药用香料植物：石香薷

石香薷（Moslachinensis）,别名细叶香薷、土荆芥,是唇形科石荠属一年生草本。高２０—４０厘米,全株香气甚浓。茎细,多分枝,灰绿色或紫色。叶对生,条状矩圆形或条状披针形,两面有柔毛和透明腺点。轮伞花序密集成头状总状花序,紫红色或白色。小坚果球形,褐色,有深雕纹。花期９—１１月,果期１０—１１月。分布于江苏、浙江、福建、湖南、湖北、江西、贵州、广东、广西等地。喜生于山坡、旷野、路旁的干旱地。全草含挥发油,含量０．６％至１．８％,初花期采收含油量最高。挥发油的主要成分为：百里香酚（thymol）、香荆芥酚（c…     

青蒿不同组织采集时期和干燥方式对青蒿素含量影响研究

实验研究了不同采收时期、不同组织、不同干燥方式对青蒿中青蒿素含量的影响.结果表明,山西忻州7月初到8月中旬为青蒿生长盛期,这一段时间内阳光充足、空气湿度适宜,温度成为青蒿素累积的主要因素.最佳采收时期生长盛期至花期之前,在青篙植株及叶片中青蒿素含量均呈现茎、根、老叶、新叶依次递增的规律,晒干的样品青蒿素平均含量比烘干的样品含量高.     

铬在南瓜体内的分布与积累

采用^51Cr同位素标记法检测富铬南瓜品种‘永安2号’在不同发育时期对^51Cr的吸收和分配的结果表明：苗期（8片叶）,南瓜地上各部分^51Cr放射性强度的相对比例分别为：叶64．4％,茎30．2％,花5．4％,主要分布在距根部较近的叶片和茎中,幼叶中含量很低;幼果期分别为：果肉51．1％,叶片41．6％,茎4．8％,花2.4％,主要分布在果肉和中部叶片中。     

盐分和水分胁迫对菊芋幼苗离子吸收及叶片酶活性的影响

采用砂培试验,用不同浓度的NaCl和等渗PEG6000(聚乙二醇6000,渗透势约为-0．44MPa)处理生长20d的菊芋幼苗,3d后分别测定其根、茎、叶中的Na^ 、K^ 、Cl^-含量以及叶片SOD、POD活性。结果表明,在NaCl和PEG胁迫下,根、茎、叶的Na^ 、Cl^-含量不断升高,而K^ 含量保持稳定。其中,茎中Na^ 含量高于根和叶。NaCl胁迫下,根、茎、叶的SX、Na值随胁迫强度的增加而递增,茎中SK、Na值小于根和叶。随着NaCl胁迫强度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片的SOD和POD活性先上升后下降;PEG处理下,SOD活性分别高于对照和等渗NaCl处理31．1％和27．1％;而POD活性却分别低于对照和等渗NaCl处理26．0％和36．1％。     

苎麻内源乙烯含量的时空分布研究

采用气相色谱法测定苎麻茎尖、上花芽（上部花芽）、中花芽（中部花芽）、下花芽（下部花芽）、上叶、中叶、下叶、雌花,雄花的乙烯含量及不同时期茎尖乙烯含量．结果表明：乙烯在苎麻体内分布总趋势是自上而下依次减少,上中部器官乙烯含量大于下部器官,其中茎尖和叶片乙烯含量大于花芽,性别表现为雌性的苎麻在茎尖、叶和花芽中的乙烯含量都大于性别表现为两性的苎麻,乙烯在雌花中的含量高于在混合花和雄花中的含量,不同部位花器官乙烯含量分布趋势与叶片的分布趋势相同,都是上部高,下部低．二麻期苎麻茎尖的乙烯含量大于三麻期,而性别决定前期的苎麻茎尖乙烯含量小于性别决定后期．最后对乙烯与苎麻的性别决定进行了讨论．     

