Isolation and characterization of 19 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in the devil stinger, Inimicus japonicus (Synanceiidae)

Inimicus japonicus, the devil stinger, has an extensive distribution along the coast of China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. Nineteen highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in I. japonicus. Twenty-eight individuals from a wild population were tested for polymorphism using this set of polymorphic microsatellite markers. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 14. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.500-0.892 and 0.521-0.910, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected at two loci. To the best of our knowledge, these were the first microsatellite loci characterized from the Synanceiidae; they can be used for estimating genetic diversity, population structure studies, parentage analysis, genetic linkage map construction, germplasm classification and identification, gene identification, quantitative trait loci mapping, and marker-assisted selection in breeding of I. japonicus and other species of this family.     

四川宝兴中国鼩猬的一些生物学资料

对2008年3～11月在四川宝兴县蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区捕获的105只中国鼩猬Neoteracus sinensis进行了解剖,测量和分析了其头骨、体长、部分脏器和胃容物,以提供解剖和测量的生物学数据.结果 显示:性比(♀/♂)为1.84,平均胎崽数为5.43只±1.51只;雌雄间头骨量度无显著差异,雄性尾长和后足长明显长于雌性;雄性肝脏重量显著轻于雌性;胃食糜中发现有部分浆果和淀粉类食物,未发现植物的茎叶,主要为肉食性食物.     

大血藤生殖生物学研究

通过野外观测、实验室分析以及人工套袋授粉等方法,研究了大血藤的繁育系统、开花习性、传粉方式以及花粉-胚珠比等生殖生物学特征.结果表明,大血藤的花为单性花,雌雄同株.雄花单花花期为7~10 d,雌花单花花期为2~3 d,种群开花历时14~17 d,散粉高峰期为4月11~17日,属风媒传粉植物.大血藤花粉-胚珠比为600±20,属兼性异交类型,人工套袋实验进一步证明,大血藤的交配系统为兼性异交类型,但以异交为主.     

The Reproductive Biology of Totara (Podocarpus totara) (Podocarpaceae)

A reproductive cycle of totara (Podocarpus totara) in New Zealandis complete within 2 years. After strobilus initiation in September,there is a 9 month period of winter dormancy until emergenceduring the growth flush in July–August of the followingyear. Female strobili bear only one or two ovules which arepollinated mid-October to mid-November at the megaspore tetradstage. Pollen germination and fertilization occur rapidly duringDecember. The pollen tube carries the body cell, sterile andtube nuclei with at least three prothallial nuclei, and branchesout after reaching the archegonia. The four–six archegoniacontain egg nuclei with no distinct perinuclear zone and a largechalazal vacuole. Fertilization by the larger of the two unequalmale gametes is accompanied by a degradation of egg cell cytoplasm.The three-tier proembryo contains a binucleate embryonal tierof only one cell. Soon after embryo penetration into the megagametophyte,the binucleate embryonal-tier cell undergoes mitosis and cellwall formation resulting in four uninucleate cells. Some ovulescontained secondary embryos thought to be the product of suspensorcleavage. Embryo maturation occurs by February.Copyright 1999Annals of Botany Company Podocarpus totara, totara, conifer, podocarp, reproductive biology, embryology.     

绣球茜的二型花柱及其传粉生物学初步研究

首次对绣球茜(Dunnia sinensis Tutch)的花药和柱头高度、花粉和柱头形态,以及人工辅助授粉的结实情况等进行了研究.结果表明:绣球茜在同一居群中同时具有长花柱(Pin 型)和短花柱(Thrum)两种花型,长花柱植株的柱头和雄蕊高分别为9.61±0.36 mm和6.79±0.38 mm,短花柱则为6.11±0.56 mm和8.96±0.59 mm,表现出互补式雌雄异位的花部特征.通过人工辅助授粉,两种花型植株的自交和同型植株间异交都不结实,仅在型间异交方能正常结实,说明绣球茜中存在极强的自交不亲和和型内不亲和现象.在花粉与柱头形态方面:长柱型花的单花花粉量(38555.6±6258.4)显著地小于短柱型花(52145.45±8924.5)(t=4.009,P＜0.01),长柱花和短柱型花的胚珠数分别为38.73±1.85和39.1±2.25(t=-4.13,P＞0.01);长柱型花花粉粒的大小(极径21.27±0.70 μm)显著地小于短柱花(21.92±0.79μm)类型(t=3.890,P＜0.01),而柱头乳突大小长柱类型要大于短柱类型,表现出明显的二型性.研究结果表明绣球茜是一种典型的二型花柱植物.此外,对其传粉昆虫及昆虫访花行为的观察表明,蝶类(青风蝶属Graphium)和蜂类(熊蜂Bombus sp.和木蜂Xylocopa magnifica Smith)为绣球茜的主要访花昆虫和传粉昆虫,它们能够在两种不同花型植株之间有效地传粉.     

