帮助作用。其中,理解科学会受到社会和文化的影响是科学本质对生物学教学提出的建议之一。在科学发展历程中,社会文化与科学密切交织,互相影响,同时也改变着生物学课程教育的发展轨迹。通过融入科学史教学、参与社会性科学议题讨论,以及在课程中融入技术与工程学等方法,教师可帮助学生明确社会文化对科学的影响作用,进而更好地理解科学本质,促进学科核心素养的有效达成。     

海岛型城市人居环境质量评价——基于厦门市和平潭综合实验区的对比

21世纪是海洋世纪,海岛地位日益凸显,人居环境是海岛型城市发展质量的重要表征,然而目前学术界针对海岛城市人居环境质量评价的成果还较为鲜见。基于人居环境理论,构建了海岛型城市人居环境质量评价体系,选取厦门市和平潭综合实验区两个处于不同发展阶段的典型海岛型城市作为研究对象,综合评价了两个城市人居环境质量及动态变化。结果显示:(1)厦门和平潭人居环境质量均处于稳定提升状态,厦门人居环境宜居度更高,二者差距呈增大趋势;(2)城市人居环境系统与城市经济子系统二者存在相互协调、制衡的关系,不同发展阶段的协调度呈现一定的差异;(3)海岛城市人居环境质量受到自然、人类、社会、居住和支撑系统等5个子系统的综合影响,且各个子系统在不同发展阶段对人居环境的贡献率有所不同,发展初期的平潭人居环境自然子系统呈负向发展,人类子系统变化不大,社会、居住和支撑子系统得分贡献有所增加;而发展相对成熟的厦门人居环境自然子系统稳定性高,人类子系统虽呈上升趋势但变化幅度较小,社会子系统、居住子系统以及支撑子系统总体状况较好。研究可为厦门市和平潭综合实验区及国内同类海岛城市人居环境优化调控提供借鉴,同时丰富人居环境评估的实证案例与相关理论。     

环境信号诱导发育的可塑性

有关环境因素作为影响发育的信号导致产生表观多型性的研究,属于遗传学、发育生物学、进化生物学和生态学研究领域的热点问题,在长期的积淀和拓展中形成了一门新的交叉学科——生态发育生物学。该学科以发育的可塑性为理论基础,研究多种环境因子诱导机体在发育中产生表观多型性的机制,包括非遗传多型性和应激性多型性。对于环境、发育和进化三者关系的研究尤为重视。本文介绍了该学科形成的背景,并对其研究主题进行分析和归纳,重点讨论了不同环境因子导致动物表观多型性的机制,包括季节和捕食者诱导的非遗传多型性,营养和激素调节社会性昆虫的品级分化,温度依赖型性别决定中的基因、酶与激素,动物对环境的适应与进化,机体的免疫应答与神经元的可塑性、环境污染物的致畸作用等。并对生态学与发育生物学结合的未来研究前景做了展望。     

我国环境微生物领域中部分特色工作介绍

微生物与环境的相互作用及其相关生物学技术的发展和利用,已经成为当今环境微生物学的主题曲.环境中的微生物以及微生物的环境变化对于人类的生存和发展越来越重要.近年来,我国在环境微生物学的相关研究领域获得了较大的发展和进步.在此,我们将本刊第四期作为"环境微生物专刊",介绍国内众多同行的部分工作,并将其中一些较有特色的研究成果推荐给大家.     

现代生物声学的学科发展趋势及中国机遇

随着数字录音技术、电子学和微电子学、人工智能、信息科学等跨学科领域的技术革新,现代生物声学逐渐与生物学、生态学等学科及关联学科之间形成了广泛的交叉前沿领域。现阶段,现代生物声学主要以生物学、生态学等基础学科的理论方法为指导,着重于揭示环境中各类声音在生物之间以及生物与人类、环境之间的相互作用及相关科学规律,为人类认识、保护和利用生物声学资源提供理论基础和解决方案。本文重点阐述了现代生物声学的学科内涵和学科特征,介绍了动物生物声学、生态声学、水下生物声学、环境生物声学、保护生物声学、计算生物声学以及现代生物声学研究的技术框架等前沿热点和发展趋势,评估了中国生物声学研究的学科现状与发展机遇,并对未来学科建设进行了展望。     

