Hyperosmotic injury in mammalian cells. Volume and alkali cation alterations of CHO cells in unprotected and DMSO-treated cultures.

Correlated studies on volume distributions and cation (Na⁺ and K⁺) content of CHO cells in suspension were carried out after various exposures to hypertonic NaCl or sucrose (500–7550 mOsm in both the presence and absence of DMSO (5–20%; $\text{w}\text{v}$). The effects superimposed by ouabain (10^?2–10^?4m), amphotericin B (6–18 μg/ml), and glutaraldehyde (1.25%) on the above-mentioned parameters were also investigated. Volumetric analysis of CHO cells with the Coulter Channelyzer indicated a biphasic dose-dependent response to hypertonic media, the duration of the

TABLE 2. Correlation between Volume, Survival, and Cation Content of CHO Cells Exposed to Hypertonic Media in Suspension

     

2.

Reproductive potential and endocrinological responses of sheep kept under controlled lighting. I. Comparative reproductive performance of four breed types of ewe     

G. Evans  T.J. Robinson 《Animal reproduction science》1980,3(1):23-37

Five ewes of each of four breed types were kept in each of two environmentally-controlled rooms over a period of 2.5 years. The daylength varied between 20 and 9 h on a 6-monthly cycle, including a period of 22 weeks during which daylength was decreased by 0.5 h per week, 2 weeks in which it increased from 9 to 20 h, and 2 weeks at 20 h; each room operated 3 months out of phase with the other. Towards the end of the period of decreasing daylength each ewe was synchronised with a progestagen sponge for 12 days, given an injection (i.m.) of 750 I.U. pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on withdrawal, and inseminated 48 and 58 h later (500 million fresh undiluted sperm per insemination). Thus, insemination occurred at a single synchronised oestrus every 6 months. Progesterone pregnancy diagnosis was performed on blood samples taken 18 days later and parturition was induced by an injection (i.m.) of 16 mg dexamethasone on day 143 of gestation. Lambs were weaned at birth, allowing the ewes approximately 5.5 weeks to recover before the next insemination and a ‘successive’ conception.The performance of the four types of ewe, starting as maidens, is tabulated.

Osmolality mOsm	Exposure (min)								Hypertonic agent
					NaCl				Sucrose
		$\text{V}{}^{\mathrm{a}}$	Na+	K+	$\text{S}{}^{\mathrm{b}}$	V	Na+	K+	S
1000	60 or less	Small	High	High	High	Normal	Low	High	High
1500–2000	60 or less	Small	High	Low	Low	Normal	Low	High	High
2000 or over	60 or more	Small or largec	High	Very low	Very low	Small	Very low	Very low	Very low

     

3.

A digital thermocouple thermometer     

A R Hayes 《Cryobiology》1974,11(4):378-381

Measurements of the reproducibility of a random selection of copper/constantan thermocouples were made and it was found that they agreed within 1 ° C. Based on this finding, a digital thermocouple thermometer was designed and constructed incorporating a thermocouple linearizer and cold junction compensation. The instrument

Accuracy of the Completed Digital Thermometer

Conceptions	Merino	Dorset Horn × Merino	Border Leic. × Merino	South Suffolk × Merino	$\text{P}$
Successive (%)	20.0	12.5	11.1	47.6	$\text{< 0.01}$
Non-successive (%)	76.0	76.9	66.7	95.0	$\text{< 0.05}$
Overall (%)	51.1	52.4	44.4	70.7	$\text{< 0.05}$
Mean litter size	1.7	1.5	1.5	2.2	$\text{< 0.05}$
Mean lambs per ewe per year	1.8	1.6	1.3	3.1	$\text{< 0.01}$

     

4.

Integrity of lysosomes in the isolated perfused rat liver before and after exposure to dimethylsulphoxide.     

