植物化感作用研究中应注意的问题

近年植物化感作用的研究十分活跃,但研究中也存在着一些问题和误区．本文就化感作用的基本定义和研究内容;化感物质的释放途径和研究方法;化感作用与植物竞争和环境胁迫;化感作用的应用潜力等几个主要方面存在的一些易混淆的问题进行讨论,并提出一些看法．     

水稻化感品种根分泌物中非酚酸类化感物质的鉴定与抑草活性

水稻化感品种能从根系分泌释放化感作用物质 ,长期以来 ,酚酸类物质被认为是水稻根分泌的主要化感物质 ,但这一结论常常被质疑。利用连续循环和直接树脂吸收两种方法采集典型的水稻化感品种 PI31 2 777幼苗的根分泌物 ,并用液相色谱 /质谱(L C/ MS)联用技术鉴定了根分泌物中的非酚酸类物质。结果显示 ,水稻 PI31 2 777幼苗根系能分泌释放 7-甲氧基羟基肟酸、羟基肟酸、3-异丙基 - 5 -乙酰氧基环己烯酮 - 1、5 ,7,4′-三羟基 - 3′,5′-二甲氧基黄酮、二萜内酯 A和二萜内酯 B6个非酚酸类化合物。经液相色谱 (HPL C)定量分析 ,这些化合物在水稻生长 1 0 d的根分泌物中的浓度为 5～ 1 9μmol/ L。进一步的生测结果显示 ,这些化合物在其释放的浓度范围能对稻田常见的稗草和异型莎草有抑制活性 ,尤其是这些化合物的等摩尔混合物的抑草活性增加 ,同时水稻根分泌物的抑草活性与土壤载体显著相关。表明羟基肟酸、环己烯酮、黄酮和二萜内酯四类非酚酸类物质是水稻的主要化感物质 ,这与近期愈来愈多的研究结果一致     

水稻化感作用的机制与应用的研究进展

水稻是我国的主要粮食作物,其与周围植物的相生相克作用（化感作用）得到越来越多的重视.简要介绍了近来国内外对水稻对高等植物的化感作用的研究成果,介绍其化感作用途径、化感物质的分离、鉴定、可能的作用原理及在生产实践中的应用.     

Allelopathy prevents competitive exclusion and promotes phytoplankton biodiversity

It has been hypothesized that allelopathy can prevent competitive exclusion and promote phytoplankton diversity in aquatic ecosystems, where numerous species coexist on a limited number of resources. However, experimental proof‐of‐principle is not available to support this hypothesis. Here we present the first experimental evidence to support this hypothesis by demonstrating that allelopathy promotes the coexistence of two phytoplankton species, Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Oscillatoria sp., that compete for a single limiting nutrient. By performing long‐term competition experiments in nitrate‐limited continuous cultures, and by describing the population dynamics using a mechanistic model, we demonstrate that when allelopathy comes into play, one of the following outcomes is possible depending on the relative initial abundances of the species: dominance of the stronger competitor for nitrate (the non‐allelopathic species), oscillatory coexistence, or dominance of the weaker competitor (the allelopathic species). Our model analysis revealed that sustained oscillatory coexistence of the two species would be a common outcome of this experiment. Our study confirms for the first time, based on laboratory experiments combined with mechanistic models, that allelopathy can alter the predicted outcome of inter‐specific competition in a nutrient‐limited environment and increase the potential for the coexistence of more species than resources, thereby contributing to the identification of endogenous mechanisms that explain the extreme diversity of phytoplankton communities.     

Developing an ecological context for allelopathy

There has been a renewed interest in allelopathy as a plant–plant interaction as more plant ecologists have become involved in studying biological invasions. This resurgence highlights a major deficiency in our understanding of allelopathy—the lack of a well-developed ecological context for the interaction. In contrast to allelopathy, the plant–plant interaction of competition has a strong theoretical foundation as well as a large body of supporting empirical studies. We suggest that the plant-herbivore defense literature provides a mature and well-developed framework from which a broader ecological context for allelopathy can be developed. Here, we discuss three broad classes of questions, drawn from the herbivore defense literature, which may help to develop an appropriate ecological context for allelopathy. These questions focus on (1) variation in allelopathic expression within species, (2) community level variation in allelopathy across species, and (3) variation in the impacts of allelopathy on associated species. Addressing such broad population and community level themes in a variety of systems will be necessary to fully develop an ecological context for allelopathy and provide a theoretical basis for understanding its role in plant communities.     

