Vegetation of the Birjučij Island spit in the Azov Sea. Sand steppe vegetation

The syntaxa of the near-natural sand steppes (classFestucetea vaginatae) and their substitutes due to trampling (Chenopodietea) were studied in 1991 during the Ukrainian-Czech expedition to the Birju?ij Island Spit (Azov Sea, Ukraine). Within the allianceFestucion beckeri Vicherek 1972 (classFestucetea vaginatae Soó 1968 emend.Vicherek 1972, orderFestucetalia vaginatae Soó 1957) three associations and five communities without rank are described, covering the vegetation variability along gradients of sand stabilization/soil development and salinization/moisture. Further, two associations of the classChenopodietea, due to deer influence, are described. Four associations (Centaureo odessanae-Stipetum capillatae, Poo bulbosae-Caricetum colchicae, Secali-Cynodontetum dactyli andHeliotropio dolosi-Brometum japonici) are described as new.     

Ecological Monitoring of the Water Area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002)

Benthic surveys carried out in 1989 (literature data), 1995, and 2001 (original data) revealed changes in the structure of soft bottom communities of Wrangel Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan), where a deep-water port of Vostochnyi is situated. The functioning of the port has caused no significant environmental pollution by heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other pollutants. Bottom dredging and the siltation induced by it have drastically lowered the benthos biomass, changed benthic communities, and altered their trophic structure. Sestonophages have disappeared nearly altogether being replaced by detrivores. The ecological state of the benthos is characterized as unstable.     

Assessment of cetacean–fishery interactions in the marine food web of the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea,Central Mediterranean Sea)

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries - The exploitation of fishery resources acts as a driving force on cetaceans both directly, by determining their fishing mortality or injury as by-catch...     

The phosphorus budget of the Marsdiep tidal basin (Dutch Wadden Sea) in the period 1950–1985: importance of the exchange with the North Sea

Nutrient and carbon budgets of the western part of the Dutch Wadden Sea are based on the concept formulated by Postma (1954): import of organic compounds from the North Sea, mineralization in the estuary ans subsequently an export of dissolved inorganic nutrients to the North Sea. In this paper the phosphorus budget of the westernmost part of the Wadden Sea (Marsdiep basin) during the period 1950–1985 is considered to evaluate this concept and to investigate whether eutrophication processes have changed these P-budgets during the last decades. Most attention is paid to the importance of the exchange of P-components between the tidal basin and the open sea. The budgets are based on a general mass balance equation in which the main entries are the loadings via the freshwater sources, the net sediment-water exchange, the exchange with the North Sea, the input from the adjacent Vlie basin, and a transformation term representing the interchange between dissolved and particulate phosphorus. Averaged over the entire period 55% of the phosphate input (SRP) to the basin is delivered by the fresh water sources, and 45% by the Vlie basin. For non-SRP components these numbers are 50% and 40% respectively, while only 10% comes from the North Sea. The import from the North Sea, as calculated by our model thus seems less important than previously documented. There is a clear effect of the eutrophication during the last decades. In the first 20 years of the period investigated there was a moderate increase in the TP input to the basin, partly caused by an increasing input of non-SRP (TP minus soluble reactive phosphorus) from the North Sea. In 1970/71 almost 30% of the non-SRP loading originated from the North Sea. From approximately 1975 onwards this import of non-SRP turns into an export, while the TP-loading from the other sources inclined, until a maximum was reached in 1981. Recently a decrease in the TP-inputs has been observed. It is concluded that the recent output of phosphorus from the Marsdiep basin may have a considerable impact on the adjacent area of the North Sea.Publication no. 2 of the project Applied Scientific Research Neth Inst. for Sea Res. (BEWON).     

Correction to: Assessment of cetacean–fishery interactions in the marine food web of the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea,Central Mediterranean Sea)

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries - In the original publication of the article, the given name and surname of the authors are inverted in the author’s affiliation and in the citation of...     