Reproductive Biology of Malabar Pufferfish Carinotetraodon travancoricus (Tetraodontidae)

Journal of Ichthyology - Carinotetraodon travancoricus, is endemic to rivers of Western Ghats of India and supports a lucrative export trade of live aquarium fishes from India. Aspects of its...     

Reproductive Biology of the Distylous Manettia luteo-rubra (Rubiaceae)

The reproductive biology of Manettia luteo-rubra was studied in the coastal montane Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil. This Rubiaceae is a perennial vine that flowers all the year round, but has a flowering peak during the dry season. It presents reciprocal herkogamy, thus the plants are morphologically distylous. The morphs occur in a 1:1 ratio, and pollen diameter and corolla length vary between short and long-styled flowers. Manettia luteo-rubra displays typical heterostylous self-incompatibility and sets almost no fruits from self- or intramorph pollinations. The flowers are tubular, red with yellow lobes, and odourless. Anthesis is asynchronous, and the flowers last about four days. Concentration of sugars in nectar is similar in both morphs, ca. 24%, this concentration being typical for hummingbird flowers. Three species of hummingbirds are the major pollinators of the flowers of M. luteo-rubra at the study site: the hermits Phaethornis eurynome and P. squalidus, and the trochiline Thalurania glaucopis. Three species of Heliconius butterflies act as minor pollinators. Both morphs of M. luteo-rubra exhibit natural fruit-set of about 80%, this reproductive output being maintained throughout the year by the pollinators' constancy to the flowers.     

雄全异株植物瘿椒树(省沽油科)的传粉生物学

从开花动态、传粉昆虫、花的形态结构、繁育系统、花粉活力和柱头可授性等方面研究了我国特有珍稀植物瘿椒树(Tapiscia sinensis Oliv.)的传粉生物学特性。瘿椒树是典型的雄全异株植物,两性花中含有功能性花粉,且自交亲和,但雄花花粉活力和萌发力是两性花的10倍以上。雄株和两性植株具有相同开花物候期,花期均为5月下旬至6月上旬,单花期为4-5天,雄花和两性花的5枚花药开裂的不同步性明显延长了散粉时间。两性花雌蕊先熟,柱头可授性较长。具有适应风媒和虫媒传粉的花部特征。传粉昆虫主要为蜜蜂科(Apidae)和食蚜蝇科(Syrphidae)昆虫,访花高峰期为8:30-10:30。维持瘿椒树雄全异株的可能机制是:雄株总体上增加了异交花粉的数量和质量;两性花的雄蕊为该物种提供了繁殖保障,同时为传粉者提供了报酬。     

雄全异株植物瘿椒树（省沽油科）的传粉生物学

从开花动态、传粉昆虫、花的形态结构、繁育系统、花粉活力和柱头可授性等方面研究了我国特有珍稀植物瘿椒树（Tapiscia sinensis Oliv.）的传粉生物学特性。瘿椒树是典型的雄全异株植物,两性花中含有功能性花粉,且自交亲和,但雄花花粉活力和萌发力是两性花的10倍以上。雄株和两性植株具有相同开花物候期,花期均为5月下旬至6月上旬,单花期为4-5天,雄花和两性花的5枚花药开裂的不同步性明显延长了散粉时间。两性花雌蕊先熟,柱头可授性较长。具有适应风媒和虫媒传粉的花部特征。传粉昆虫主要为蜜蜂科（Apidae）和食蚜蝇科（Syrphidae）昆虫,访花高峰期为8：30-10：30。维持瘿椒树雄全异株的可能机制是：雄株总体上增加了异交花粉的数量和质量;两性花的雄蕊为该物种提供了繁殖保障,同时为传粉者提供了报酬。     

Reproductive Biology of the Andean Shrub Discaria nana (Rhamnaceae)

