植物提取物和药剂对蔬菜蚜虫种群的联合控制作用

研究白蝴蝶(Syngonium podophyllum)乙醇提取物、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)乙醇提取物、机油乳剂和0.3%印楝素乳油对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的控制效果.室内四因子(1/2实施)二次正交回归旋转组合设计测试对有翅蚜的忌避作用,结果表明,对有翅桃蚜的主要忌避作用物为苍耳乙醇提取物,当苍耳提取物与白蝴蝶乙醇提取物混用,以及机油乳剂和印楝素混用时,对桃蚜有翅蚜的忌避效果提高;而对萝卜蚜有翅蚜的忌避作用主要受苍耳提取物和白蝴蝶提取物的影响.这些干扰作用均是非线性的.田间试验结果,单独使用白蝴蝶提取物对有翅成蚜有较强的驱避作用;对萝卜蚜自然种群的干扰控制作用以4种植物提取物和药剂混配效果最好,达95.7%;对桃蚜自然种群干扰控制效果最好的则是白蝴蝶提取物,控制效果达87%;同时,白蝴蝶提取物与印楝素乳油混配以及苍耳提取物与印楝素乳油混配,对两种蚜虫的控制效果均达80%以上.     

植物提取物和药剂对蔬菜蚜虫实验和自然种群的联合控制作用

研究白蝴蝶（Syngonium podophyllum ）乙醇提取物、苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum ）乙醇提取物、机油乳剂和0.3%印楝素乳油对桃蚜（Myzus persicae）和萝卜蚜（Lipaphis erysimi）的控制效果.室内四因子（1/2实施）二次正交回归旋转组合设计测试对有翅蚜的忌避作用,结果表明,对有翅桃蚜的主要忌避作用物为苍耳乙醇提取物,当苍耳提取物与白蝴蝶乙醇提取物混用,以及机油乳剂和印楝素混用时,对桃蚜有翅蚜的忌避效果提高;而对萝卜蚜有翅蚜的忌避作用主要受苍耳提取物和白蝴蝶提取物的影响.这些干扰作用均是非线性的.田间试验结果,单独使用白蝴蝶提取物对有翅成蚜有较强的驱避作用;对萝卜蚜自然种群的干扰控制作用以4种植物提取物和药剂混配效果最好,达95.7%;对桃蚜自然种群干扰控制效果最好的则是白蝴蝶提取物,控制效果达87%;同时,白蝴蝶提取物与印楝素乳油混配以及苍耳提取物与印楝素乳油混配,对两种蚜虫的控制效果均达80%以上.     

药用野生稻挥发油对褐飞虱的驱避作用与化学成分

用四臂嗅觉仪测定了药用野生稻(Oryza officinalis)挥发油对褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)行为选择的干扰作用。结果表明,在100和200mL/min流量下,药用野生稻挥发油对褐飞虱具有显著的驱避作用,与对照相比,供试褐飞虱较少选择药物处理区,且在处理区的滞留时间明显缩短。进一步采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对药用野生稻挥发油进行了化学成份分析,表明该挥发油主要成份是羰基化合物,其中含量最高的为4-乙烯基-2-甲氧苯酚(22.99%)和2,3-苯并二氢呋喃(10.80%)。推测含量较高的2,3-苯并二氢呋喃和4-乙烯基-2-甲氧苯酚可能是药用野生稻对褐飞虱的驱避活性成份。     

植物提取物和药剂对瓜蚜控制作用的室内和田间效果评价

测试机油乳剂、0 .3%印楝素乳油和苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPetr .etWidd .提取物、白蝴蝶SyngoniumpodophyllumSchott提取物对瓜蚜AphisgossypiiGlover的控制效果。室内实验结果 ,几种药剂和植物提取物对一龄若蚜存活影响的大小次序是 :0 .3%印楝素乳油 (2 0 0 0× ) >机油乳剂 (4 0 0× ) >白蝴蝶提取物 (0 .0 4gDW·ml- 1) >苍耳提取物 (0 .0 4 gDW·ml- 1) ;机油乳剂与植物提取物的不同组合中 ,以机油乳剂单独使用对有翅成蚜忌避效果较好 ;田间试验结果 ,以四种药剂和植物提取物混配 ,对有翅成蚜的驱避作用和种群增长的控制效果最为理想 ,种群增长量只有对照的 2 5 .9%。     