Microbial–meiofaunal interrelationships in coastal sediments of the Red Sea

Population density and biomass of bacteria and meiofauna were investigated seasonally in the sediments of the north-western bank of Red Sea. Samples of sediments were collected seasonally from three different stations to determine microphytobenthic biomass (chlorophyll a), protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and total organic matter concentrations. These investigations revealed that microbial components tended to increase their dominancy, whereas sensitive meiofauna were extremely reduced during the entire study period. Thus a very low density of the total meiofauna (with an annual average of 109 ± 26 ind./10 cm²) was recorded whilst the benthic microbial population densities exhibited higher values (ranging from 0.31 ± 0.02 × 10⁸ to 43.67 ± 18.62 × 10⁸/g dry sediment). These changes in the relative importance analysis of benthic microbial components versus meiofaunal ones seem to be based on the impact of organic matter accumulation on the function and structure of these benthic communities. Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates showed very low concentration values, and the organic matter mostly consisted of carbohydrates, reflecting lower nutritional values for benthic fauna in general and meiofauna in particular. The distribution of microbial and meiofaunal communities seems to be dependent on the quality of the organic matter rather than on its quantity. Total organic matter concentrations varied between 5.8 and 7.6 mg/g, with organic carbon accounting for only 32% of the total organic matter. Chlorophyll a attained very low values, fluctuating between 0.11 and 0.56 μg/g, indicating the oligotrophy of the studied area. The very low concentration of chlorophyll a in the Red Sea sediment suggests that the sedimentary organic matter, heterotrophic bacteria and/or protozoa constitute an alternative resource that is consumed by meiofauna when algae are less abundant. Protozoa, therefore, represent the “missing link in bacteria–meiofauna interaction in the Red Sea marine sediment ecosystem.     

Distribution of Ichthyoplankton in Relation to Specifics of Hydrological Regime off the Crimean coast (the Black Sea) in the Spring–Summer Season 2017

Journal of Ichthyology - The paper presents characteristics of the species composition, spatial distribution, and trophic interactions of ichthyoplankton and zooplankton in the spring–summer...     

Impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident on obesity of children in Japan (2008–2014)

This study used prefecture-level panel data from Japan for the period 2008–2014 to investigate the influence of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident on the body mass index (BMI) z-score and obesity rates of children over time. I adopted a difference-in-differences approach and found the following: (1) for the cohort aged 5–7 years in 2010, the BMI z-score and obesity rates in disaster-affected areas were higher than in other areas, although this was not observed for the other cohorts; (2) for the cohort aged 5–7 years in 2010, the influence of the accident persisted even after 3 years; and (3) the differences in the BMI z-score and obesity rate before and after the accident were greater for Fukushima Prefecture than for the other affected areas (Iwate and Miyagi prefectures). I infer that health-conscious parents, whose children had lower BMIs, may have moved from Fukushima, thereby increasing the BMI z-score of the child population living in Fukushima by around 0.05 for the cohort aged 5–7 years. The enforced reduction in physical activity increased the BMI z-score of children living in Fukushima by around 0.19 for that cohort.     

Phytoplankton of the Amur River Estuary (Sea of Okhotsk) during the summer periods of 2005–2007

The qualitative composition of planktonic microalgae in the Amur River Estuary (in the Sea of Okhotsk) was studied in July 2005, June 2006, and June 2007. The biomass and abundance of phytoplankton were studied for the first time. The average cell density of the microalgae ranged from 194700 to 855100 cells/liter, being higher in 2006 than in 2005 and 2007. The average biomass of the community varied from 1.06 g/m³ in 2007 to 3.17 g/m³ in 2006. Analysis of the similarity of the species composition and cell density of the phytoplankton revealed two groups of stations: the first includes stations in the northern and central parts of the Amur Estuary; and the second includes stations in the southern and central parts. The first group was characterized by the predominance of freshwater diatoms and a high abundances of green and blue-green algae and the second group was characterized by the predominance of marine microalgae. The high cell density and biomass of phytoplankton were due to the increased nutrient input via the river runoff of the Amur.     

Tribute in memory of Jacques Breton (1942–2018)

Photosynthesis Research - Jacques Breton spent his 39 years of professional life at Saclay, a center of the French Atomic Energy Commission. He studied photosynthesis with various advanced...     

Diversity of fish species in the trawl catches in the southeastern Barents Sea in 1980–2008

Analysis of trawl catches in the southeastern Barents Sea was performed for the period of 1980–2008. One lamprey and 48 fish species were defined, including 38 marine fish species, 8 anadromous and amphidromous species, and 1 freshwater species. The ichthyofauna of several areas of the southeastern Barents Sea was described (Cheshskaya Inlet, Pomorskiy Strait, southeastern Pechora Sea, Pechora Sea, Khaipudyrskaya Inlet and adjacent areas). Biodiversity indexes and Shannon Index were applied to describe the species diversity. Cluster analysis was applied to compare the species lists from different areas. Multiyear dynamics of ichthyofauna was studied. The tendency of geographical range expansion eastward was observed for boreal species.     

