山西省重点保护野生植物就地保护现状

建立自然保护区是生物多样性保护最为直接和有效的方法。开展重要保护物种的科学考察和研究, 评价其就地保护现状, 对区域内实施科学合理的保护与管理具有重要的意义。本文基于文献资料和野外调查, 分析了山西省重点保护野生植物的地理分布及就地保护现状, 结果显示: (1)山西省重点保护野生植物共57种, 其中有49种分布在自然保护区内, 就地保护率为86%; (2)在地理分布上, 晋城、运城、临汾和阳泉4个市的保护区内分布的保护植物种类最多; (3)采用“累计筛选法”共鉴别出6个保护贡献率最高的保护区, 其累计保护贡献率达到86%; (4)总体来说, 山西省重点保护野生植物受到较全面的就地保护, 但仍存在一些保护空缺, 这些保护空缺地的鉴别将为山西省自然保护区的进一步规划提供科学参考。     

我国东北三省自然保护区物种保护价值评估

自然保护区作为保护生物多样性最主要的手段之一,得到了世界各国的重视。如何科学客观地评价自然保护区的保护价值,并依据保护价值对其进行分类管理是当前我国自然保护区建设与管理的重要课题之一。以我国东北地区40个国家级自然保护区为研究对象,分别对其物种多样性保护价值和遗传种质资源保护价值进行了评估。通过选取物种的濒危性、特有性和保护等级等指标来计算野生动植物的多样性保护价值;选取分类独特性、近缘程度和濒危性等指标来计算遗传种质资源保护价值,进而计算出各自然保护区的综合物种保护价值。研究结果显示:该评价方法能够很好的反映自然保护区生物多样性及其各个层次和类群的保护价值,能够较准确地识别其物种保护优先性。不同自然保护区其保护价值存在一定差异;同一自然保护区中野生动物与植物之间的物种多样性保护价值没有显著差异,但其野生动物与植物之间的遗传种质资源保护价值存在一定差异性;绝大多数自然保护区其植物遗传种质资源保护价值大于动物遗传种质资源保护价值;虽同为国家级自然保护区,其综合物种多样性保护价值差异很大。吉林长白山国家级自然保护区、吉林珲春东北虎国家级自然保护区、吉林松花江三湖国家级自然保护区的综合保护价值显著高于同类型的其他自然保护区,而辽宁章古台国家级自然保护区、黑龙江双河国家级自然保护区和黑龙江三环泡国家级自然保护区的综合物种保护价值较低,不同类型自然保护区之间其综合保护价值则没有明显差异。该评价方法能较好地进行自然保护区物种保护价值评价,并用于进行自然保护区之间的比较,并不会因自然保护区所处生境、所分布物种不同而产生评价结果上的偏差;该方法在对自然保护区遗传种质资源部分的计算方面需要进一步完善;总体上来说该评价方法不会因自然保护区类型的不同产生差异;今后在对东北地区自然保护区管理分类研究中可将此评价结果作为参考,并作为评价该地区自然保护区能否晋升为国家级自然保护区的辅助工具。这在一定程度上减少了人为主观性,具有较大可行性。     

Marine reserves: size and age do matter

Marine reserves are widely used throughout the world to prevent overfishing and conserve biodiversity, but uncertainties remain about their optimal design. The effects of marine reserves are heterogeneous. Despite theoretical findings, empirical studies have previously found no effect of size on the effectiveness of marine reserves in protecting commercial fish stocks. Using 58 datasets from 19 European marine reserves, we show that reserve size and age do matter: Increasing the size of the no-take zone increases the density of commercial fishes within the reserve compared with outside; whereas the size of the buffer zone has the opposite effect. Moreover, positive effects of marine reserve on commercial fish species and species richness are linked to the time elapsed since the establishment of the protection scheme. The reserve size-dependency of the response to protection has strong implications for the spatial management of coastal areas because marine reserves are used for spatial zoning.     