空间环境对秀丽线虫行为及生长发育研究进展

与秀丽线虫有关的研究开始于20世纪60年代,秀丽线虫作为模式生物是第一个完成基因测序的多细胞生物,普遍应用于各种环境对生理和行为学研究中。空间环境以微重力、强辐射作为特点,对秀丽线虫的生理及行为产生很大影响。本文总结了微重力和辐射引起秀丽线虫运动能力、寿命、能量代谢等方面基因表达变化的研究成果。秀丽线虫与人类的序列相似性高达40%,空间环境对秀丽线虫行为及生长发育的研究为空间环境对人类健康影响研究提供数据支持,也为空间损伤修复研究提供理论基础。     

承载力理论的起源、发展与展望

承载力一直是生态学研究的热点、难点和理论前沿.论述了承载力研究起源发展进化历程,绘制了承载力研究起源发展进化图,将承载力研究的发展分为起源奠基、应用探索和理论深化3个阶段,分阶段总结了承载力研究的主要特点、所涉及的学科领域以及争论的不同观点.承载力理论起源于人口统计学,种群生物学和应用生态学,在起源奠基阶段,承载力研究主要是以非人类生物种群增长规律研究为主,完成了一个科学概念或理论所必需的定义内涵、数学表达公式以及科学机理等等的积累;1953年至20世纪80年代中后期为承载力研究的探索争论阶段,在全球资源环境危机背景下,承载力开始应用于解决人类经济社会面临的急迫的资源环境问题,并在应用探索过程中引起大量争论;从20世纪80年代后期承载力研究进入理论深化阶段,人类承载力研究不再简单地套用生物种群承载力理论方法,认识到人类承载力除受资源环境等自然因素的影响外,人类自身文化社会因素也对承载力产生巨大影响,并尝试着将这些因素纳入到承载力方法之中,从而使人类承载力研究从非人类生物种群承载力理论方法中脱胎出来,成为真正意义上的人类承载力研究.     

地球生物学发展的机遇与挑战*

地球生物学已经引起了人们的广泛关注, 目前面临着机遇与挑战并存的发展局面。得益于现代技术方法的大发展, 地球生物学的研究对象经历了从宏体动植物向微体古生物再向地质微生物和地质病毒的发展, 研究主题从气候环境对生物演化的影响进一步拓展到生物演化如何影响气候环境乃至深地过程, 进而回答生命是如何塑造地球的宜居性这个地球科学的根本性难题。研究对象和研究主题的拓展也提升了地球生物学服务人类社会的能力, 资源能源安全的保障、气候—环境—生物多样性危机的协调应对等都需要地球生物学的支撑。同时, 地球生物学的发展也面临着诸多挑战。它首先需要技术方法的进一步革新来带动认识的创新, 其次需要回答生物演化的驱动力问题, 更需要破解生物演化如何影响深地过程, 包括板块运动、火山活动等地质过程, 只有这样才能全面而正确地评估生物是否改变了宜居地球的演化方向, 以及如何应对当前人类所面临的诸多全球性难题。     

环境解说在景观规划设计中的作用与意义

在欧美、日本等国家及中国港台地区,环境解说已成为景观规划设计中的重要内容,如今,环境解说也已经引起了中国内地风景园林学界、业界的关注,但从对环境解说重要性的认知到规划、设计实践能力来看,环境解说还仅是中国景观规划设计表达中的一种“新语言”。从环境解说在景观规划设计中的重要性入手,结合实际案例阐述环境解说之于景观规划设计的重要性：环境解说系统能够使游客的景观理解更加深刻、丰富;对于保护地和国家公园、郊野公园等自然公园的规划设计,环境解说更是体现公园特色和个性的核心工作内容;按照传统风景观来看湿地等缺乏景观变化性、丰富性的自然空间,环境解说甚至可以成为公园游赏系统规划时的主要线索;环境解说具有辅助游客行为管理、提效资源环境保护的功能;优质的环境解说规划设计可以提升景观美感水平。     