植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜蚜虫和蚜茧蜂的影响

用药膜法测定8种常见植物的乙醇提取物对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii)和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的忌避和控制作用,以及时蚜虫重要天敌--菜蚜茧蜂(Aphidius gifuensis)和菜少脉蚜茧蜂(Diaeretiella rapae)存活的影响．结果表明,供试的8种植物乙醇提取物对3种蚜虫都有一定的忌避作用,其中效果最好的是白花非洲山毛豆(Tephrosia vogelli)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora),对桃蚜、瓜蚜和萝卜蚜的忌避率分另达0、414、0．729、0．547和0、549、0．690、0．729;除黄素馨(Jasminum mesuyi)和草胡椒(Peperomia pellucida)外,其余6种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜、瓜蚜、萝卜蚜都有较好的控制作用,其中山毛豆、樟树对蚜虫的控制效果最佳,鸡矢藤(Paederia scandena)和芒箕(Dicranopteris dichotoma)仅次于前2种植物,白兰花(Michelia alba)对瓜蚜和萝卜蚜也有较好的控制作用;鱼藤精稀释1000倍对萝卜蚜效果很好,对桃蚜控制作用较差．8种提取物中,山毛豆对蚜茧蜂有较强的毒性,4h死亡率达63．33％,仅次于鱼藤酮精稀释100倍(4h的死亡率达80％),而樟树、羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata)、黄素馨、白兰花和草胡椒的乙醇提取物与对照没有差异,对蚜茧蜂安全、无毒．     

薇甘菊挥发油的化学成分及其对昆虫的生活活性

用GC／MS分析和薇甘菊挥发油的化学成分,共鉴定了22个化 的,单萜和倍半萜及其醇和酮的衍生物是其主要成分,并研究了薇甘菊挥发油对昆虫的生物活性,结果表明,在5－10μl·株^-1的用量时,它对小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲和猿叶虫有显著的产卵驱避作用,同时也具有一定的触杀毒力,在500、750、1000mg·L^-1浓度时,对萝卜蚜的校正虫口减退率分别为50.0%、59.86%和62.51%,然而,在500mg·L^-1浓度时,对萝卜蚜、小菜蛾和黄曲条跳甲等不同受试虫态却无熏蒸毒杀作用。     

薇甘菊挥发油的化学成分及其对昆虫的生物活性

用GC/MS分析了薇甘菊挥发油的化学成分,共鉴定了22个化合物,单萜和倍半萜及其醇和酮的衍生物是其主要成分,并研究了薇甘菊挥发油对昆虫的生物活性.结果表明,在5～10μl·株^-1的用量时,它们对小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲和猿叶虫有显著的产卵驱避作用.同时也具有一定的触杀毒力,在500、750、1000mg·L^-1浓度时,对萝卜蚜的校正虫口减退率分别为50.0%、59.86%和62.51%.然而,在500mg·L^-1浓度时,对萝卜蚜、小菜蛾和黄曲条跳甲等不同受试虫态却无熏蒸毒杀作用.     

印度梨形孢定殖油菜对萝卜蚜选择油菜寄主的影响

旨在研究印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)定殖油菜(Brassica napus L.)对萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach))选择寄主油菜的影响,分别在大棚拟自然环境和实验室人工环境下进行蚜虫双向选择试验,发现萝卜蚜在有印度梨形孢定殖油菜上的数量显著低于无印度梨形孢定殖的油菜。利用顶空动态吸附装置收集不同处理油菜的挥发性物质,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析收集到的两者挥发物在种类和含量上的差异。结果表明,有印度梨形孢定殖的油菜与无印度梨形孢定殖的油菜,挥发物的种类没有变化,而挥发物的总量、α-pinene、terpinolene、camphor、β-thujene、cedrene以及β-caryophyllene,在单位时间内有印度梨形孢定殖的油菜释放的量显著高于无印度梨形孢定殖的油菜。通过四扇区嗅觉仪测定萝卜蚜对挥发物的生物反应,发现α-pinene对萝卜蚜有显著的吸引作用,而camphor以及camphor与α-pinene浓度比为2∶1混合物对萝卜蚜具有显著的驱避作用,其余物质则没有作用。     