Production characteristics of bacteria and phytoplankton in the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea during spring–summer

Production parameters for bacterioplankton were assessed during the spring–summer period in the western parts of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, as well as in northwestern Pacific Ocean. The lowest values of bacterial production were observed in early June during the spring phytoplankton bloom (0.08 mg C day^–1 m^–3), while the maximum values (up to 55 mg C day^–1 m^–3) occurred in late July?early August, 1.5 to 2 months after the bloom. The concentration of dissolved organic matter, the substrate for bacterioplankton, was assessed using satellite data. The ratio between bacterial and primary production in the surface samples varied from 0.5% at the peak of phytoplankton bloom to 180% at the peak of bacterioplankton development.     

Dynamics of the Reproduction Period of the Sea Raven Hemitripterus villosus (Hemitripteridae) in the Southwestern Part of Peter the Great Bay: Results of 20-Year Monitoring (1997–2016)

Journal of Ichthyology - The reproduction period of the sea raven Hemitripterus villosus were studied by visual SCUBA-diving methods in 1997–2016 in Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan. It...     

The extensive bloom of alternate-stage Prymnesium polylepis (Haptophyta) in the Baltic Sea during autumn–spring 2007–2008

During autumn 2007, an unusual increase in an algal species belonging to the order Prymnesiales was observed throughout the Baltic Sea Proper during routine national monitoring. Electron microscopical examination of the blooming species showed two types of flat scales – small and large – that resembled those of the alternate stage of Prymnesium polylepis. No spine-bearing scales were found. The 18S rDNA sequence data (n?=?20, c. 1500?bp) verified the species identification as P. polylepis. There was up to 0.5% (7?bp) variability in the P. polylepis partial 18?S rDNA sequences from the Baltic Sea. These environmental sequences differed by 0–0.35% (0–4?bp) from cultured P. polylepis (isolate UIO036), and by 1.0–3.7% from other available Prymnesium sequences. The number of cells assumed to be P. polylepis began to increase in October 2007 coincidently with significantly calm and dry weather, and at their maximum the cells accounted for over 80% of the total phytoplankton biovolume in December–January. During February–April 2008, 95% of the Prymnesiales cells were in the size class of P. polylepis (>6?µm). The species attained bloom concentrations (>1?×?10⁶?cells?l^–1) from March to May 2008. The species was observed throughout the Baltic Sea, except the Bothnian Bay, Gulf of Riga and the Kattegat. No toxic effects of the bloom were observed.     

Adaptation strategies of copepods (superfamily Centropagoidea) in the White Sea (66°N)

Seasonal dynamics of major biochemical features were studied for three abundant egg-diapausing copepods Acartia bifilosa, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, in the White Sea (66°N), between June 2002 and September 2002. Dry weight (DW) and prosome length varied from 0.54 μg ind⁻¹ and 0.163 ± 0.012 mm (A. bifilosa, CI) to 9.58 ± 0.72 μg ind⁻¹ and 1.135 ± 0.167 mm (C. hamatus, females). C_org and N_org content reached up to 5.91 ± 0.44 and 1.23 ± 0.09 μg ind⁻¹ (C. hamatus, females). Protein and lipid content varied greatly from 31.8 to 67.3% DW and from 8.7 to 42.6% DW, respectively. These species show somewhat different biology compared to species at lower latitudes. The copepods use lipid stores to survive during short-term food shortage (e.g. in autumn) and successfully complete their life cycle. In the isolated White Sea during last post-glacial period, species probably evolved some special biochemical features (especially wax esters presence). Food quality demands and long ice coverage are possible factors limiting early development of species in spring.     

Differential effects of typhoons on ichthyotoxic Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides in the South Sea of Korea during 2012–2014

The harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides is known to cause fish death by gill-clogging when its abundance exceeds approximately 1000 cells ml⁻¹. Thus, red tides of this dinoflagellate have caused considerable loss in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Typhoons carrying strong winds and heavy rains may alter the process of red tide events. To investigate the effects of typhoons on C. polykrikoides red tides, daily variations in the abundance of C. polykrikoides, and wind speeds in three study areas in the South Sea of Korea were analyzed during the periods of C. polykrikoides red tides and the passage of 14 typhoons during 2012–2014. The typhoons differentially affected Cochlodinium red tides during the study period, and the daily maximum wind speed generated by the typhoon was critical. Four typhoons with daily maximum wind speeds of >14 m s⁻¹ eliminated Cochlodinium red tides, while three typhoons with daily maximum wind speed of 5–14 m s⁻¹ only lowered the abundance. However, other typhoons with daily maximum wind speeds of <5 m s⁻¹ had no marked effect on the Cochlodinium abundance. Therefore, typhoons may sometimes eliminate C. polykrikoides red tide events, or reduce cell abundances to a level that is not harmful to caged fish cultivated in aquaculture industries. Thus, typhoons should be considered when compiling red tide dynamics and fish-kill models.     