Use of macroecology to integrate social justice and conservation

Both conservation biology and macroecology are synthetic, and macroecological research consistently has informed the theory and practice of biological conservation. Explicit integration of the macroecology of human systems and natural systems has been rare, but can advance the incorporation of social justice, environmental justice and environmental equity into conservation biology and participatory conservation (inclusion in decision‐making of those who are affected by, or can affect, that decision). The basis of this strong link is the focus of macroecology on the relations of a given biota to environmental patterns and processes, and these patterns and processes can affect humans differentially. Macroecological integration of social justice and conservation generally requires spatial and temporal representation of all variables at resolutions and extents that allow meaningful analyses. This requirement may facilitate clarity about social metrics and norms. To illustrate, we examine applications of macroecology to analysis of the effects of climate change on social justice and biological conservation; relations among climate, violence among humans and conservation; and the response of the spread of disease to social and ecological factors. We believe that macroecology is a means of providing transparent inferences that can inform conservation, health and social policies.     

Integration of Environmental Indicators for the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region

The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) Project began in 1994 as a partnership between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Region III Office and the Office of Research and Development. This multiyear initiative was envisioned to: (1) improve the quality of environmental science and promote the use of sound science in environmental decision-making; (2) characterize the condition of ecological resources; and (3) report on the progress toward environmental goals through a series of State-of-the-Region reports. These reports are produced using a coordinated, integrated approach that is carried out at four levels of increasing sophistication and complexity. Results indicate that the condition of individual ecological resources can be determined with existing indicators. The results from MAIA are being communicated in a manner that is understood by environmental managers as evidenced by their use in environmental management decision-making. The application of ecological indicators needs to be coupled with an appropriate sampling design to ensure that the measurements made in the environment can be used to address the relevant questions. Multiresource indicators, those that synthesize information on individual ecological resources, are of high priority for research     

Visual ecology: exploring the relationships between ecological quality and aesthetic preference

High ecological quality and an attractive environment are usually two primary goals of landscape design. Understanding the relationships between ecological quality and visual aesthetic preference is needed to reach the two goals simultaneously. However, previous work has not provided definite answers regards these relationships. The current study took place in the riparian zone of Xuzhou, China, to check ecological quality using the qualitat del bosc de ribera (or riparian forest quality) index, and visual aesthetic preference using pictures as surrogates, which were assessed by undergraduate students. Regression analysis revealed a U-shaped distribution of ecological quality in relation to visual aesthetic preference, which indicated that, with higher ecological quality, the visual aesthetic preference could be higher or lower, and a lower ecological quality implied a medium visual aesthetic preference. In addition, enhancing the cover quality (introducing more native plants and reducing man-made elements) of riparian vegetation was an efficient way to align the ecological goal with a visually pleasing landscape.     

Anthropoaesthetics as an aspect of anthropoecology

The source of activity of every individual or group is to a great extent determined by the necessity of interaction with other individuals or groups (Afanasiev, 1990), i.e. with the diversity of anthropological surroundings. This manifests itself in the participation of individuals in the organization of their ecosystems, including the ethnocultural and physical conditions of life (Sukharev, 1998). Therefore it is possible to single out certain ecological aspects of perception of anthropological specificity of the surrounding population by an individual (group), leaning upon the definition of anthropoecology as a discipline, studying the laws of interaction between human communities and the system of natural, social and other factors, (Anthropological dictionary, 2004) as well as the coevolution of humans with their environment, in the process of adaptation (Lisseyev, 2001). At the same time it is usually emphasized that the ecological approach is best of all realized on the base of the principle of reciprocity of development of an individual and the surrounding reality, on the perception of the objects of this reality (including other people) with due regard to the reasons for the preference and corresponding values orientation. This represents the subject of ecological psychology (Sergeyenko, 2002; Pavlenko, 2002). In this context the relations between the individual and the environment (autoecology) as well as between the individual and a group (sinecology) are considered (Lisseyev, 2001).The study of the aesthetic perception of anthropological types by individuals belonging to different ethnoterritorial and age groups is the subject matter of a special branch of physical anthropology-anthropoaesthetics, which studies the peculiarities of the aesthetic preference of human facial features in modern populations, analyzing the dependence of human perception on the anthropological environment (Haldeyeva, 2004).     