Abstract: The widely-held view that the frequency of self-compatibility increases at higher elevations has been questioned for communities of the southern Andes. The study of pollination biology of obligate outcrossers with wide altitudinal range may provide clues on how plants can remain reproductively successful in increasingly hostile environments without resorting to selfing. I studied the phenology, pollinator assemblages, breeding system and maternal success of the perennial entomophile outcrosser, Discaria nana, across a 1200-m elevation span in the Andes of Mendoza and Neuquén, Argentina (34° - 37°S). D. nana behaved as self-incompatible throughout the studied gradient. At the higher site proportionally fewer flowers were pollinated, stigmatic loads were smaller and number of visitor species was lower than at low altitude; however, natural fruit set was 3.6 times higher and seed set 3.3 times higher. As a non-exclusive explanation, it is proposed that increased maternal success reflected better pollination quality at the higher site, to which several factors seemed to contribute. At higher altitude D. nana a) exhibited mutualisms with a high proportion of the available pollen vectors, b) had a higher rate of specialized pollinators (Lepidoptera, obligate nectar feeders) to unspecialized ones (Diptera, pollen and mixed feeders) in the visitor assemblage which would reduce ineffective (i.e. self) pollination because nectar feeders visited both male and female phase flowers and pollen feeders favoured male phase flowers, c) had an extended floral longevity (especially the female phase), and d) showed an increased floral display (as number of flowers per unit plant area). Differential rewarding through more concentrated nectar may explain the change in assemblage composition. The flowers' reverse herkogamy (i.e. the location of the stigma below the anthers) seemed to enhance the beneficial effects of the abundance of more effective pollinators.     

桂林唇柱苣苔传粉生物学及生殖配置研究

对桂林唇柱苣苔在不同生境下（YZ居群,半野生,林下裸露岩石上;DB居群,洞穴岩石上）的生殖生态学进行了比较研究。结果表明：（1）桂林唇柱苣苔的花期为2月下旬至4月中旬,受环境因素的影响,单花期在DB居群（16~24 d）明显长于YZ居群（10~17 d）;（2）两个居群的P/O比差异显著,花粉量比胚珠量有更明显的变化,这可能与其生境有关;（3）桂林唇柱苣苔属于兼性异交系统,不存在无融合生殖现象;(4)传粉和种子后熟阶段均存在限制,致使各种处理的结实率均处在较低的水平（<45％）;（5）白颊尤垫蜂与小蜂类(DB居群)或蜜蜂(YZ居群)为桂林唇柱苣苔较为稳定的传粉者;（6）桂林唇柱苣苔植株个体越大,花期繁殖投入就越高,繁殖分配越低;（7）与DB居群相比,YZ居群可利用资源较为丰富、植株生物量较大,因此其花期投入繁殖也较高,而DB居群将更多的资源分配给营养器官,从而提高了对资源获取能力。     

Reproductive Biology of Erythrina falcata (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae)1

Reproductive phenology, floral biology, degree of self‐incompatibility, and floral visitors of Erythrina falcata were studied in an Argentinean population. Flowering occurs during the dry season from late August to late October. Flower lifetime is 5–6 d. Phylogenetic studies indicate that E. falcata, together with E. fusca and E. crista‐galli, are included in a basal clade within Erythrina. Its phylogenetic position, floral morphology, and nectar characteristics suggest a hummingbird–passerine mixed pollination system. The flowers are nontubular, and the vexillum (the upper petal of the corolla) covers the other remaining floral parts until displaced by a visiting passerine (Icterus cayanensis) or a hummingbird (Amazilia chionogaster). Both birds act as pollen vectors. Bees were observed as occasional pollinators. Nectar production begins at anther dehiscence and coincides with maximum stigmatic receptivity. The base of the keel forms a secondary nectar reservoir. Controlled pollinations showed that this species is self‐incompatible, although a few fruits develop from selfing. Pollen:ovule ratio (43,200:7) is as expected for a xenogamous plant. Only 1 percent of the flowers set seeds under natural conditions. Possible explanations for the low reproductive success are discussed.     