Habitat heterogeneity overrides the species–area relationship

Aim The most obvious, although not exclusive, explanation for the increase of species richness with increasing sample area (the species–area relationship) is that species richness is ultimately linked to area-based increases in habitat heterogeneity. The aim of this paper is to examine the relative importance of area and habitat heterogeneity in determining species richness in nature reserves. Specifically, the work tests the hypothesis that species–area relationships are not positive if habitat heterogeneity does not increase with area. Location Sixteen nature reserves (area range 89–11,030 ha) in central Hungary. Methods Four-year faunistic inventories were conducted in the reserves involving c. 70 fieldworkers and 65 taxonomists. CORINE 50,000 land-cover maps were used for calculating the heterogeneity of the reserve landscape (number of habitat types, number of habitat patches and total length of edges). Results Large reserves were less heterogeneous than small reserves, probably because large reserves were established in large blocks of unproductive land whereas small reserves tended to be in more fertile land. In total, 3975 arthropod species were included in the analysis. The slope of the species–area relationship was positive only for Neuroptera and Trichoptera. There was no significant relationship in the other nine taxa examined (Collembola, Acari, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Araneae, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Diptera). The density (number of species ha⁻¹) of all species, however, showed a positive correlation with heterogeneity. Main conclusions The general lack of fit of species–area relationships in this study is inconsistent with most previous published studies. Importantly, and unlike many other studies, habitat heterogeneity was not correlated with reserve area in the studied system. In the absence of this source of covariation, stronger relationships were identified that suggested a fundamental link between species richness and habitat heterogeneity. The results indicate that habitat heterogeneity rather than area per se is the most important predictor of species richness in the studied system.     

我国自然保护区功能分区研究进展

自然保护区功能分区是保护区规划和科学管理的重要环节。我国自然保护区功能区划主要采用国际"人与生物圈"计划的"三区"划分模式,即核心区、缓冲区和实验区。介绍了我国自然保护区的分区依据,在总结自然保护区功能分区方法研究进展上,分析了目前我国自然保护区功能区划中存在的难点与问题,并对其进行了展望,以期为我国自然保护区功能区的科学划分与完善提供依据。     

Marine reserves: the need for systems

Highly protected marine reserves are areas of the sea in which human disturbances are minimised so that the full natural biological diversity is maintained or, more often, allowed to recover to a more natural state. Europe has very few marine reserves; they are very small and almost all are in the Mediterranean. There are at present no official plans to create effective systems of marine reserves. Europe has many so-called Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). These are marine areas with some extra regulations or planning procedures. MPAs aim to make human activities more efficient and more sustainable. MPAs are user-orientated, knowledge-based, locality-dependent, problem-solving extensions of standard marine planning and management. Marine reserves are quite different. All extractive and potentially disturbing human activities are prohibited. The burden of proof is reversed; no evidence of damage or danger to particular species or habitats is required; all marine life is protected on principle. The concept of marine reserves is simple and practical, but because it is new, different and additional to existing marine management, the idea is seen by many as revolutionary. Basic biological principles and practical experience in many countries make it clear that marine reserves are important to science and education, essential for conservation and useful in resource management. These features apply in all regions and ecosystems. They are independent of climate, biogeography, current human activities and the present management. Representative and viable systems of marine reserves are needed in all regions. Fishing and other human disturbances have been widespread and intensive for so long that it is very difficult to predict the stages of recovery that occur in marine reserves. Furthermore, while some features change rapidly (e.g. numbers of previously targeted species), recovery continues for a long time (e.g. fourth- and fifth-order trophic and structural changes after >25 years). None of this alters the fact that, in scientific terms, marine reserves are controls not manipulations. Such controls are required if scientists are to understand the intrinsic processes and obtain data that are not confounded by human activities (e.g. separating natural variation from fishing effects). No significant progress will be made to establish marine reserves in Europe until scientists speak out strongly and clearly on the issue. We consider it is part of our professional duty as marine biologists to state publicly and frequently the need for a representative, replicated, networked and sustainable system of highly protected marine reserves. We doubt if our grandchildren will accept any excuses if we fail. Guest editors: J. Davenport, G. Burnell, T. Cross, M. Emmerson, R. McAllen, R. Ramsay & E. Rogan Challenges to Marine Ecosystems     