D Lee  R K Holland  A K Groufsky 《Cryobiology》1979,16(1):18-23

We have studied the integrity of lysosomes in isolated rat livers perfused for 3, 4, or 6 hr at 35 °C with BSA (40 g/l) in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer. The latency and sedimentability of β-glucuronidase in homogenates of these livers was well maintained even after 6 hr. The latency and sedimentability of acid phosphatase remained at about control levels during the first 4 hr of perfusion but decreased between 4 and 6 hr. These decreases in latency and sedimentability correlated with a decrease in bile production and an increase in the rate of release of GOT into the perfusate and could indicate either intracellular disruption of lysosomes

Latencies, Sedimentabilities, and Specific Activities of Acid Phosphatase and β-Glucuronidase in Homogenates of Rat Liver Prepared before or at Various Times after Exposure to 1.4 m Me₂SO for 1 hr

Temperature	Indicated	Error
(°C)	temperature	(°C)
	(°C)
?1.95.75	?195	0.75
?77.02	?78	0.38
0	0	0
52.49	53	0.51
Mean		0.413

     

5.

Hemopoietic activities of cryopreserved murine fresh and postmortem bone marrow cells     

P. I. Liu  K. C. Poon  L. Crook  S. S. Liu  C. C. Hong 《Cryobiology》1979,16(6):513-516

The percentage of preservation of erythropoietic and granulopoietic precursor cells in the murine bone marrow was studied using in vitro methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and in vivo murine spleen colony assays. This study clearly demonstrates

a. Type of Spleen Colonies Induced by 6-hr Postmortem Murine Bone Marrow Cells^a

Time (hr)	0	3	4	6
Acid phosphatase
Latency (%)	83.2 ± 0.8	64.7 ± 5.1	62.4 ± 7.9	68.9 ± 5.4
Sedimentability (%)	81.7 ± 0.6	77.6 ± 3.1	81.0 ± 3.4	79.4 ± 5.1
Specific activity (mIU/mg protein)	2.8 ± 0.4	2.8 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.2
β-Glucuronidase
Latency (%)	06.8 ± 1.5	71.3 ± 4.3	74.2 ± 2.5	63.3 ± 4.5
Sedimentability (%)	69.5 ± 0.3	75.4 ± 3.2	75.0 ± 1.1	74.6 ± 2.0
Specific activity (mIU/mg protein)	1.8 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.2

	Mean (%)
Type of colonies	t Score	P Value	Unfrozen	Frozen
			Erythrocytic	26.283	14.100	2.09	0.059
Granulocytic	23.741	32.917	1.45	0.173
Mixed	49.321	52.700	0.55	0.59

a

$\text{N = 92}$. the presence of pluripotent hemopoietic precursor cells in cryopreserved 0-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-hr postmortem murine bone marrow cells. Apparently, the erythropoietic precursor cells are more sensitive to freezing injury as compared to granulopoietic precursor cells.

     

Reproductive potential and endocrinological responses of sheep kept under controlled lighting. I. Comparative reproductive performance of four breed types of ewe

Five ewes of each of four breed types were kept in each of two environmentally-controlled rooms over a period of 2.5 years. The daylength varied between 20 and 9 h on a 6-monthly cycle, including a period of 22 weeks during which daylength was decreased by 0.5 h per week, 2 weeks in which it increased from 9 to 20 h, and 2 weeks at 20 h; each room operated 3 months out of phase with the other. Towards the end of the period of decreasing daylength each ewe was synchronised with a progestagen sponge for 12 days, given an injection (i.m.) of 750 I.U. pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on withdrawal, and inseminated 48 and 58 h later (500 million fresh undiluted sperm per insemination). Thus, insemination occurred at a single synchronised oestrus every 6 months. Progesterone pregnancy diagnosis was performed on blood samples taken 18 days later and parturition was induced by an injection (i.m.) of 16 mg dexamethasone on day 143 of gestation. Lambs were weaned at birth, allowing the ewes approximately 5.5 weeks to recover before the next insemination and a ‘successive’ conception.The performance of the four types of ewe, starting as maidens, is tabulated.

A digital thermocouple thermometer

Measurements of the reproducibility of a random selection of copper/constantan thermocouples were made and it was found that they agreed within 1 ° C. Based on this finding, a digital thermocouple thermometer was designed and constructed incorporating a thermocouple linearizer and cold junction compensation. The instrument

Accuracy of the Completed Digital Thermometer

Integrity of lysosomes in the isolated perfused rat liver before and after exposure to dimethylsulphoxide.