不同采收期雷公藤甲素测定及其动态积累

采用HPLC法测定不同采收期雷公藤根、茎、叶的主要活性成分雷公藤甲素含量,掌握雷公藤甲素的动态积累。结果表明,雷公藤甲素浓度在7.75～250 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(R²=0.9997),雷公藤加样回收率为99.21%,RSD值为1.578%,该方法回收率较好。雷公藤甲素的含量在不同生长期、不同部位存在一定差异,不同部位甲素含量由高到低依次为叶、根、茎,雷公藤叶片具有资源开发利用潜力。7～8月采收的雷公藤叶片甲素含量最高,11～12月雷公藤根部甲素含量达最高。雷公藤不同器官均具有较高的药用价值,研究结果为雷公藤人工采收、质量评价和资源开发提供一定的科学依据。     

卵叶远志营养器官的结构及远志皂苷的组织化学定位和含量测定

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和高效液相色谱法,研究了卵叶远志各营养器官的结构、远志皂苷积累分布状态及含量变化。结果表明．卵叶远志的根包括周皮和次生维管组织两部分．周皮发达,次生韧皮部较厚,韧皮薄壁细胞为其主要成分。次生木质部中导管和纤维发达,导管分布密度较大。茎包括表皮、皮层、维管柱三部分,在皮层与韧皮部之间具有一圈排列紧密的厚壁细胞．推测这圈厚壁细胞具有质外体屏障作用．可保护茎组织免受干旱的伤害。叶为异面叶。根茎的结构表现为旱生特点。组织化学显示远志皂苷在根中分布在次生韧皮部和栓内层：在茎中分布在表皮、皮层和次生韧皮部细胞中：在叶中则分布在叶肉组织和表皮中。根的次生韧皮部为皂苷积累储存的主要场所。高效液相测定结果显示营养器官中都有远志皂苷元的积累．根中的含量高．茎叶中含量较低．说明卵叶远志地上部分也有药用价值。根据不同发育时期根和茎叶中皂苷元的动态变化趋势．建议在5月份（花果期）进行卵叶远志的采收。     

木豆种子萌发和幼苗生长过程中的芹菜素与木犀草素含量变化

在木豆种子萌发和幼苗生长过程中,芹菜素与木犀草素含量呈波动型上升,各个器官中的木犀草素含量均高于芹菜素。种子萌发过程中,芹菜素与木犀草素最高含量分别是其在干种子的3．04和4．47倍。幼苗生长过程中,根中芹菜素和木犀草素含量高于茎和叶,芹菜素最高含量是茎和叶的1．5和1．6倍,木犀草素最高含量是茎和叶的4．4和4.2倍。二者在茎和叶中的含量及其变化趋势都基本上相似,平缓上升。     

天山雪莲不同器官中黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化活性分析

研究了天山雪莲不同部位的总黄酮、总酚含量及抗氧化活性。以天山雪莲根、茎、叶、花、花苞片为材料,测定其80%乙醇提取物的总黄酮含量、总酚含量、Fe3+还原力和对DPPH自由基的清除率。结果表明,天山雪莲中总黄酮和总酚的含量高低依次为叶花苞片≈花根茎;对Fe3+还原能力大小次序是叶花苞片花根茎;对DPPH的清除能力依次为叶≈花苞片花根茎。实验结果表明叶片可以作为天山雪莲采摘和药用的主要部位;天山雪莲花苞片中可能含有黄酮和酚类之外的抗氧化物质。     

3个向日葵品种生长期内水分、蛋白质和总黄酮含量动态变化

本实验研究了3个向日葵品种在生长周期内茎、叶及茎叶混合样的水分、蛋白质和总黄酮含量的动态变化.结果表明:向日葵不同品种、不同生长期以及同一品种的不同部位的水分、蛋白质、总黄酮含量均存在差异.水分含量整体呈现下降趋势,且茎＞茎叶混合＞叶;蛋白质含量为叶＞茎叶混合样＞茎,其中高秆食用葵叶片中蛋白质含量为8.10g/100g...     