麦长管蚜对E-β-法尼烯的嗅觉行为反应

【目的】测定麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabricius对E-β-法尼烯(E-β-farnesene,EβF)矿物油溶液反应的最低阈值浓度,为EβF的田间应用提供依据。【方法】观察麦长管蚜3龄若蚜对不同浓度EβF的逃逸行为和"Y"型管嗅觉行为反应。每天定时分5次(9:00,11:30,14:00,16:30和19:00)滴加10μL EβF于滤纸上,滤纸用牙签固定于麦苗盆中心,持续处理5 d。每盆麦苗处理前接1龄若蚜15头。记录成蚜翅型及2周后蚜虫总数量。【结果】随着EβF浓度升高,麦长管蚜3龄若蚜3 min内逃离数显著增加,有翅蚜比例显著增加,种群个体数量显著下降,驱避效果明显增强。EβF浓度为200 ng/μL和≥600 ng/μL使蚜虫逃离数显著增加(P0.05)。"Y"型管选择行为测试结果表明,EβF≥600 ng/μL对3龄若蚜具有极显著的驱避作用(P0.01)。与对照相比,EβF≥600 ng/μL处理极显著提高了有翅蚜比例(P0.01);EβF≥400 ng/μL极显著抑制蚜虫种群个体数量增长(P0.01),但与600 ng/μL处理差异不显著。【结论】600 ng/μL EβF矿物油溶液为麦长管蚜驱避剂的最低阈值浓度。     

多种植物提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的拒食活性研究

采用改进的蜜露色斑法 ,测试 34种植物乙醇提取物 (0 0 1g干重·mL-1,0 0 1gDW·mL-1)和几种天然源药剂对桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach)取食的影响。结果表明 ,白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllumSchott.、苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPrtr.etWidd、白花非洲山毛豆Tephrosiavo gelliHook .的提取物对两种蚜虫的活性均较高 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别达 0 6 82、0 6 2 9和 0 80 6 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 4 0 5、0 370和 0 383,与对照之间差异极显著 ;油茶Camelliaoleifera和花椒Zanthoxylumschinifolium的提取物拒食作用亦较强 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 5 2和 0 5 14 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 70和 0 5 18。三种药剂 (0 3%印楝素乳油、鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂 )在所测试的浓度对两种蚜虫的拒食率均达 0 719以上 ,拒食效果显著。     

The effect of fractionated Tagetes oil volatiles on aphid reproduction

The biological activity of essential oil volatiles from Tagetes minuta L. (Mexican marigold) against three aphid species was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. The aphid species (Homoptera: Aphididae) studied were: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (pea aphid), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (peach‐potato aphid), and Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (glasshouse and potato aphid). Tagetes minuta oil volatiles significantly reduced aphid reproduction (up to 100% after 5 days of exposure). The effect depended on the quantity of essential oil used, and varied with the aphid species tested. Pea aphids were the most susceptible. Tagetes minuta oil was fractionated by vacuum distillation. Fractions and three pure compounds (limonene, (Z)‐ocimene, and β‐caryophyllene) were tested using the same experimental technique. The chemical composition of the volatiles was investigated by headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GCMS), and the main constituents of the oil were identified. Overall, applied in equal quantity, fractions predominantly containing sesquiterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenoids were more effective in restricting aphid population growth than fractions predominantly containing monoterpenes. When tested as a pure compound, the sesquiterpene β‐caryophyllene produced a greater effect than the monoterpenes limonene and ocimene. The study demonstrates that T. minuta oil volatiles have potential for aphid control.     

Organic farming-compatible insecticides against the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in peach orchards

Abstract:  Three products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, mineral oil and insecticidal soap) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in a peach orchard. Their efficacy was compared with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and an untreated control. The experiment was replicated for 2 years (2003 and 2004). The products were applied once in May every year and aphid infestation was recorded three to four times post-treatment. In 2004, the effect of the products on the predatory coccinellid species was also recorded. In 2003, all four products showed good control with average Abbott's efficiency ranging from 80% to 88%. In the next year, however, the products were less effective and only imidacloprid and kaolin reduced aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control, with an average Abbott's efficiency of 62% and 31%, respectively. This reduced efficiency was attributed to high rainfall occurring post-treatment. Regarding the effects on beneficial coccinellids, only imidacloprid and mineral oil reduced their numbers after application. The results showed that the three alternative products and especially kaolin are promising for aphid control in peach orchards. Kaolin has also low side-effects on beneficials and it could be used in organic peach orchards.     

褐带蚜小蜂产卵器刺入对寄主桃蚜存活、生长发育和繁殖力的影响

[目的]褐带蚜小蜂Aphelinus maculatus是2016年的中国新纪录种,是桃蚜Myzus persicae的重要寄生蜂之一.为科学评估褐带蚜小蜂对桃蚜的控制作用,研究了褐带蚜小蜂产卵器刺入对寄主桃蚜存活、生长发育和繁殖力的影响.[方法]培养皿中用油菜叶单头饲养、每天记录被褐带蚜小蜂产卵器刺入1次的桃蚜存活数...     