We have studied the integrity of lysosomes in isolated rat livers perfused for 3, 4, or 6 hr at 35 °C with BSA (40 g/l) in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer. The latency and sedimentability of β-glucuronidase in homogenates of these livers was well maintained even after 6 hr. The latency and sedimentability of acid phosphatase remained at about control levels during the first 4 hr of perfusion but decreased between 4 and 6 hr. These decreases in latency and sedimentability correlated with a decrease in bile production and an increase in the rate of release of GOT into the perfusate and could indicate either intracellular disruption of lysosomes

Latencies, Sedimentabilities, and Specific Activities of Acid Phosphatase and β-Glucuronidase in Homogenates of Rat Liver Prepared before or at Various Times after Exposure to 1.4 m Me₂SO for 1 hr

Hemopoietic activities of cryopreserved murine fresh and postmortem bone marrow cells

The percentage of preservation of erythropoietic and granulopoietic precursor cells in the murine bone marrow was studied using in vitro methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and in vivo murine spleen colony assays. This study clearly demonstrates

a. Type of Spleen Colonies Induced by 6-hr Postmortem Murine Bone Marrow Cells^a

An experimental study using tissue culture medium as preservation and perfusion fluid

A commercially available tissue culture medium has been proven capable of preserving dog kidney function for at least 24 hr after simple cooling. The advantages of using tissue culture medium as preservation fluid instead of plasma or albumin solutions from the infectious and immunological points of view are obvious. An in vitro study was completed using the tissue

1.

     

7.

DNA synthesis catalysed by endogenous templates and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases in spermatogenic cells from rat     

Norman B. Hecht  Martti Parvinen 《Experimental cell research》1981,135(1):103-114

The activity levels of DNA polymerases α and β have been measured by autoradiography in squash preparations from rat testis of sexually mature animals. Similar results were obtained with ‘fixed’ samples (dipped in acetone: ethanol for 5 min at 25 °C) or ‘unfixed’ samples (frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried). The activities of DNA polymerases α and β in situ were distinguished by differential assay conditions and by selective inhibition with compounds such as N-ethylmaleimide and aphidicolin. Using the endogenous chromatin as template, maximal activity for both enzymes was obtained in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, MgCl₂ and ethylene glycol. When DNA polymerase activities in several predominant testicular cell types (pre-leptotene primary spermatocytes, pachytene primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids) were quantitatively compared, on a per cell basis, the following percentage distribution was observed:

Code (animal No.)	Perfusion time (br)	Perfusion pressure mm/Hg	Flow ml/min	Weight gain	pH	pO2 mm/Hg	Histological appearance
1	24	70-60 systolic	96	35	7.3	150–180	Grossly normal
2	24		45-40 diastolic	108	30
3	24		96	30
4	48	70-60 systolic	80	35	7.3	150–180	Grossly normal
5	48	45-40 diastolic	120	40	7.4
6	48		100	40
7	72	70-60 systolic	115	40	7.4	150–180	Slight vacuolization of the tubular cells
8	72	45-40 diastolic	96	40
9	72		80	40
10	24	70-60 systolic	110	35	7.3	150–180	Used for transplantation
11	24	45-40 diastolic	120	35
12	24		140	40
13	24		100	30
14	24		96	30

     

8.

Cell Biology: Paper alert     

《Current opinion in cell biology》2000,12(5):525-535

A selection of interesting papers that were published in the two months before our press date in major journals most likely to report significant results in cell biology.

	Pre-leptotene primary spermatocyte %	Pachytene primary spermatocyte %	Round spermatid %	Elongated spermatid %
DNA polymerase α	25	42	30	3
DNA polymerase β	29	34	36	1

     

9.

Thermal acclimation and oxygen consumption rates in neotenic grey-belly salamanders, Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster (plethodontidae), from an arkansas cave     

C.T. McAllister  L.C. Fitzpatrick 《Journal of thermal biology》1985,10(1):1-4

     

10.

Thermal preferences of hatchling new Guinea crocodiles: Effects of feeding and ontogeny     

Jeffrey W. Lang 《Journal of thermal biology》1981,6(2):73-78

     

11.

Thermal acclimation of metabolism in salamanders: Fact or artefact?     

Martin E. Feder  Allen G. Gibbs  Gerard A. Griffith  Joyce Tsuji   《Journal of thermal biology》1984,9(4):255-260

     

12.

