Relationship Between Oxygen Availability and Transverse and Vertical Shoot Geotropisms During Germination of Submerged Rice Seedlings

Rice seedlings germinating under water under natural illuminationshow vertical shoot geotropism when the environmental conditionsare favourable for greening of the submerged seedlings. Whenthe submerged seedlings are germinated under environmental conditionswhich are unfavourable for greening, transverse geotropism ofthe shoots becomes manifest. Continuous exposure of the submergedgerminating seedlings to ethylene did not prevent greening ofthe shoots and did not prevent the shoots from manifesting verticalgeotropism. Evidence obtained from this and previous investigationsindicates that oxygen availability is one of the most, if notthe most, significant environmental factor associated with themanifestation of transverse and vertical shoot geotropisms ofrice seedlings germinating under water.     

Oxygen Release from Rice Seedlings

Oxygen release from root systems of individual rice seedlings was measured polarographically employing an oxygen monitor with a Clark electrode. The oxidizing capacity of four rice varieties was correlated with their relative yielding abilities and with their reactions to Straighthead (SH) and Mild Sulfide Disease (MSD). These data support previous findings which link SH and MSD with rice-toxic levels of soluble sulfides in Gulf Coast (U.S.A.) rice soils containing excess iron.     

Oxygen Dependence of Elongation Growth and Oxygen Uptake in Maize Coleoptiles

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of maize coleoptile segments is inhibited by reducing the O₂ concentration in the incubation medium to GT 100 μmol . 1^?1. The half-maximal elongation rate is reached at 40 μmol . 1^?1 O₂, i.e. about two orders of magnitude higher than with mitochondrial respiration. O₂ uptake of the segments measured under similar conditions with an O₂ electrode shows a very similar dependence on O₂ concentration. Auxin increases O₂ uptake by 5–10% when it induces growth. About 40% of the O₂ uptake is insensitive to inhibition by KCN. Auxin has no effect on O₂ uptake in the presence of KCN. The possibility that auxin-mediated elongation growth depends on a KCN-sensitive oxidative process, other than cytochrome c oxidase-catalyzed respiration, is discussed.     

磷饥饿时番茄幼苗根系质膜H+-ATP酶活性 的变化与磷吸收的关系

磷饥饿提高了番茄幼苗质膜H     

小麦幼苗光呼吸与活性氧累积的关系

用Na2 S处理小麦幼苗 ,提高了光呼吸速率 ,减少了O- ·2 的含量 ;用草酸处理 ,降低了光呼吸速率 ,增加了O- ·2 的含量。光呼吸速率的变化与H2 O2 含量无关 ,却与膜脂过氧化水平呈负相关。体外试验表明 :Na2 S和草酸对O- ·2 和H2 O2 没有作用。小麦幼苗中 ,过氧化氢酶活性比乙醇酸氧化酶活性高 3个数量级 ,Na2 S和草酸对乙醇酸氧化酶活性分别有促进和抑制作用 ,却对过氧化氢酶活性没有影响。这些结果表明光呼吸是植物体内防止活性氧积累和伤害的一道防线。     

油莱素甾醇促进黄化水稻第二叶切段偏上性生长与乙烯的关系

油菜素甾醇强烈刺激黄化水稻第二叶切段倾斜的实质是偏上性生长。油菜素甾醇处理的切段的叶枕细胞带发生了不均一的可塑性生长,叶枕薄壁细胞明显增大。油菜素甾醇促进切段偏上性生长的同时伴随着乙烯释放。两促进效应能被乙烯生物合成抑制剂CoCL2平行抑制,表明两效应存在正相关。     

Relationship Between Downward Oxygen Transport and Intercellular Spaces in Root Cortex in Water Cultured and Moist Cultured Seedlings