In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils

Essential oils and their components are becoming increasingly popular as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Thymus essential oils and of their main components were determined. Three essential oils obtained from different species of Thymus growing wild in Sardinia and a commercial sample of Thymus capitatus oil were analysed. The essential oil components were identified by GC/MS analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the oils and components was determined against a panel of standard reference strains and multiple strains of food-derived spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, using a broth microdilution method. The GC/MS analysis showed that the major constituents of the oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenolic monoterpenes, but the concentration of these compounds varied greatly among the oils examined. The results of the antimicrobial assay showed that essential oils extracted from Sardinian Thymus species have an antimicrobial activity comparable to the one observed in other thyme oils. It seems also confirmed that the antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oils are mainly related to their high phenolic content. Among the single compounds tested carvacrol and thymol turned out to be the most efficient against both reference strains and food-derived bacteria. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using thyme essential oils or some of their components in food systems to prevent the growth of foodborne bacteria and extend the shelf-life of processed foods.     

Inhibition of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters by essential oils

The essential oils from 16 various spice plants were studied as natural antioxidants for the inhibition of autooxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids methyl esters isolated from linseed oil. The content of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenoate after 1, 2, and 4 months of autooxidation were used as criteria to estimate the antioxidant efficiencies of essential oils. In 4 months, 92% of the methyl linolenoate and 79% of the methyl linoleate were oxidized in a control sample of a model system. It was found that the most effective antioxidants were essential oils from clove bud, cinnamon leaves, and oregano. They inhibited autooxidation of methyl linolenoate by 76–85%. The antioxidant properties of these essential oils were due to phenols— eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Essential oil from coriander did not contain phenols, but it inhibited methyl linolenoate oxidation by 38%. Essential oils from thyme, savory, mace, lemon, and tea tree inhibited methyl linolenoate oxidation by 17–24%. The other essential oils had no antioxidant properties.     

Larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from commonly used herbs in Lebanon against the seaside mosquito, Ochlerotatus caspius

This study investigates the potential of essential oils from commonly used medical and culinary herbs in Lebanon as an environmentally safe measure to control the seaside mosquito, Ochlerotatus caspius. The composition of essential oils extracted from parsley seeds and leaves, alpine thyme inflorescences, anis seeds, and coriander fruits were analyzed by GC-MS, and the major components of these oils were found to be thymol, sabinene, carvacrol, anethole, and linalool, respectively. Mosquito larvicidal assays were conducted to evaluate the LC(50) and LC(90) after 24 and 48h of the essential oils and their major constituents. All of the tested oils proved to have strong larvicidal activity (LC(50): 15-156ppm) against Oc. caspius fourth instars, with the most potent oil being thyme inflorescence extract, followed by parsley seed oil, aniseed oil, and then coriander fruit oil. Toxicity of each oil major constituent was also estimated and compared to a reported larvicidal compound, eugenol.     

Natural compounds of Palestine flora. Comparison analysis by static headspace and steam distillation GC-MS of semivolatile secondary metabolites from leaves of cultivated Palestinian Majorana syriaca

BACKGROUND: A comparative analysis by using static headspace (HS) and steam distillation (SD) GC-MS of the volatile and the semi-volatile secondary metabolites from leaves of cultivated Majorana syriaca. METHODS: The essential oils endogenous to cultivated thyme were isolated and identified by HS-GC-MS technology and compared to those from SD-GC-MS. RESULTS: The HS-GC-MS results showed that the Palestinian cultivated thyme is rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenolic monoterpenes such as alpha-phellandrene, alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, m-cymene, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, thymol and carvacrol. In all the samples gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol were the most abundant compounds. CONCLUSIONS: HS and SD-GC-MS have proved that most of the cultivated thyme samples examined has thymol isomer as the major phenolic constituent.     

The Essential Oils and Glandular Hairs in Different Chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L.

Leaves and flowers of four chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L.were examined for the main components of their essential oiland for the types and distribution of their glandular hairs.Two varieties have high phenol content, one thymol and the othercarvacrol, in their essential oils; one has a moderate thymolcontent and the fourth has a low phenol content and a high alcoholcontent. The percentage of essential oil and the number of peltatehairs were higher in the flowers than in the leaves, the highestbeing in the flowers of a chemotype with a high phenol (thymol)concentration. While there were no differences in structureof the peltate and two types of capitate hairs between chemotypes,the density of the peltate hairs varied and appeared to be correlatedwith the total essential oil content. Origanum vulgare L., essential oils, glandular hairs     

Variations in the essential oil composition from different parts of Coriandrum sativum L. cultivated in Tunisia

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from different organs (flowers, leaves, stems and roots) of Tunisian coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) was analyzed. GC and GC-MS analysis enabled us to identify 64 compounds and revealed great qualitative and quantitative differences between the analyzed parts. In all organs, the main compound was (E)-2-dodecenal, followed by (E)-2-tridecenal, gamma-cadinene, (Z)-myroxide, neryl acetate and eugenol. Multivariate analysis (PCA) revealed a high similarity in the essential oils composition between upper leaves and flowers in one hand and basal leaves, roots and stems on the other hand. Further, it has been reported an organ-dependant distribution of essential oil compounds.     

