Phylogenetic Relationships and Taxonomy of the Carp Fish of Genus Hemiculter (Cyprinidae,Xenocypridinae): Species of the Group H. leucisculus

Journal of Ichthyology - The three differentiated phylogenetic lineages of sharpbelly from the group Hemiculter leucisculus s.l. corresponding to clades A, B, C sensu Chen et al. (2017) have been...     

Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Species of the Amphipod Genus Gammarus

The phylogenetic relationships of five amphipod species of the genus Gummarus: G. oceanicus, G. locusta, G. salinus, G. zaddachi and G. duebeni are presented based on starch gel electrophoresis of 12 enzymes determined by 17 loci. The five species separate into three groups: G. locusta and G. duebeni each represent a distinct group while G. oceanicus, G. salinus and G. zaddachi together form a third group. This grouping results when the number of diagnostic loci, as well as when genetic distance between species pairs, are considered. The results compare well with morphological and, to some extent, ecological data.     

A New Species of the Genus Tor from Yunnan, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

A new species of the subfamily Barbinae, Tor yingjiangensis, is recognized from Yunnan province, China. It can be distinguished from other Tor species by the following combination of characters: last simple dorsal-fin ray osseous and non-serrated; no forward directed predorsal procumbent spine; head length considerably longer than body depth; no tubercles on the snout or sides of the face; 18–20 gill rakers on the outside of first gill arch; 24–26 lateral line scales; median lobe of lower lip short, its posterior margin truncate, not extending to the vertical across the inner corners of the mouth; and the condition of the lower lip consistent in individuals of different sizes. The new species has been misidentified previously as Tor putitora (Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its Branches. Edinburgh & London. 405 pp), which occurs in the Ganges and Indus River basins. The new species can easily be distinguished from T. putitora by having 3–3.5 (vs. 2.5) scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin origin, shorter caudal peduncle length (13.0% vs. 17.2% of standard length), lesser body depth (26.4% vs. 24.0% of standard length) and longer caudal peduncle depth (12.0% vs. 10.9% of standard length), no longitudinal stripe present along side of body, and eyes visible in ventral view of head.     

Esterase Patterns and Phylogenetic Relationships of Drosophila Species in the Saltans Subgroup (Saltans Group)

The esterase patterns of sixteen strains from four species in the saltans subgroup were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thirty-four esterase bands were detected. By using and naphthyl acetates as substrates, they were classified in 18 -esterases (they hydrolyse the -naphtyl substrate), 15 -esterases (they hydrolyse the -naphtyl substrate) and 1 /-esterase (it hydrolyses the and -naphtyl substrates). Among the -esterases, three were detected exclusively in males. Malathion, Eserine and pCMB were used as inhibitors in order to characterize biochemically the esterases. The results indicated the presence of cholinesterases, carboxylesterases and acetylesterases. The degree of mobility of the bands in the gels, their specificity to and naphthyl acetates and the results of the inhibition tests allowed us to recognize tentatively nine genetic loci. Phylogenetic relationships among species inferred on the basis of the esterase patterns by PAUP 4.0b8, with neighbor-joining search and a bootstrap analysis showed that, although the four species are closely related, D. septentriosaltans, D. saltans and D. austrosaltans are closer to each other than to D. prosaltans. These results showed to be consistent with phylogenetic relationships previously inferred from inversion polymorphism.     

Qianlabeo Striatus, a New Genus and Species of Labeoninae from Guizhou Province, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Qianlabeo striatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from a stream tributary to the Beipan Jiang of the upper Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) drainage in Matou, Anshun County, Guizhou Province, China. This monotypic genus is mainly characterized by its oromadibular morphology, namely an upper lip only present in and fully adnate to the side of the upper jaw, not covered by the pendulous rostral fold; the median portion of the upper jaw lacking an upper lip but bearing a thin, flexible and cornified cutting edge that is fully covered by the pendulous rostral fold; a postlabial groove prolonged, extended anteromedially close to the anteromost point of the midline of the lower lip but not to meet with its counterpart. The type species of this genus, Q. striatus has a longitudinal dark stripe along the side of the body.     