Summer-autumn ichthyoplankton of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan and special traits of feeding of fish larvae and fry in 2003–2004

In summer-autumn of 2003–2004, the ichthyoplankton of the Sea of Okhotsk comprised 35 species. In this period the most widely distributed and numerous were larvae of the lord Hemilepidotus gilberti, the Pacific stout sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus, and the Sakhalin dab Limanda sakhalinensis. The maximum catches of fish larvae were attributed to coastal waters off eastern Sakhalin and to the shelf of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. In November of 2003, the ichthyoplankton of the Sea of Japan was represented by fish larvae belonging mainly to the boreal ichthyocomplex. The catches consisted predominantly of larvae of the arabesque greenling Pleurogrammus azonus, the ronquil Bathymaster derjugini, and the rockfish Sebastes owstoni. Fish larvae and fry in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan were caught principally within 43°–45° N and 137°–139° E above the depth 1500–2000 m. The food spectrum of fish larvae in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan comprised over 20 plankters of various size belonging to seven taxa. Irrespective of fish species, the food items common of all fish were copepods Pseudocalanus minutus and Oithona similis. The daily rations were calculated for mass species (Hemilepidotus gilberti, Ammodytes hexapterus, Hexagrammos stelleri, Pleurogrammus azonus, Bathymaster derjugini, and Sebastes owstoni). The larvae of all considered species in the Sea of Japan and in the Sea of Okhotsk fed predominantly in the light period of the day.     

Diet of juvenile cod (age 0–2) in the Barents Sea in relation to food availability and cod growth

Diet investigations were carried out on 0-, 1- and 2-year-old Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) sampled in the Barents Sea during 1984–2002. Stomach-content analyses showed that the 0 and 1 group cod fed mainly on crustaceans, with krill and amphipods composing up to 70% of their diet. Krill (Thysanoessa spp. and Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and amphipods (Themisto spp.) were mainly found in cod stomachs sampled in the central and close to the Polar Front region in the Barents Sea where these prey organisms are reported to be abundant in summer. A shift in the main diet from crustaceans to fish was observed from age 1 to age 2. The diet of 2-year-old cod mainly comprised capelin (Mallotus villosus) and other fish, and to a lesser degree, krill and amphipods. Shrimp (mainly Pandalus spp.) was also an important prey in both age 1 and 2 cod. A statistically significant positive relationship was obtained between capelin stock size and the amount of capelin in the diet of 2-year-old cod. Results from this study also show that the larger age-2 cod preyed more on capelin in winter and that larger cod (>22 cm) prefer larger capelin (>12 cm). During periods of low capelin abundance, the 2-year-old cod shift their diet more to crustaceans, such as krill and amphipods. A positive significant relationship was also obtained between Total Fullness Index (TFI) and the amount of capelin in the diet and between TFI and the growth of 2-year-old cod, indicating that the growth of age-2 cod is to a large extent dependent on the amount of capelin consumed. Growth of age-1 cod was also positively correlated to TFI.     

Envenomation and the bite rate by venomous snakes in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia over the period (2015–2018)

Snakebite being medical emergency and known cause for increased mortality needs assessment and treatment on high-priority bases, even in patients of snakebite who appear fine initially. The current retrospective study presents the snake bites in Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2018 reported by General Administration of Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data presented in the current study, was extracted, analyzed, and reported after getting ethical approval from institutional committee. Totally, 14,679 cases of snakebites were reported during the four-year study period, with a higher prevalence in males (80%) in their productive age. Most patients were within the age group between 25 and 44 followed by 44 to 64 years. The majority of snakebite affected inhabitants were reported from farms of the rural areas, commonly during night hours of spring and summer seasons when snakes are very active. Only 36 (0.24%) patients out of 14,679 were reported dead and 14,643 (99.63%) were discharged after the treatment. Awareness among the general public should be encouraged and early diagnosis and usage of proper snake antivenoms could be life-saving. The delay in appropriate treatment can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.