In the present investigation, seedlings of rice, pea, sorghum, and maize are raised both in water culture and moist culture. The former culture is to provide the roots with an oxygen deficient condition; while the latter, a direct access to air. The amount of oxygen transported downwards in the seedlings varies not only with the nature of plants but also with the way how they are raised: More oxygen is transported downwards in marsh plant (rice) than in land plants (pea, sorghum, maize); and, in case the same plant is concerned, more in water cultured seedlings than in moist cultured ones. Downward oxygen transport in the various seedlings is intimately correlated with the relative volume of the intercellular spaces in the root: the more the downward transport, the larger the air spaces in the cortex. The fractional volume of the intercellular spaces in a small plant segment can be conveniently estimated by determining the specific gravities of the fresh turgescent segment before and after it is filled with water by vaccum infiltration. The difference between the two consecutive measurements in specific gravity times 100 gives directly the percentage of the volume occupied by air spaces. When large root segments are used, the relative volume can also be determined by weighing before and after vaccum infiltration. To test whether oxygen diffusion in the intercellular spaces of roots could actually account for its downward transport, a model is built of capillary tubings with dimensions and oxygen pressure gradients similar to those found in roots. The amount of oxygen diffused in such a model is measured with a respiratory hydrometer (see Fig. 1) and fits closely that measured in roots. By comparing the amount of oxygen transported downwards in a seedling with that consumed by its excised roots in air, it can be shown that, in case of rice, it could meet (and at times may even exceed) 100% of that consumed by roots in water cultured seedlings, but is less in moist cultured ones. In land plants (pea, sorghum, and maize), however, the downward oxygen supply is far below its requirement, being 80%–100% in water cultured seedlings and 30%–60% in moist cultured ones. The above results, together with those obtained in previous communications, support the view that adaptation of a plant to flooded condition is primarily achieved by its capacity of providing adequate intercellular spaces for downward oxygen diffusion. The capacity depends not only upon the phylogeny of the plant concerned but also upon its ontogenic development.     

TheRelati磷饥饿时番茄幼苗根系质膜H~ - ATP酶活性的变化与磷吸收的关系(英文)

磷饥饿提高了番茄幼苗质膜H ATP酶活性并促进了番茄幼苗根部的H 分泌。动力学分析表明 ,磷饥饿使番茄幼苗根部质膜H ATP酶的Km 值明显降低 ,亦即提高了该酶对其底物的亲和力 ,但对该酶的Vmax影响不大。另外 ,磷饥饿并不改变ATP酶的最适 pH值 (最适 pH值为 6.5)。钒酸盐显著抑制番茄幼苗根部质膜ATP酶的活性以及H 分泌 ,也显著抑制番茄幼苗的Pi吸收。与对照相比 ,上述抑制作用在饥饿处理的植物中表现得更强。以上结果表明 ,磷饥饿时高亲和性Pi传递系统的诱导很可能包含质膜H ATP酶的参与。     

The Relationship Between Temperature Stress Resistance and Changes of the Endogenous Scavengers of Activated Oxygen in Hybrid Rice

The seedlings of hybrid rice were exposed to low(l℃) and high (40℃) temperatures and the permeability of plasma membrane, the activities of SOD, catalase, and peroxidase were assayed and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid and glutathione were estimated. The ability of the seedlings to scavenge activated oxygen progresively decreased with the time of exposure to low temperature, concurrently MDA gradually accumulated and the permeability of the plasma membrane decreased. The amounts of MDA increased were different in the two hybrid combinations and were not in accordance with the ability of cold resistance. Comparing the more resistant variety “Wei-you 287” with the less resistant variety “Wei-you 49”, it was found that the leakage of electrolytes, the activities of SOD, peroxidase and catalase and the content of glutathione were all higher in the more resistant variety, but the accumulation of MDA was more in the less resistant variety. Higher temperature was less harmful than lower one to the seedlings of hybrid rice. Both enzymic and non-enzymic systems scavenging activated oxygen were similarly important in protecting the seedlings from damage by such oxygen.     