斯库台涡虫属一新种(单肠目,斯库台科)及其分子系统学分析

本研究报道单肠目Rhabdocoela斯库台科Scutariellidae斯库台涡虫属Scutariella新种:中国斯库台涡虫,新种Scutariella sinensis sp.nov.,对其进行了形态学、分子系统学等研究。新种的主要鉴别特征:(1)二支卵黄腺在背部两侧沿肠管分布,在近肠后部愈合,整体呈"U"型;(2)生殖孔位于肠前端腹侧;(3)咽腺丰富,位于咽肠交界处的两侧;(4)精巢、卵巢位于肠道前1/3腹侧。新种的18S rDNA和28S rDNA分子系统发生研究首次提供了切头类斯库台科的分子数据,确定切头亚目Temnocephalida的分类地位及该亚目与吸虫类的进化关系。     

The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Gobioninae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

The Gobioninae are a group of morphologically and ecologically diverse Eurasian freshwater cyprinid fishes. The intergeneric relationships of this group are unresolved and the possible monophyly of this subfamily remains to be established. We used complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences from most genera within the gobionine group, in addition to a selection of cyprinid outgroups, to investigate the possible monophyly of this group and resolve the interrelationships within the group. Our results support the monophyly of the Gobioninae and identify four monophyletic groups within the subfamily; the Hemibarbus group, the Sarcocheilichthys group, the Gobio group, and the Pseudogobio group. The morphologically aberrant genera Gobiobotia, Xenophysogobio and Gobiocypris are included in the Gobioninae, with the latter a sister group of Gnathopogon.     

Exploring Species Level Taxonomy and Species Delimitation Methods in the Facultatively Self-Fertilizing Land Snail Genus Rumina (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

Delimiting species in facultatively selfing taxa is a challenging problem of which the terrestrial pulmonate snail genus Rumina is a good example. These snails have a mixed breeding system and show a high degree of shell and color variation. Three nominal species (R. decollata, R. saharica and R. paivae) and two color morphs within R. decollata (dark and light) are currently recognized. The present study aims at evaluating to what extent these entities reflect evolutionary diverging taxonomic units, rather than fixed polymorphisms due to sustained selfing. Therefore, a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS1, ITS2) and mitochondrial DNA (COI, CytB, 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA) sequences was performed. Putative species in Rumina, inferred from the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny, were compared with those proposed on the basis of the COI gene by (1) DNA barcoding gap analysis, (2) Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, (3) the species delimitation plug-in of the Geneious software, (4) the Genealogical Sorting Index, and (5) the General Mixed Yule Coalescent model. It is shown that these methods produce a variety of different species hypotheses and as such one may wonder to what extent species delimitation methods are really useful. With respect to Rumina, the data suggest at least seven species, one corresponding to R. saharica and six that are currently grouped under the name R. decollata. The species-level status of R. paivae is rejected.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Rasbora (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Liao, T. Y., Kullander, S. O. & Fang, F. (2009). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Rasbora (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).—Zoologica Scripta, 39, 155–176. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on 35 cyprinid taxa, including 29 species of Rasbora, and 41 morphological characters. A strict consensus tree from four equally parsimonious trees recovered rasborins as a monophyletic group characterized by (i) presence of dark supra‐anal pigment and subpeduncular streak, (ii) 5–6 branched anal‐fin rays, (iii) dorsal‐fin insertion 1–3 scales behind pelvic‐fin insertion, (iv) lateral process of second vertebra more or less straight, (v) 1–5 more abdominal than caudal vertebrae, (vi) absence of foramen in anterior wall of horizontal limb of the cleithrum, (vii) presence of rasborin process on epibranchial 4, and (viii) interhyal well ossified. Rasbora sensu stricto can be distinguished from all other rasborin genera by the presence of an opercular canal. Four new genera, viz. Brevibora, n. gen., Kottelatia, n, gen., Rasbosoma, n. gen. and Trigonopoma, n. gen., are recognized and described.     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的文蛤属（软体动物门：帘蛤科）系统发育关系

测定了4种文蛤属贝类的15个个体的COI基因序列,并从GenBank下载了短文蛤(M petechialis)的相应序列.比对后的序列长度为574bp,包括93个简约信息位点,A、T、C和G的平均含量分别为21.15%、44.71%、14.05%和20.09%.通过对序列的分析,共定义了12个单倍型:文蛤(M.meretrix)4个,斧文蛤(M.lamarckii)2个,丽文蛤(M.lusoria)3个,琴文蛤(M.lyrata)1个,短文蛤2个.以青蛤(cylina sinensis)为外群,用MP法和贝叶斯法构建系统树.结果显示,短文蛤、丽文蛤和文蛤为亲缘关系较近的物种,支持短文蛤和丽文蛤为文蛤的同物异名的观点.     