我国哺乳动物就地保护状况评估

自然保护区被公认为是生物多样性就地保护最有效的方式之一。基于全国自然保护区基础调查,通过分析我国自然保护区内野生哺乳动物种群数量的分布情况,在全国尺度上对自然保护区内591种哺乳动物的就地保护状况进行了评估。根据评价指标体系,将我国哺乳动物就地保护水平划分为"有效保护""较好保护""一般保护""较少保护""未受保护""保护状况不明""未予评价"等7个等级。结果表明,除未予评价的35种外,其余参评的556种物种中,共有534种在自然保护区内得到一定程度的保护,占总数的90.36%。其中有效保护、较好保护、一般保护、较少保护的物种分别有145、60、100种和229种,分别占总数的24.53%、10.15%、16.92%和38.75%。此外,有22种物种保护状况不明。针对不同保护体系中的哺乳动物的就地保护状况进行评价,研究共涉及国家重点保护野生动物140种和列入中国物种红色名录的427种,其中分别有109种和409种在保护区内得到不同程度的保护。总体来说,虽然有90.36%的哺乳动物在保护区内得到不同程度的保护,但保护状况良好(包括有效保护和较好保护)的比例明显较低,保护状况仍然不容乐观,保护力度有待加强;对于保护状况不明的物种,有必要对保护区开展更加全面、细致的科学考察以进一步确定其保护现状;对于确未受到自然保护区就地保护的物种,需要通过完善保护区网络,将其纳入自然保护体系之中。     

Larval dispersal and movement patterns of coral reef fishes,and implications for marine reserve network design

Well‐designed and effectively managed networks of marine reserves can be effective tools for both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. Connectivity, the demographic linking of local populations through the dispersal of individuals as larvae, juveniles or adults, is a key ecological factor to consider in marine reserve design, since it has important implications for the persistence of metapopulations and their recovery from disturbance. For marine reserves to protect biodiversity and enhance populations of species in fished areas, they must be able to sustain focal species (particularly fishery species) within their boundaries, and be spaced such that they can function as mutually replenishing networks whilst providing recruitment subsidies to fished areas. Thus the configuration (size, spacing and location) of individual reserves within a network should be informed by larval dispersal and movement patterns of the species for which protection is required. In the past, empirical data regarding larval dispersal and movement patterns of adults and juveniles of many tropical marine species have been unavailable or inaccessible to practitioners responsible for marine reserve design. Recent empirical studies using new technologies have also provided fresh insights into movement patterns of many species and redefined our understanding of connectivity among populations through larval dispersal. Our review of movement patterns of 34 families (210 species) of coral reef fishes demonstrates that movement patterns (home ranges, ontogenetic shifts and spawning migrations) vary among and within species, and are influenced by a range of factors (e.g. size, sex, behaviour, density, habitat characteristics, season, tide and time of day). Some species move <0.1–0.5 km (e.g. damselfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes), <0.5–3 km (e.g. most parrotfishes, goatfishes and surgeonfishes) or 3–10 km (e.g. large parrotfishes and wrasses), while others move tens to hundreds (e.g. some groupers, emperors, snappers and jacks) or thousands of kilometres (e.g. some sharks and tuna). Larval dispersal distances tend to be <5–15 km, and self‐recruitment is common. Synthesising this information allows us, for the first time, to provide species, specific advice on the size, spacing and location of marine reserves in tropical marine ecosystems to maximise benefits for conservation and fisheries management for a range of taxa. We recommend that: (i) marine reserves should be more than twice the size of the home range of focal species (in all directions), thus marine reserves of various sizes will be required depending on which species require protection, how far they move, and if other effective protection is in place outside reserves; (ii) reserve spacing should be <15 km, with smaller reserves spaced more closely; and (iii) marine reserves should include habitats that are critical to the life history of focal species (e.g. home ranges, nursery grounds, migration corridors and spawning aggregations), and be located to accommodate movement patterns among these. We also provide practical advice for practitioners on how to use this information to design, evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of marine reserve networks within broader ecological, socioeconomic and management contexts.     

