保藏技术与冰冻保存

对植物细胞在长期持续、反复进行的继代培养中会发生细胞遗传的与生理的变化,已了解得很多。为了供应稳定的细胞系,必须有良好的保存技术,而且作为基因资源的培养细胞或其原生质体的保存问题,随着利用植物细胞组织培养方法来进行物质生产和细胞育种的发展,这一课题今后的重要性将日益增加。本节讨论植物培养细胞中目前认为最有效的液氮     

AgNO3对橡胶树花药愈伤组织形态及体胚发生的影响

橡胶树的花药愈伤组织在长期继代过程中,胚性易下降甚至丧失;而AgNO3作为乙烯活性抑制剂,被广泛应用于植物组织培养中.该研究以继代培养4 a以上的热研7-33-97花药愈伤组织为材料,在继代培养基中添加2.5 mg·L-1 AgNO3预培养35 d后,观察预培养前后愈伤组织表形及其细胞形态的变化,并设计不同浓度AgNO3及不同处理时间对其进行体胚诱导,90 d后分别统计胚状体总数和正常胚数.结果表明:浅黄色质地柔软的愈伤组织在含AgNO3的培养基上预培养后能转变成鲜黄色易碎愈伤组织,在倒置显微镜下前者大多表现为不规则多边形,细胞内含物较稀薄;而后者则呈圆形或椭圆形,细胞内含物丰富,属于典型的胚性细胞.在体胚诱导的第1个月添加5 mg·L-1 AgNO3能显著促进体胚的发生,AgNO3浓度升至10 mg·L-1时体胚发生受到抑制,且畸形胚的形成率显著增加;在含5 mg·L-1 AgNO3的培养基中培养2个月以上,体胚发育明显受阻,大部分形成畸形胚.该研究结果在一定程度上恢复了橡胶树长期继代花药愈伤组织的胚性能力,并提高了其体胚发生频率,为橡胶树花药胚性愈伤组织长期继代培养过程中胚性的保持提供了参考.     

大豆体细胞胚系培养及其微卫星DNA稳定性研究(简报)

植物离体培养是植物基因操作中的重要一环,也是植物个体发育研究中基因表达研究的有益参考体系。在继代培养过程中发生的遗传变异有时会使再生植株丧失优良的性状而需加以控制和避免。为此,首先需要了解培养过程中的遗传变异情况。     

分生结节：一种有价值的植株再生途径

分生结节是植物组织离体发育的一种特殊状态,也是一种有价值的植株再生途径。它的外观与体细胞胚有相似之处,但其结构和发育过程上有明显区别。分生结节可以通过液体培养实现高效增殖,并能在长期增殖后保持遗传稳定性和分化能力,在植物微繁殖、次生代谢物生产、植物生长发育的机制等研究领域具有重要的理论和应用价值。该文结合国内外最新研究结果,综合论述了分生结节发生和植株再生的过程及其影响因素,并通过与体细胞胚等其它植株再生途径相比较,分析了分生结节的独特之处及其广阔的应用前景。     

鸢尾体细胞无性系的建立与变异

本文以德鸢尾,马蔺、拟鸢尾和鸢等几种宿根鸢尾为试验材料,通过花器培养建立了体细胞无性系,在多次继代培养过程中,研究了离体培养对鸢尾体细胞无性系变异的影响,并运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术分析了试管苗叶片的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明离体培养已经改变了鸢尾的遗传基础,但在形态特征、生态习性及观赏性状等方面未发生明显的表型变异。     

植物组织和细胞的超低温保存及种质库建立的研究现况

在动、植物组织和细胞培养过程中,常常发生染色体、基因组和基因水平上的变异,故培养细胞的遗传性状不易稳定,形态建成能力逐渐丧失,产生特殊产物的细胞难以长期保存。     

小蔓长春花组织培养快速繁殖中的遗传稳定性

以小蔓长春花茎段为外植体,在含1.5mg·L-1NAA的MS固体培养基上直接生根,多次继代培养、移栽,建立小蔓长春花组织培养快速繁殖体系。利用RAPD技术结合高效液相色谱技术对连续三次继代无菌苗和炼苗后小蔓长春花的遗传稳定性、长春胺含量稳定性进行分析。结果显示,实验选取的20条随机引物共扩增出清晰的46个条带,不同植株扩增获得的条带数目和带型一致,在所检测范围内继代培养和炼苗均未影响小蔓长春花DNA序列。同时HPLC测得相应材料中长春胺含量均在0.12%以上,培养过程中长春胺含量稳定。本实验建立的小蔓长春花组织培养快速繁殖体系遗传稳定、长春胺含量稳定,可用于大量繁殖小蔓长春花无菌植株,为长春胺生产的提供资源。     

柑桔胚珠培养中形态发生的扫描电镜观察

在附加５００ｍｇ／Ｌ酷蛋白水解物的ＭＴ培养基上,７－８周龄的Ｐｅｎｇ柑胚珠可同时产生球形胚状体和胚性愈伤组织。在继代培养中,愈伤组织的形态发生可通过体细胞胚胎发生或发生两条途径同时进行。对正常体细胞胚胎发生。异常体细胞胚胎发生,次生胚胎发生及发生的过程和形态特征进行了系统的扫描电镜观察,并提出了在扫描电镜下鉴别双子叶植物胚状体和不定芽的形态依据。     

葡萄悬浮细胞长期培养过程中不同继代条件下花青素生产的不稳定性

为了深入研究植物细胞培养生产次生代谢产物不稳定性的机制,以葡萄细胞作为模式体系,研究悬浮培养过程中花青素合成的不稳定性。除了用常规的花青素总含量来表征花青素的生物合成之外,还采用HPLC测定花青素不同组分的含量。结果表明,在长期的继代培养过程中,不仅花青素的含量而且花青素的组成也表现出明显的不稳定性。首次采用了不稳定系数 (δ) 和因素得分 (Factor scores) 来表征植物细胞培养过程中次生代谢生产的不稳定性。培养条件对花青素生物合成的影响实验结果表明,继代周期和接种量均能诱发次生代谢的不稳定性表达,其中接种量的影响相对更大。在考察的 (6.5 d,2.00 g),(7 d,2.00 g),(7.5 d,2.00 g),(7 d,1.60 g) 和 (7 d,2.40 g) 五种不同的继代周期和接种量组合条件中,7 d继代周期和1.60 g接种量最有利于保持花青素的稳定生产。     

植物乳植杆菌P-8连续传代过程中遗传稳定性分析

【背景】植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) P-8是一株具有优良益生特性的乳酸菌,探究其短期连续传代过程中的遗传稳定性对评估其加工生产的稳定性有着重要的指导作用。【目的】研究植物乳植杆菌P-8在37℃恒温环境下、MRS培养基中连续传代100代过程中的遗传稳定性。【方法】在MRS培养基、37℃恒温环境下将植物乳植杆菌P-8连续传代100代,测定不同代菌株(第0、25、50、75和100代)的菌体形态和碳水化合物利用能力,并利用二代、三代测序相结合的技术完成不同代菌株全基因组测序,通过比较基因组学综合分析其在连续传代100代过程中的遗传稳定性。【结果】植物乳植杆菌P-8在连续培养100代过程中,其菌体形态和碳水化合物利用能力均无明显变化。以植物乳植杆菌P-8的原始菌株基因组作为参考,比较分析了不同代菌株的基因组稳定性,发现菌株均有单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点存在,但数量较少(SNP位点<21个)。不同代菌株基因组共线性良好,具有极高的相似性,且不同代菌株碳水化合物活性酶注释结果无显...     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.