Insecticidal properties of a Chenopodium-based botanical

The emulsifiable concentrate UDA-245 based on an essential oil extract from Chenopodium ambrosioides variety near ambrosioides, a North American herbaceous plant, was compared with commercially available pesticides for their effectiveness to control green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorium (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Side effects on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) also were determined. With green peach aphid, UDA-245 at 0.5% concentration was significantly more effective than the control (water) treatment in a laboratory bioassay and significantly more effective than neem oil and the control treatment and as effective as insecticidal soap in a greenhouse assay. With the western flower thrips, UDA-245 at 0.5% was significantly more effective than neem oil, insecticidal soap and the control treatment in a laboratory bioassay, whereas in a greenhouse assay, UDA-245 at 1.0% was the only treatment that maintained control of the western flower thrips 2 wk after the last treatment period. UDA-245 at 0.5% (laboratory bioassay) was significantly more effective in managing greenhouse whitefly than neem oil, endosulfan, and the control treatment and as effective as insecticidal soap. Insecticidal soap proved to be toxic to the parasitoid E. formosa (71.9% mortality), whereas UDA-245 at 0.5% was not significantly more toxic than the control (11.2 and 4.6% mortality, respectively). Our results suggest that a greenhouse integrated pest management (IPM) program using a botanical such as UDA-245 could effectively control infestations of major pests present while having a negligible effect on biological control agents.     

细杆沙蒿挥发油及其驱蚊作用研究

对细杆沙蒿挥发油进行了分析,共鉴定出11个成分。驱蚊试验表明其在8小时内的效果达80.3%。     

细杆沙蒿挥发油及其驱蚊作用研究

对细杆沙蒿挥发油进行了分析,共鉴定出１１个成分。驱蚊试验表明其在８小时内的效果达８０３％。     

植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果的影响(英文)

本研究首先是在不同的寄主植物中利用蚜虫性信息素进行田间诱蚜实验。结果表明寄主植物影响性信息素田间诱蚜的种类和效果。在桃园 ,以蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇为性诱剂的水盆诱捕器 ,诱到 3种蚜虫的雄蚜 ,分别是桃蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和莲缢管蚜。其中 ,桃蚜占绝大多数 ,且还被性信息素的单一组分植物提取的荆芥内酯所吸引。麦田中诱到的雄蚜为麦二叉蚜。苹果园中诱到的雄蚜是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜 ,且性信息素诱捕器中的数目远多于对照诱捕器。据田间诱蚜实验结果推测 ,荆芥内酯和荆芥醇对桃粉大尾蚜有吸引作用 ,荆芥内酯可能是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜性信息素的一个组分。另外进行的田间实验表明寄主植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果有影响 ,当荆芥内酯诱捕器同时释放桃叶挥发物时 ,诱到的桃蚜雄蚜数量明显增加。触角电位记录实验也表明桃蚜雄蚜对桃叶挥发物和桃芽挥发物有反应。     

Induced resistance by Myzus persicae in the peach cultivar `Rubira'

The effect of a previous infestation by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on the settling behaviour and reproduction of the same aphid species was investigated in the resistant peach cultivar Rubira, and compared with that observed in the susceptible control cultivar GF305. A previous infestation of 48 h triggered induced resistance in Rubira. There were significantly fewer aphids settling on preinfested than on uninfested plants, indicating an increased rejection of Rubira as a host plant. The level of induced resistance in preinfested plants was positively related to the duration of the first infestation. In GF305, previous infestation had no detrimental effect on aphid settlement and even slightly enhanced larviposition by adult females. The aphid probing behaviour after a 48-h preinfestation was also monitored for 8 h with the electrical peneration graph (EPG) technique. On preinfested GF305, most EPG parameters indicated an enhanced host plant acceptance. On preinfested GF305, aphids produced less sieve element salivation and more continuous sap ingestion than on uninfested GF305, indicating that the previous aphids provoked changes in plant properties beneficial to the test aphids. In Rubira, a major induced factor of resistance was thought to be expressed in the sieve element as phloem sap ingestion was 4-fold shorter on preinfested than on uninfested plants. The time taken by the aphid stylets to reach a sieve element was also significantly increased on preinfested Rubira, suggesting the induction of resistance factors outside the phloem. The originality of the Rubira/M. persicae interaction is discussed in the perspective of a better understanding of plant induced responses to aphids.