蕨类植物的化感作用及其对生物多样性的影响

植物化感作用是植物通过向环境中释放化学物质从而对同种植株和繁殖体或与其他植物之间产生的直接或间接、有益或有害的作用,它影响植物分布、群落形成与演化、作物间作等,与生物多样性保护以及农林和园艺生产实践关系密切,在国际上受到越来越多的关注。但国内这方面的研究起步相对较晚,研究范围有限,对蕨类植物化感作用的报道更少。本文系统介绍了蕨类植物化感作用的研究进展,包括蕨类植物种内的化感作用(即自毒效应)、常见的蕨类植物种间的化感作用(即孢子体对配子体的化感作用和配子体对配子体的化感作用)及蕨类植物对种子植物的化感作用(蕨类植物可通过化感作用与种子植物争夺更多的资源和生长空间)。还介绍了种子植物对蕨类植物的化感作用(主要表现为抑制作用)以及蕨类植物化感作用与动物侵食、微生物侵染的关系,研究发现昆虫侵食能增强或减弱蕨类植物的化感作用,微生物的活动可能增强某些蕨类植物的化感作用。本文从上述不同角度说明蕨类植物化感作用对生物多样性的影响,希望有助于促进我国学者对该领域的深入研究。     

Developing an ecological context for allelopathy

There has been a renewed interest in allelopathy as a plant?Cplant interaction as more plant ecologists have become involved in studying biological invasions. This resurgence highlights a major deficiency in our understanding of allelopathy??the lack of a well-developed ecological context for the interaction. In contrast to allelopathy, the plant?Cplant interaction of competition has a strong theoretical foundation as well as a large body of supporting empirical studies. We suggest that the plant-herbivore defense literature provides a mature and well-developed framework from which a broader ecological context for allelopathy can be developed. Here, we discuss three broad classes of questions, drawn from the herbivore defense literature, which may help to develop an appropriate ecological context for allelopathy. These questions focus on (1) variation in allelopathic expression within species, (2) community level variation in allelopathy across species, and (3) variation in the impacts of allelopathy on associated species. Addressing such broad population and community level themes in a variety of systems will be necessary to fully develop an ecological context for allelopathy and provide a theoretical basis for understanding its role in plant communities.     

Algal allelopathy

The comprehensive review on allelopathy (Rice, 1979, 1984) has been largely responsible for the evolution of allelopathy as an independent branch of chemical/ physiological ecology. The allelopathic research during the last four decades drew attention to different facets of the interactions among the constituents of habitat, calling for an understanding of the role of allelopathy under different habitat conditions. In view of this, we have reviewed the existing information on allelopathic interactions in aquatic habitats with special reference to algal allelopathy. This review has been mainly confined, therefore, to different aspects of algal allelopathy such as allelopathic interactions in algae, algal toxins, bioassays, and implications of algal allelopathy. In spite of the large number of reviews on allelopathy (see section III), no independent review appears on algal allelopathy. Although there were reports of toxins from cyanobacteria and other algae, no appreciable attempt was made to implicate algal toxins in allelopathy under field conditions. Knowledge of chemistry and biology of allelochemical can help in their potential use in controlling plant diseases and weeds. Therefore, it is urgent to study algal toxins for their involvement in ecological phenomena such as succession, for their uses as herbicides, weedicides, and pesticides, for their uses in solving some of the problems of algal ecology, and for their involvement in applied aspects.     

杨树-农作物复合系统中的化感作用

综述了植物化感作用的类型、作用机理、影响植物化感作用的因素,并从化感作用角度提出目前长江中下游主要农林复合系统(杨树-农作物)的研究方向,杨树与不同农作物种类配置研究;针对杨树主要害虫天牛进行生物防治的“相生植物”的筛选;杨树自毒作用以及对后续农作影响研究;杨树对土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性的影响等。     

Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities

The paper reviews the published literature on the studies of competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities. Taking a broader view of the community, the studies on interactions between macrophytes and microphytes, macrophytes and macro-invertebrates and microbial communities are also reviewed. The role of these interactions in the structure and dynamics of aquatic communities has been discussed in light of the current hypotheses concerning competition in terrestrial communities. The available information suggests that the aquatic plants of various growth forms differ greatly among themselves in their responses and adaptations to competition and allelopathy. The possible application of these interactions in biological control of plant pests and in agriculture is also summarized. We conclude that the observed differences in these interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic environment are due to the effects of water as a non-resource variable as well as due to special adaptive characteristics of aquatic plants. Further we hypothesize that the aquatic plants adopt both competitive and allelopathic strategies under different conditions and in interactions with different plants. The review highlights that our knowledge of both competition and allelopathy among aquatic plant communities is inadequate and fragmentary, and therefore, both extensive and intensive studies are required.     