基于社会总体偏差和同伴效应修正的海洋生态修复偏好研究

公众参与海洋生态修复对我国海洋环境保护与生态安全具有重要意义。利用单边界二分式引导技术评估青岛市居民海洋生态修复偏好,并从内疚和抵抗心理两方面就社会总体偏差与同伴效应对修复偏好的影响机理进行分析,为政府激发公众参与海洋生态修复的积极性提供理论依据与技术指导。结果表明:①青岛市居民平均每年愿意为海洋生态修复捐赠184.386元,考虑属性重要程度结果表明生物数量的改善可显著提高公众海洋生态修复支付意愿,而公众对改善海水水质和海岸环境并未表现出显著差异性偏好。②社会总体偏差和同伴效应均对公众海洋生态修复支付意愿表现出显著正向影响。③社会总体偏差和同伴效应可通过激发受访者的内疚感提高生态修复支付意愿,但也会导致抵抗心理抑制参与积极性;主观规范正向调节社会总体偏差和同伴效应对支付意愿的影响。研究揭示了公众在海洋生态修复中的偏好和竞争性心理对陈述偏好的影响,可为促进公众参与海洋生态修复和提高海洋环境资源价值评估准确性提供参考。     

基于景感生态学认知的生态环境损害问题辨析

环境污染和生态破坏行为削弱生态系统服务,也会造成美学价值的下降。景感生态学从物理感知与心理认知出发探究生态系统服务特点,有助于剖析生态环境损害特征。从生态环境损害鉴定评估角度,结合案例对恶臭物质污染、噪声污染、光污染等生态环境损害问题的内涵进行分析,并对生态环境损害典型案例中造成的美感、视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉、触觉、风感、方向感和心理反应等负面影响进行了研判。研究发现,大多生态环境损害行为都会破坏生态系统美学价值,给人类感知造成较大冲击;在发现和处理生态环境损害事件过程中,按照人类感知类型汇集的居民感觉信息是一种重要的数据来源。总之,采用景感生态学的研究方法既有利于加强人们对生态系统服务的理解,从而提升保护生态的动力,也有利于抵制生态环境损害行为。     

游客和居民视角下武夷山市生态系统文化服务感知比较研究

生态系统文化服务(CES)的核心是人与自然之间的情感连接,利益相关者视角下的参与式制图是感知与保护热点文化服务地区的有效方法。采用参与式制图与访谈、问卷相结合的方式调查了游客和居民2类群体对武夷山市CES的感知情况;利用空间分析、热点分析和相关性分析比较分析了游客和居民CES的感知差异特征、影响因素及其空间分布格局。结果表明：(1)除了居民月收入对感知有影响外,游客和居民对武夷山市CES认知基本不受人口学特征(性别、年龄、职业和文化程度)的影响(P>0.05);(2)居民的CES价值人均支付保护意愿较游客高。文化遗产、游憩与生态旅游、教育、美学价值是游客和居民都重视的4类子文化服务。游客对文化遗产价值服务的支付意愿最高,而居民则对教育价值服务支付意愿最高。(3)居民对CES价值感知分布空间范围较广,几乎涵盖了武夷山市大部分乡镇;而游客则相对集中,主要位于旅游点密集区域,对其他地区的感知程度较低。CES价值冷热感知程度与旅游点分布呈现相同的空间分布格局,游客和居民对CES价值热点区的感知强度从南向北逐渐降低。(4)从不同文化服务类型权衡/协同关系上看,除了“精神与宗教价值”和“游憩...     

Integrating Environmental Impact Assessment within Kuwait Master Plans as a Tool for Human and Ecological Risk Control

Although it was claimed that the Kuwait Master Plans have helped guide the development in Kuwait from a small mud brick town of 150,000 inhabitants to today's modern metropolis of about 3 million inhabitants, this article argues that the implementation of the first plan in 1952 planted the seeds of human and ecological risk problems in Kuwait, which were intensified later in the 1960s and 1970s. As the latest 2007 Master Plan comprises major development projects, which could certainly have adverse ecological impacts on the environment and human well-being, this article highlights the importance of integrating environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the development projects within the Master Plan as a tool for sustainable development and as an assessment of human and ecological risks before the implementation of such projects. According to the current status, the level of collaboration among the concerned organizations responsible for preparing the Master Plans and conducting the EIA is behind the ambition. This article recommends setting out documented environmental criteria for land use planning and major development projects implementation, so as to control pollution and prevent any environmental change that might impair the public's health or influence future ecological stability.