Genetic Divergence of Far-Eastern Dace Species Belonging to the Genus Tribolodon (Pisces, Cyprinidae) and Closely Related Taxa

Based on a biochemical–genetic approach, heterozygosity and divergence of structural genes at 30 enzyme loci were analyzed in six dace species. In addition, intra- and interspecific divergence of gene expression was analyzed based on a sample of 12 to 15 loci. Mean heterozygosities per individual varied as follows: Tribolodon species, H _obs = 0.007 ± 0.007 and H _exp = 0.007 ± 0.007; T. ezoe, H _obs = 0.045 ± 0.016 and H _exp = 0.067 ± 0.029. Several variants of genetic distances were estimated. Standard Nei's distances (D _N) varied from 0.145 to 0.284 in four dace species studied. As related to Tribolodon dace species, the following genetic distances were obtained for two members of other genera:Pseudaspius leptocephalus, D _N = 0.269; Leuciscus waleckii, D _N = 0.769. Based on the distance matrices, different clustering algorithms were realized. The main feature shared by different dendrograms was a separate position of the cluster joining Far-Eastern dace species, to whichP. leptocephalus and L. waleckii are successively added. Among the species studied, the proportion of loci similar by expression (E) varied from 87 to 100%. The greatest difference was found between landlocked and landlocked ecotypes of T. hakonensis, E = 67%. The following conclusions can be made: (1) Four studied species of the genus Tribolodon are rather well genetically differentiated. Diagnostic loci are available. (2) A nominal dace species, T. species, should be considered the fourth unambigous species of this genus, which is confirmed by its recent zoological acceptance of this species. (3) The origin and divergence of dace species belonging to the genus Tribolodon are relatively late (1 to 3 Myr ago) historical events. (4) Taxonomically, the genus Tribolodon belong to the tribe Pseudaspinini together with P. leptocephalus, which is confirmed by genetic data. (5) Data on heterozygosity and the divergence of structural and regulatory elements of genome, along with the proposed scheme of speciation types, suggest the following speciation modes for the species studied: for four species, adaptive divergence and for two species, genetic transformation.     

The Genus Obelus Hartmann, 1842 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea) and its Phylogenetic Relationships

The genus Obelus, so far known from shells only, is re-described on the basis of the anatomy of its genital system. Its range is here restricted to north-western Africa and the Canary Islands. Four species are traditionally listed for the Canary Islands: Obelus despreauxii, O. moderatus, O. mirandae and O. cyclodon. The presence of the last species on the Canary Islands is doubtful, whereas the fossil/subfossil presence of O. pumilio is documented. The species Helix morata also belongs to the genus, as well as a new species, O. discogranulatus sp. nov. The genital systems of all confirmed extant Canarian species are shown. Obelus has a peculiar vaginal stimulator appendix (“appendicula”) which is homologous to the penial appendix of the Orthurethra and to the stimulatory organ of other Stylommatophora, with the exception that the A₃ portion is missing. The genus is diagnosed by characters of the vaginal stimulator appendix, such as a curved, finger-like A₂ portion of the appendicula ending proximally in a blind, well-developed muscular sac, and by the slender tubular A₄ portion arising laterally from the muscular sac duct. We conclude that Obelus belongs to the Cochlicella group because it shares an appendicula with the other genera of the group. However, it differs in anatomical details of this structure. The Cochlicella group should be recognized as a separate family Cochlicellidae Schileyko, 1972, with close relationships to the Helicellidae and the Hygromiidae. A new diagnosis for Cochlicellidae is proposed and its phylogenetic relationships are discussed.This is: Notes on the Malacofauna of the Canary Islands, No. 46.     

Two New Species of the pulcher Group in the Genus Copidognathus (Acari, Halacaridae)

Eleven species are now known to belong to the Copidognathus pulcher group, viz. C. extensus, C. loricifer, C. magnipalpus (with the subspecies magnipalpus and ponticus), C. manicatus, C. pachypus, C. pulcher, C. scitus, C. suezensis, C. triops, C. milliporus and C. uniscutatus, C. milliporus sp.n., found in Caribbean waters, and C. uniscutatus sp.n., from the Philippines, are described. The geographical distribution of the pulcher group is summarized in a figure.     

Using RAPD for Estimating Genetic Polymorphism in and Phylogenetic Relationships among Species of the Genus Lycopersicon (Tourn.) Mill.

RAPD genome analysis of 53 species and cultivars of the genusLycopersicon (Tourn.) Mill. revealed their high genetic polymorphism (Tourn.) Mill., based on which their phylogenetic relationships were inferred. In total, 248 polymorphic DNA fragments were amplified. Intraspecific polymorphism was maximum (79%) in L. peruvianum and minimum (9%) in L. parviflorum. In general, genome divergence among cross-pollinating tomato species was substantially higher than in self-pollinating species. An UPGMA dendrogram constructed from the RAPD patterns was consisted with the Lycopersicon phylogeny inferred from the molecular data of RFLP, ISSR, and microsatellite analyses and with a classification based on morphological characters. The relationships of taxa within the genus Lycopersicon are discussed.     