宽叶金粟兰滇东北居群的繁殖生物学

对宽叶金粟兰（ＣｈｌｏｒａｎｔｈｕｓｈｅｎｒｙｉＨｅｍｓｌ）滇东北的野外居群和栽培植株花序发育、传粉、结实率、无性繁殖等观察试验的结果显示,宽叶金粟兰以种子繁殖为主,但有时可通过地下合轴茎顶端分支进行无性繁殖。其顶生、侧生花序均能正常开花结实,种子可萌发,在株丛周缘形成新个体。但其顶生花序与侧生花序的雄蕊异形,顶生花序花芽在地下分化形成,雄蕊具明显伸长的３个药隔和４个药室,不产香味,平均结实率６３％;侧生２、３级花序在直立枝条顶端叶腋中分化形成,无伸长药隔并仅具２个药室,在顶生花序果脱落后才开花结实,平均结实率７６％和８３％,略高于顶生花序。传粉实验观察证明其不需要昆虫传粉,为自花授粉可育,不同于本属其它植物。因此其雄蕊异型现象可能是传媒方式改变的结构简化适应     

Flower Structure and Reproductive Biology of Bougainvillea stipitata (Nyctaginaceae)

Abstract: Bougainvillea stipitata displays inflorescences with three pendant greenish flowers. Flowers open at sunset and last five days. Flower perianth is constricted in the middle and forms a tube that ends in five lobes. Fragrance is emitted by the papillae located on the lobe margins of the perianth. The nectary is located at the base of the staminal tube. It secretes fructose-dominant nectar with amino acids, phenols and reduced acids. Nectar secretion is continuous during flower lifetime and the flowers do not recover the reward. Mainly moths visit flowers. Pollen load on stigmas indicates that most flowers received more than 50 pollen grains, which are deposited by pollinators within the first two days of the flower life. Although the low natural fruit set of this self-incompatible species may be due to intraplant pollen flow, pollinators play an essential role for B. stipitata fruit production.     

涡虫生殖生物学研究进展

涡虫由于具有极强的再生能力而成为发育生物学及再生生物学研究的模式生物。此外,其在有性生殖方面所表现出来的独特性也备受人们关注。目前,涡虫生殖生物学研究领域主要围绕两个热点问题开展工作：1.无性生殖向有性生殖转化的诱因及机制的探讨;2.生殖相关基因的克隆、表达及功能分析。有关生殖转化机制方面的研究主要集中在涡虫的性化相关事件以及性化物质的本质探索;截至目前已克隆并对其表达和功能进行探讨的涡虫生殖相关基因主要有DjPTK1、vasa-like 基因、DeY1、Dryg、nanos相关基因以及Drpiwi-1等。此外,本文也对有关涡虫生殖生物学方面存在的问题及未来该领域的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

Features of Reproductive Biology of Papuan Scorpionfish Scorpaenopsis papuensis (Scorpaenidae)

Journal of Ichthyology - Gonadal structure, oocyte morphology, sperm motility after the activation, and spermatozoa ultrastructure are studied in Papuan scorpionfish Scorpaenopsis papuensis. The...     

锦江翘嘴鲌的繁殖生物学特征

对2015年1月至12月采集于锦江的翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)进行了繁殖生物学特征的研究。锦江的翘嘴鲌繁殖期集中在6~7月,属分批产卵类型。繁殖群体年龄在3+龄至6+龄之间,体长250~537 mm,体重184.9~2 587.5 g。雌雄性比1.14︰1,体表差异表现在泄殖孔和腹部膨胀程度,雌雄群体间体长-体重关系存在显著性差异(0.01P0.05)。性成熟雌鱼绝对繁殖力25 067~54 274粒,相对繁殖力24.2~36.9粒/g,平均卵径(1.1±0.3)mm。性成熟系数在1~5月份逐渐增大,6月明显上升,7月达到最高峰,8月显著下降,9~12月逐渐趋于平缓。采用Logistic方程推算了初次性成熟个体特征,雄性体长273 mm,体重192.0 g,年龄3.4龄;雌性体长311 mm,体重249.4 g,年龄4.2龄。锦江种群繁殖期与其他地理种群相近,但绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力明显偏小。     

Some Aspects of the Nesting Behavior and Reproductive Biology of Sea Turtles

Basic reproductive data from 21 green turtle (Chelonia mydas),8 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), 7 hawksbill (Eretmochelysimbricata), 7 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea),6 loggerhead(Caretta caretta), 1 Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), and1 flatback (Chelonia depressa) populations are provided. Someintraspecific and interspecific relationships between size ofnester and clutch, egg size and hatchling size are analyzed.Measurements of reproductive rates (=numbers of hatchlings perfemale per year) in 11 populations varied from 35 to 200 inan olive ridley and loggerhead colony, respectively. Nestingbehavior of each species is described in terms of type of nestingemergence and time spent on the nesting beach (=chelonery).The relatively large number of yolkless eggs laid by many leatherbacksand by some hawksbills invites further study. Some aspects ofsea turtle nesting behavior and reproduction are compared tothose of other chelonians.