植物内生真菌化感作用的研究现状

植物内生真菌能产生酚类、萜类和生物碱类等多种类型的化感物质,它们在植物的生长发育、抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用。对植物内生真菌的化感作用及其所产生的化感物质进行了综述,并展望了其化感作用的应用前景。     

植物化感作用的机理、影响因素及应用潜力

从化感作用与植物的叶水势、光合作用、呼吸作用、养分有效性、细胞分裂和代谢等方面的关系综述了化感作用的作用机理,同时就影响化感作用的主要因素进行了讨论。文章认为化感作用在科学构建种群结构、防除病虫草害、设计合理种植制度、提高肥水利用效率和秸秆还田利用率等领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

Allelopathic adaptation can cause competitive coexistence

The maintenance of plant diversity is often explained by the ecological and evolutionary consequences of resource competition. Recently, the importance of allelopathy for competitive interactions has been recognized. In spite of such interest in allelopathy, we have few theories for understanding how the allelopathy influences the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of competing species. Here, I study the coevolutionary dynamics of two competing species with allelopathy in an interspecific competition system, and show that adaptive trait dynamics can cause cyclic coexistence. In addition, very fast adaptation such as phenotypic plasticity is likely to stabilize the population cycles. The results suggest that adaptive changes in allelopathy can lead to cyclic coexistence of plant species even when their ecological characters are very similar and interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition, which should destroy competitive coexistence in the absence of adaptation.     

Rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management

In attempts to control weeds in rice, much effort has been focused on rice allelopathy research for more than 30 years. Among screening methods that have been developed, some estimate the allelopathic potential of various rice cultivars in a limited time and space, which is less costly and can be conducted year round. Rice allelopathy activity is variety dependent and origin dependent, where Japonica rice shows greater allelopathic activity than Indica and Japonica–Indica hybrids. Allelopathic characteristics in rice are quantitatively inherited and several allelopathy‐involved traits have been identified. Numerous phytotoxins such as cytokinins, diterpenoids, fatty acids, flavones, glucopyranosides, indoles, momilactones (A and B), oryzalexins, phenols, phenolic acids, resorcinols and stigmastanols have been identified and determined as growth inhibitors in rice. However, the fate and actual modes of action of these compounds as well as other potent rice phytotoxins in nature are not well understood. The question of which compounds play a major role in rice allelopathy has remained obscure; however, rice allelopathy might be attributable to the interaction of all present allelochemicals. Despite locating genes determining or involving allelopathy in rice having attracted much effort, the introduction of these genes into target rice cultivars has not yet been achieved. Success in breeding new rice cultivars having good weed‐suppressing ability would benefit farmers in rice‐cultivating countries and play an important role in sustainable agricultural production.     

Allelopathy in Northern Temperate and Boreal Semi-Natural Woodland

Allelopathy has been widely investigated in forest ecosystems around the world. This ecological process takes part in the vegetation dynamics and partially explains the success or failure of seedling establishment and survival. Therefore, allelopathy could be a common cause of natural regeneration failure, due to adverse impact of understory species directly on trees species (inhibition of germination and seedlings primary growth). This problem has been investigated mainly in coniferous forests, but it also occurs in deciduous forests. Furthermore, allelopathy can involve forest soil microorganisms. They can act as allelochemical mediators, where they are able to inactivate these compounds by means of metabolization, as they are able to produce biologically active compounds using inactive molecules as a substrate. Special attention is given to mycorrhizal fungi and mycor-rhizae, because, in theory, they are able to protect seedlings against allelopathy. Applied aspects of allelopathy in forest ecosystems are also presented, with two main goals: (1) how to reduce the adverse impact of such interactions (chemical and mechanical control of allelochemicals plant producer, afforestation with selected mycorrhiza), but also (2) how to use allelopathy as a tool for forest management. Suggestions to improve the study of allelopathy in forest ecosystems and prospects for future investigations conclude this review.     

Allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) allelopathy has potential for the management of weeds, pests and diseases. Both wheat residue allelopathy and wheat seedling allelopathy can be exploited for managing weeds, including resistant biotypes. Wheat varieties differ in allelopathic potential against weeds, indicating that selection of allelopathic varieties might be a useful strategy in integrated weed management. Several categories of allelochemicals for wheat allelopathy have been identified, namely, phenolic acids, hydroxamic acids and short‐chain fatty acids. Wheat allelopathic activity is genetically controlled and a multigenic model has been proposed. Research is underway to identify genetic markers associated with wheat allelopathy. Once allelopathic genes have been located, a breeding programme could be initiated to transfer the genes into modern varieties for weed suppression. The negative impacts of wheat autotoxicity on agricultural production systems have also been identified when wheat straws are retained on the soil surface for conservation farming purposes. A management package to avoid such deleterious effects is discussed. Wheat allelopathy requires further study in order to maximise its allelopathic potential for the control of weeds, pests and diseases, and to minimise its detrimental effects on the growth of wheat and other crops.     

Competing phytoplankton undermines allelopathy of a bloom-forming dinoflagellate

Biotic interactions in the plankton can be both complex and dynamic. Competition among phytoplankton is often chemically mediated, but no studies have considered whether allelopathic compounds are modified by biotic interactions. Here, we show that compounds exuded during Karenia brevis blooms were allelopathic to the cosmopolitan diatom Skeletonema costatum, but that bloom allelopathy varied dramatically among collections and years. We investigated several possible causes of this variability and found that neither bloom density nor concentrations of water-borne brevetoxins correlated with allelopathic potency. However, when we directly tested whether the presence of competing phytoplankton influenced bloom allelopathy, we found that S. costatum reduced the growth-inhibiting effects of bloom exudates, suggesting that S. costatum has a mechanism for undermining K. brevis allelopathy. Additional laboratory experiments indicated that inducible changes to K. brevis allelopathy were restricted to two diatoms among five sensitive phytoplankton species, whereas five other species were constitutively resistant to K. brevis allelopathy. Our results suggest that competitors differ in their responses to phytoplankton allelopathy, with S. costatum exhibiting a previously undescribed method of resistance that may influence community structure and alter bloom dynamics.     

海洋有害赤潮的生物防治对策

该文综述了海洋有害赤潮治理的生物方法。细菌、寄生虫和病毒等微型生物是天然水体中具有调节藻类种群动态平衡的重要潜在因子,它们的繁殖速度非常快,并具有宿主的专一性,是一种非常有潜质的赤潮调控因子。根据生态系统中的食物链关系,通过引入赤潮生物的天敌来防治赤潮也是一种治理方法。浮游动物和一些滤食性的贝类在水体中与赤潮生物共存,并能以这些赤潮生物为食,是具有明显赤潮治理功效的生物控制剂。另一方面,利用大型海藻与微藻间的相生相克和营养竞争等作用在养殖区域内进行赤潮的防控被认为具有较强的理论和实践意义。该文详细介绍了上述方法的原理、可行性以及局限性,并就今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰化感作用的变化与入侵力关系的研究

 在紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地,草本层中的本地植物的多度和盖度与紫茎泽兰的多度和盖度具有显著的负相关关系,落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的紫茎泽兰相对多度和盖度为常绿阔叶林生境的3～5倍;而本地草本植物在组成种类、相对多度和盖度在落叶阔叶林和公路边生境比常绿阔叶林生境减少了30 %、50 % 和70 %。用生物检测的方法研究常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、公路边——３个不同生境下的紫茎泽兰根和茎的水浸提液的化感作用表明：不同生境的紫茎泽兰茎和根的化感作用存在差异,即公路边>落叶阔叶林下>常绿阔叶林下,关联分析显示出不同生境条件下的化感作用力与本地植物的相对多度存在显著的相关关系,证明不同生境的化感作用的差异是紫茎泽兰的入侵效果的原因之一;在白菜(Brassica rapa)幼苗生物量生长抑制试验中,各样地的茎提取液处理的白菜幼苗生物量之间的差异大于各样地的根提取液处理之间的差异,说明对于不同样地的紫茎泽兰的入侵力,地上部分的化感作用比地下部分具有更大的贡献力。落叶阔叶林下和公路边的紫茎泽兰生长旺盛、现存单位面积生物量远远高于常绿阔叶林下,这将促使落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的单位面积上的紫茎泽兰种群的化感作用大于常绿阔叶林下的紫茎泽兰种群,使落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的本地植物群落比常绿阔叶林下的本地植物群落面临较大的竞争压力,加速落叶阔叶林下和公路边生境的本地植物群落的衰退。     

浮游藻类的化感作用研究进展

化感作用由于在水产上有着巨大的潜力,成为近年来各国的研究热点。本文综述了藻类化感作用的定义、研究方法、化感物质的作用机制、影响因素、化感作用的应用等,并对今后研究方向以及应用前景进行了展望。