Fish migrate underground: the example of Delminichthys adspersus (Cyprinidae)

Complex aquatic systems of karst harbour a rich but little‐investigated biodiversity. In Croatia and Bosnia–Herzegovina karst, temporal springs are inhabited by a group of minnow‐like fishes that retreat to the associated ground water during dry seasons and spend several months underground. The most abundant species in this group is Delminichthys adspersus (Heckel 1843), which also has the most fragmented distribution range. To determine the population composition and dispersal patterns, and to detect potential underground migration, a large genetic data set comprising 544 specimens of D. adspersus covering most of its distribution area was analysed. Analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences (～1000 bp) and eight microsatellite loci showed that D. adspersus comprises at least three subpopulations with gene flow occurring among them. Coalescent‐based analysis revealed a complex migration pattern, with several unidirectional dispersal paths, including between temporal springs that share no surface connection. The results of this study suggest the existence of recurrent underground migration of fish in a karst environment and demonstrate the complexity of its hydrological network. The findings are relevant to conservation strategies for endemic karst organisms and karst ecosystems as a whole.     

A new species of Kolpochoerus (Mammalia: Suidae) from the Pliocene of Central Afar, Ethiopia: Its Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships

Kolpochoerus (Mammalia: Suidae) is a suine genus represented by a number of species from Plio-Pleistocene sites in Africa. While the general trends in Kolpochoerus evolution are broadly known, gaps in the fossil record preclude an understanding of the details of its evolutionary tempo and mode. Here, we describe a new species, Kolpochoerus millensis, based on new fossil material from the Woranso-Mille and Gona sites in the Central Afar region of Ethiopia and dated to 3.5–3.8 million years ago (Ma). Third molars of K. millensis are metrically and morphologically intermediate between the early Pliocene K. deheinzelini and earliest late Pliocene K. afarensis. It appears that K. deheinzelini, K. millensis, and K. afarensis are temporally disjunct and phenetically distinguishable parts of a single evolving lineage. The recognition of these chronospecies provides additional evidence for anagenetic evolution. It demonstrates clearly the presence of transitional forms in the fossil record. The extensive and well-dated Kolpochoerus fossil record serves as one of the best documented examples of the occurrence of phyletic evolution. Moreover, K. millensis is one of the best biochronological markers in eastern Africa for the time between 3.5 and 3.8 Ma.     

139Taxonomic Re-Examination of Eight Species of Nitella (Charales, Charophyceae) from Asia, And Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Genus Based on rbcL and Atpb Gene Sequences

Eight taxa of Nitella, collected from Asia, were investigated using LM and SEM of the oospores and sequencing of rbc L gene to improve understanding of their taxonomic status. Our SEM observations demonstrated that the oospore morphology of six taxa – N. capitulifera (= N. acuminata f. capitulifera ), N. japonica (= N. furcata f. japonica ), N. tumulosa (= N. furcata f. tumulosa ), N. megaspora comb. nov. (= N. pseudoflabellata f. megaspora ), N. gracillima (= N. gracilis f. gracillima ), and N. axilliformis (= N. translucens f. axilliformis ) – is distinctly different from that of the species to which R.D. Wood assigned them as infraspecific taxa. Our rbc L sequence data showed that N. japonica is separated phylogenetically from N. furcata , N. tumulosa from N. furcata , N. megaspora from N. pseudoflabellata , and N. axilliformis from N. translucens . In addition, to re-examine the taxonomic system of Nitella proposed by R.D. Wood, who treated oospore wall ornamentations as a diagnosis at the infraspecific level, we carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses using the combined sequence dataset for atpB and rbc L genes of these eight species, as well as twelve species of Nitella previously studied. The combined sequence data resolved five robust clades within the subgenus Tieffallenia that were characterized by differences in oospore wall ornamentation. However, the species and sectional diagnoses of R.D. Wood, such as the form and cell number of dactyls in vegetative thalli, were variable within the clades. Therefore, R.D. Wood's taxonomic system appears unnatural, at least within the subgenus Tieffallenia .     

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genus Paramesotriton （Caudata： Salamandridae） with the Description of a New Species from Qixiling Nature Reserve,Jiangxi, Southeastern China and a Key to the species

The matrilineal genealogy of the genus Paramesotriton is hypothesized based on DNA sequences from mitochondrial NADH subunit two （ND2） and its flanking tRNAs （tRN^Arp and a partial tRNA^Ala）. The genealogy identifies a highly divergent, unnamed lineage from Qixiling Nature Reserve, Jiangxi, China and places it as the sister taxon of P. chinensis. The newly discovered population differs from other congeners by several features of external morphology including having large clusters of dark brown conical warts on the dorsum of the head, lateral surface of the body and dorsolateral ridges. Its intermittent dorsal vertebral ridge is the same color as other parts of the dorsum and tail narrows gradually from the base to the tip. Further, the new population differs from all congeners by an uncorrected P-distance of more than 9.38% in ND2. Consequently, we describe the new species of Asian warty newt （Salamandridae） as Paramesotriton qixilingensis sp. nov.