A stable traveling-wave solution of a model of cellular control processes with positive feedback     

Lo-Sheng Dai 《Mathematical biosciences》1982,61(2):267-277

Edelstein's model

$\text{?E}\text{?τ}\text{=F(M, E)}$

,

$\text{?M}\text{?τ}\text{=G(M, E)+D}\text{?}{}^2\text{M}\text{?s}{}^2$

,

$\text{M(s,0)=?(s)}$

,

$\text{E(s,0)=ψ(s)}$

, where τ ? 0 and ?∞<s<∞, $\text{F(M, E>) = (K}{}_1\text{+M}{}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{)}\text{(K}{}_2\text{+M}{}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{)?k}{}_1\text{E, G(M, E)}\text{= k}{}_1\text{E ? k}{}_2\text{M,}$ m ? 2, describes the behavior of two basic chemical species during the cellular differentiation in a linear ensemble of the same cell type. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a travelling-wavefront solution. We also demonstrate one kind of stability for this solution.     

13.

Temperature-dependent structural changes in planar bilayer membranes: Solvent “freeze-out”     

Stephen H. White 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》1974,356(1):8-16

     

14.

Heat exchange in the cryosurgery of Menière's disease: Experimental and clinical studies     

S. Harly  J.E. Aastrup  O. Elbrønd 《Cryobiology》1977,14(5):609-613

The temperature course in the lateral semicircular canal and in the facial canal was studied in experiments during freezing of the semicircular canal. The course of the temperature was measured with thermocouples. Concurrently, the heat flow was measured, and also the total heat exchange was measured throughout the freezing period by a thermoelectric heat flowmeter incorporated in the cryotip. The measurements showed correlation between the total amount of heat exchanged, the freezing time, and the temperature in the semicircular canal. This correlation was utilized to assess and calculate (the temperature of the lateral semicircular canal) the course of the cryoprocess in vivo, where it is possible to measure the heat flow and the total heat exchange during the freezing period only.

2. Results upon Vertigo

Contents (chosen by)
525	Cytoskeleton (Desai and Holleran)
526	Cell regulation (Roche, Servant and Weiner)
528	Nucleus and gene expression (Aasland and Weinzierl)
529	Membranes and sorting (Ponnambalam)
530	Membrane permeability (Slesinger)
531	Cell-to-cell contact and extracellular matrix (Pfaff)
533	Cell differentiation (van Roessel, Kaltschmidt, Tsang and Huckriede)
534	Cell multiplication (Sclafani)

     

15.

Circadian variation of preferred environmental temperature and body temperature     

Y. Terai  M. Asayama  T. Ogawa  J. Sugenoya  T. Miyagawa 《Journal of thermal biology》1985,10(3):151-156

     

16.

Membrane lipid fluidity and its effect on the activation energy of membrane-associated enzymes     

Edward J. McMurchie  John K. Raison 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》1979,554(2):364-374

     

17.

Clinical challenges     

《Clinical eye and vision care》1997,9(3):165-167

Glaucomatocyclitic crisis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilaterally increased IOP. A careful history, slit-lamp examination and gonioscopic examination will assist the examiner in making an accurate diagnosis.The etiology of this syndrome remains unknown. If indeed it is a disturbance of the anterior intraocular vasculature secondary to an autonomic abnormality, any of the proposed etiologies might possibly trigger an attack (Table 2).Treatment at this time should consist of 1 gH. 0.5% apraclonidine given in office or a topical steroid, cycloplegic, and ocular hypotensive agent combination. Follow-up should be within 24 h to monitor for IOP reduction. If treatment with apraclonidine is initiated, additional drops should be instilled as needed to lower the IOP to acceptable levels. Prophylactic treatment with topical steroids has been considered in this mostly benign syndrome [14]. However, the potential side-effects of long-term steroid use and the unpredictable frequency of glaucomatocyclitic crises may preclude steroid use in these cases. Table 2. Proposed etiological factors and diseases related to glaucomatocyclitis crisis.

	No Vertigo	Improved	Unchanged
Number of patients	7	5	3

     

18.