福建产小鱼仙草挥发油的含量及其化学成分的研究

应用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用系统对小鱼仙草（Mosla dianthera Maxim),挥发油的化学成分进行研究,以SE－54石英毛细管柱分离出43个峰,用GC／MS鉴定出39个成分,其主要成分为百里香酚（37．15％）,香荆芥酚（14．85％）,丁香烯（5．75％）,芳樟醇（5．40％）,檀香烯（4．12％）,律草烯（3．61％）,香桧醇（2．87％）等,占总挥发油的98．40％,又应用气相色谱归一化法计算了各化学成分含量。     

Essential oil variability in Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. growing wild in Southern Apulia (Italy)

Essential oils of Thymbra capitata (Thymus capitatus) collected from Southern Apulia (Italy) were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques, to check for chemical variability. The study showed that among the 75 components of the oils the most recurrent ones were thymol and carvacrol, which always constituted more than 50% of the oils, as well as γ-terpinene, borneol and p-cymene. Cluster analysis led to the identification of three chemotypes: thymol, carvacrol and thymol/carvacrol; this was presumably a crossbreed between the other two chemotypes. Principal component analysis showed the direct correlation among myrcene, α-terpinene and γ-terpinene; anti-correlation between thymol and carvacrol, and the inverse correlation between linalool and myrcene. Moreover, lower thymol concentrations were accompanied by an increase in myrcene, α-terpinene and γ-terpinene.     

Essential oil composition is related to the natural habitats: Coridothymus capitatus and Satureja thymbra in NATURA 2000 sites of Crete

The study of essential oils obtained from Coridothymus capitatus and Satureja thymbra collected from different natural habitat types of 11 NATURA 2000 sites scattered all over Crete has shown that they are characterized either by a high amount of carvacrol (up to 75.7%) or thymol (up to 65.6%) or by a more or less equal amount of the two phenols. The results of a discriminant analysis with predefined groups the natural habitat types wherefrom the plants were collected have shown that the oils of both species collected from the dry dwarf-shrub formations of the lowland have a high carvacrol content whereas those collected from the more mesic timber or highland formations have a high thymol content. Furthermore, the results of this study introduce the use of natural habitat unit as a tool for the assessment of essential oil variation.     

Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings

AIMS: To characterize antifungal activities of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and pure thymol, as comparative substance, on different mould species isolated from damp dwellings. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty samples of wall scrapes were collected from damp dwellings in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. The members of the following mould genera were recovered from the samples: Aspergillus (44%), Penicillium (18%) Alternaria, Ulocladium, Absidia and Mucor (8%) Cladosporium, Trichoderma and Rhizopus (6%), and Chaetomium (2%). Two strains of Stachybotrys chartarum were isolated from damp dwellings in Slovakia. Antifungal activities of the thyme essential oil, which contains p-cymene (36.5%), thymol (33.0%) and 1,8-cineole (11.3%) as main components, and pure thymol were determined by the dilution method and exposure to vaporous phase of the oil. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of both thymol and essential oil were bellow 20 microg ml(-1), except for Mucor spp. (50.20 microg ml(-1)). Thymol exhibited approximately three-times stronger inhibition than essential oil of thyme. The vaporous phase of the thyme essential oil (82 microg l(-1)) in glass chambers strongly suppressed the sporulation of moulds during 60 days of exposure. CONCLUSION: The thyme essential oil possesses a wide range spectrum of fungicidal activity. The vaporous phase of the oil exhibited long-lasting suppressive activity on moulds from damp dwellings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Essential oil of thyme and thymol could be used for disinfection of mouldy walls in the dwellings in low concentration.