Carbohydrate Metabolism of Rice Seedlings Grown in Oxygen Deficient Solution

Atwell, B. J. and Greenway, H. 1987. Carbohydrate metabolismof rice seedlings grown in oxygen deficient solution.—J.exp. Bot. 38: 466–478. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in the dark forup to 4 d in solutions containing various concentrations ofO₂. The rate of depletion of the endosperm was most rapid inaerated solution (0·25 mol O₂ m^–3), largely dueto the inhibition of growth of seedlings at very low O₂ concentrations.Earlier suggestions that there is a deficit of sugars for growthand energy generation in O₂ deficient coleoptiles were tested. Coleoptiles, shaking in aerated solution, respired about one-thirdof the endogenous sugars to CO₂ and incorporated the rest intostructural compounds. In contrast, the proportion of carbonwhich went to growth in anoxia was very low. Consistent withthese results, endogenous sugar levels were generally highestat low O₂ concentrations. Even so, coleoptiles grown and testedas low as 0·03 mol O₂ m^–3 showed appreciable metabolismof exogenous ¹⁴C-glucose to CO₂, soluble and insoluble compounds,suggesting that a minimal O₂ supply was sufficient to sustainsome growth. Furthermore, glucose feeding caused little or norise in O₂ uptake or tissue sugar levels. Similarly, the specificactivity of the evolved CO₂ was not markedly different in coleoptilesgrowing at 0·03 and 0·25 mol O₂ m^–3 Further evidence was obtained to show that endogenous substrateswere adequate for growth and respiration at both low and highO₂ concentrations. Exogenous glucose and malate did not stimulateO₂ uptake at any stage of growth in aerated coleoptiles. Therewas sufficient endogenous substrate to sustain a 35–45%rise in O₂ uptake induced by uncoupling and enrichment withO₂. Exogenous glucose did not stimulate growth of intact seedlingsat any O₂ concentration. Key words: Rice seedlings, carbohydrate metabolism, oxygen deficient solution     

黄腐酸对水稻幼苗根系生长的影响及其与生长素的关系北大核心CSCD

该研究以水稻品种‘宁粳6号’为材料,通过外源使用黄腐酸(FA)与生长素抑制剂共同处理水稻,探究FA对水稻根系生长的影响及其与生长素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)50~800 mg·L^(-1) FA处理水稻幼苗6 d后,当FA浓度超过100 mg·L^(-1)时显著促进水稻种子根的伸长生长;FA浓度超过400 mg·L^(-1)时,与对照组相比水稻的平均侧根长和侧根密度显著增加。(2)与对照相比,低浓度FA处理对水稻幼苗根尖生长素的含量无显著影响,但400 mg·L^(-1) FA处理后显著提高了内源生长素的含量。(3)3μmol·L^(-1)生长素合成抑制剂4-联苯硼酸(BBo)、4-苯氧基苯基硼酸(PPBo)或30μmol·L^(-1)生长素信号转导抑制剂2-(对-氯苯氧)-异丁酸(PCIB)处理均可显著抑制水稻根和侧根的发生;1μmol·L^(-1)生长素极性运输抑制剂三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)可显著抑制水稻种子根的伸长生长与侧根发生,但对侧根长度无显著作用。(4)FA与BBo或PPBo共同处理可显著抑制FA对水稻根系伸长生长与侧根发生的促进作用;TIBA和PCIB分别和FA共同处理水稻,可显著抑制FA对种子根伸长生长的促进作用,且PCIB可显著抑制FA对侧根发生的促进作用,但TIBA对此没有显著影响。研究发现,外源FA可能通过调控植物内源生长素的合成、极性运输或信号转导来调控水稻根的伸长生长和侧根的发育。     

磷饥饿时番茄幼苗根系质膜H+-ATP酶活性

磷饥饿提高了番茄幼苗质膜H+-ATP酶活性并促进了番茄幼苗根部的H+分泌。动力学分析表明,磷饥饿使番茄幼苗根部质膜H+-ATP酶的Km值明显降低,亦即提高了该酶对其底物的亲和力,但对该酶的Vmax影响不大。另外,磷饥饿并不改变ATP酶的最适pH值(最适pH值为6.5)。钒酸盐显著抑制番茄幼苗根部质膜ATP酶的活性以及H+分泌,也显著抑制番茄幼苗的Pi吸收。与对照相比,上述抑制作用在饥饿处理的植物中表现得更强。以上结果表明,磷饥饿时高亲和性Pi传递系统的诱导很可能包含质膜H+-ATP酶的参与。     