On the polydispersity of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules Analytical differential centrifugation in isotonic homogeneous medium     

Vibeke Bødtker-Næss  Erik Slinde  Ole Terland  Torgeir Flatmark 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》1978,541(1):124-134

     

19.

The effects of temperature on the cardio-respiratory function of the neotropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus     

《Journal of thermal biology》2002,27(4):299-308

     

20.

A differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence polarisation study of membrane lipid fluidity in a psychrophilic bacterium     

《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》1985,820(1):115-121

     

Form of developmental glaucoma

Autonomic imbalance

Allergy, peptic ulcer, stress

Herpes simplex virus

Cytomegalovirus

Varicella-zoster virus

Mesodermal dysgenesis

DNA synthesis catalysed by endogenous templates and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases in spermatogenic cells from rat

The activity levels of DNA polymerases α and β have been measured by autoradiography in squash preparations from rat testis of sexually mature animals. Similar results were obtained with ‘fixed’ samples (dipped in acetone: ethanol for 5 min at 25 °C) or ‘unfixed’ samples (frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried). The activities of DNA polymerases α and β in situ were distinguished by differential assay conditions and by selective inhibition with compounds such as N-ethylmaleimide and aphidicolin. Using the endogenous chromatin as template, maximal activity for both enzymes was obtained in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, MgCl₂ and ethylene glycol. When DNA polymerase activities in several predominant testicular cell types (pre-leptotene primary spermatocytes, pachytene primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids) were quantitatively compared, on a per cell basis, the following percentage distribution was observed:

Cell Biology: Paper alert

A selection of interesting papers that were published in the two months before our press date in major journals most likely to report significant results in cell biology.

A stable traveling-wave solution of a model of cellular control processes with positive feedback

Edelstein's model

$\text{?E}\text{?τ}\text{=F(M, E)}$

,

$\text{?M}\text{?τ}\text{=G(M, E)+D}\text{?}{}^2\text{M}\text{?s}{}^2$

,

$\text{M(s,0)=?(s)}$

,

$\text{E(s,0)=ψ(s)}$

, where τ ? 0 and ?∞<s<∞, $\text{F(M, E>) = (K}{}_1\text{+M}{}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{)}\text{(K}{}_2\text{+M}{}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{)?k}{}_1\text{E, G(M, E)}\text{= k}{}_1\text{E ? k}{}_2\text{M,}$ m ? 2, describes the behavior of two basic chemical species during the cellular differentiation in a linear ensemble of the same cell type. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a travelling-wavefront solution. We also demonstrate one kind of stability for this solution.     

Heat exchange in the cryosurgery of Menière's disease: Experimental and clinical studies

The temperature course in the lateral semicircular canal and in the facial canal was studied in experiments during freezing of the semicircular canal. The course of the temperature was measured with thermocouples. Concurrently, the heat flow was measured, and also the total heat exchange was measured throughout the freezing period by a thermoelectric heat flowmeter incorporated in the cryotip. The measurements showed correlation between the total amount of heat exchanged, the freezing time, and the temperature in the semicircular canal. This correlation was utilized to assess and calculate (the temperature of the lateral semicircular canal) the course of the cryoprocess in vivo, where it is possible to measure the heat flow and the total heat exchange during the freezing period only.

2. Results upon Vertigo

Clinical challenges

Glaucomatocyclitic crisis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilaterally increased IOP. A careful history, slit-lamp examination and gonioscopic examination will assist the examiner in making an accurate diagnosis.The etiology of this syndrome remains unknown. If indeed it is a disturbance of the anterior intraocular vasculature secondary to an autonomic abnormality, any of the proposed etiologies might possibly trigger an attack (Table 2).Treatment at this time should consist of 1 gH. 0.5% apraclonidine given in office or a topical steroid, cycloplegic, and ocular hypotensive agent combination. Follow-up should be within 24 h to monitor for IOP reduction. If treatment with apraclonidine is initiated, additional drops should be instilled as needed to lower the IOP to acceptable levels. Prophylactic treatment with topical steroids has been considered in this mostly benign syndrome [14]. However, the potential side-effects of long-term steroid use and the unpredictable frequency of glaucomatocyclitic crises may preclude steroid use in these cases. Table 2. Proposed etiological factors and diseases related to glaucomatocyclitis crisis.