粤辅3号提高水稻幼苗对赤霉素的吸收和利用

与ＧＡ３单独处理相比,ＧＡ３与表面活性剂粤辅３号（ＹＦ３）混合使用,可降低ＧＡ３的表面张力及其受雨水冲刷程度,部分地溶解叶表面的硅质、蜡质和角质,使秧苗对ＧＡ３的吸附量增加３～５倍,吸收量加１～３倍;增加水稻幼苗的株高６７％。     

水稻幼苗的低温伤害及其与腺苷酸代谢的关系

抗寒性强的早二六14和抗寒性弱的二九丰水稻幼苗,经2～4℃低温处理后,细胞膜透性增加,质膜ATPase水解活性大大提高,而线粒体ATPase磷酸化活性和丙酮酸激酶活性明显下降。从而导致腺苷酸水平尤其是ATP水平急剧下降,能荷值降低.幼苗低温处理4d后回到30℃,早二六14能很快转绿恢复生长,二九丰不能转绿,逐渐死亡。这时,腺苷酸水平及其上升幅度表现出前者高于后者。腺苷酸代谢的失调可能是水稻幼苗低温伤害的一个重要原因。     

Hydroxyethylthiazole Uptake in Escherichia coli: General Properties and Relationship Between Uptake and Thiamine Biosynthesis

Uptake of (35)S-hydroxyethylthiazole (4-methyl-5-hydroxyethylthiazole) by Escherichia coli intact cells was studied. Hydroxyethylthiazole was taken up in the presence and absence of glucose at the same rate. The uptake was almost proportional to a hydroxyethylthiazole concentration gradient up to 0.1 mM with no tendency of saturation, and reached a steady state within 2 min. When the cells were treated with 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide, about 50% inhibition of hydroxyethylthiazole uptake was observed. Hydroxyethylthiazole uptake was stimulated by the addition of hydroxymethylpyrimidine (2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine), and this effect was further enhanced in the presence of glucose. For full activation of hydroxyethylthiazole uptake, 1 muM hydroxymethylpyrimidine was necessary in the presence of glucose. The rate of hydroxyethylthiazole uptake was almost linear up to 60 min in the presence of hydroxymethylpyrimidine and glucose. Hydroxymethylpyrimidine monophosphate and its pyrophosphate could not stimulate the uptake. Thiamine and 2-amino-hydroxyethylthiazole were inhibitory on hydroxyethylthiazole uptake in the presence of hydroxymethylpyrimidine and glucose. N-ethylmaleimide and 2, 4-dinitrophenol were also inhibitory. No stimulatory effect of hydroxymethylpyrimidine on hydroxyethylthiazole uptake was observed in mutant cells lacking either thiaminephosphate pyrophosphorylase or hydroxymethylpyrimidine monophosphate kinase. The possibility of direct participation of thiamine-synthesizing enzymes in hydroxyethylthiazole uptake was discussed.     

大麦幼苗活性氧与其他叶绿体信号的关系

以普通大麦幼苗为材料,用除草剂、光合电子传递链抑制剂、H2O2、活性氧清除剂、强光或叶绿素合成前体物质浸根处理,通过过氧化氢和超氧阴离子染色和rbcS基因Northern杂交检测,研究了活性氧在大麦叶绿体信号传导中的作用.结果显示:除草剂20μmol/L norflurazon(NF)处理明显造成大麦幼苗活性氧染色加重和rbcS基因受抑制,同时用活性氧的清除剂处理可以部分逆转rbcS基因的下调;光合电子传递链的抑制剂也明显造成活性氧染色加重和rbcS基因受抑制,同时用活性氧的清除剂处理可以完全逆转rbcS基因的下调;光合电子传递链抑制剂对糖饥饿诱导的rbcS基因上调有抑制作用,同时用活性氧的清除剂处理可以完全逆转此抑制作用;高浓度糖或叶绿体蛋白质合成抑制剂都不能引发活性氧,但可以显著抑制核编码光合基因.可见,除草剂NF引发的信号是镁原卟啉信号与活性氧信号的叠加,光合电子传递链的氧化还原状态改变引发的信号绝大部分可以归结为活性氧信号,而高浓度糖和叶绿体蛋白质合成引发的叶绿体信号与活性氧没有直接联系.