Performance of non-native species within marine reserves

Conservation of biodiversity is a major aim of marine reserves; however the effects of reserves on non-native species, a major threat to biodiversity globally, is not widely known. Marine reserves could resist non-native species due to enhanced native diversity and biomass that heightens biotic resistance. Or non-native species could be enhanced by reserves by at least three mechanisms, including protection from harvesting, increased fishing pressure outside reserves facilitating invasions at a regional scale and increasing the exposure of reserves to more potential invaders, and increased propagule pressure from human visitation. We exhaustively searched the literature and found 13 cases that contained quantitative data on non-native species inside and outside marine reserves. In no cases did reserves resist non-native species. Of the seven cases where reserves were established prior to the arrival of the non-native species, five had no effect on the non-native species and two enhanced non-native species. Of the six cases where reserves were established in areas that had pre-existing non-native species, two had no effect on the non-native species and four enhanced the non-native species. These results suggest that while non-native species do equally well or better within marine reserves, too few data are currently available to draw broad, general conclusions regarding the effects of marine reserves on non-native species. Management plans for marine reserves rarely include guidelines for preventing or managing non-native species. If the trends we have detected here are supported by future studies, non-native species should be a priority for management of marine reserves.     

区域自然保护区群规划——以秦岭山系为例

自然保护区群的构建对于优化我国自然保护区空间布局、提高自然保护区的保护效果具有重要意义。以大熊猫为主要研究对象,以秦岭山系为研究区域,以生境评价与通达性分析为主要研究方法,探讨了自然保护区群合理布局与功能区优化的程序、内容与方法。研究表明,目前秦岭山系已建与筹建的大熊猫自然保护区17个,自然保护区群初步形成,保护了50%的大熊猫生境,但东部的3个自然保护区尚未全部相连,且整个自然保护区核心区被隔离为20部分,大大影响了自然保护区效果的发挥。为优化自然保护区的布局,建议新建湑水河与锦鸡梁两个自然保护区,以大熊猫居群为基本单位将核心区调整为4个,并且通过3个连接区的建设加强各大熊猫居群的连通性,以促进大熊猫种群间的交流与迁徙。研究结果可为秦岭山系自然保护区建设提供思路与依据,对其它地区自然保护区群的建立及全国自然保护区网络的优化也具有借鉴意义。     

Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: a meta-analysis

Meta-analyses of published data for 19 marine reserves reveal that marine protected areas enhance species richness consistently, but their effect on fish abundance is more variable. Overall, there was a slight (11%) but significant increase in fish species number inside marine reserves, with all reserves sharing a common effect. There was a substantial but non-significant increase in overall fish abundance inside marine reserves compared to adjacent, non-reserve areas. When only species that are the target of fisheries were considered, fish abundance was significantly higher (by 28%) within reserve boundaries. Marine reserves vary significantly in the extent and direction of their response. This variability in relative abundance was not attributable to differences in survey methodology among studies, nor correlated with reserve characteristics such as reserve area, years since protection, latitude nor species diversity. The effectiveness of marine reserves in enhancing fish abundance may be largely related to the intensity of exploitation outside reserve boundaries and to the composition of the fish community within boundaries. It is recommended that studies of marine reserve effectiveness should routinely report fishing intensity, effectiveness of enforcement and habitat characteristics.     

53 A Seaweed's perspective on marine reserves

In response to major changes in coastal ecosystems in recent decades, a number of governmental agencies around the world are establishing marine reserves – areas where removal of animals or plants is prohibited. Although marine reserves are touted as an ecosystem based approach to management of marine resources, the vast majority of attention on reserve design and impact focuses solely on fish. Although a few species of algae are commercially harvested, most are not. As a result, they will receive little direct benefit from protection by reserves aside from habitat protection. From the perspective of a seaweed, the primary impacts of marine reserves will therefore be indirect through species interactions. We examine the rapidly growing theoretical and empirical literature on marine reserves to anticipate the likely responses of seaweeds to exclusion of fishing. The key issues that emerge are: the trophic level of prior fishing and the dispersal scales of seaweeds relative to their competitors and consumers. The latter issue is poorly understood and poses a key challenge to phycologists if we are to effectively incorporate seaweeds into future marine reserve design.     

自然保护区的缓冲区:模式、功能及规划原则

自然保护区是就地保护生物多样性的途径,然而在实践中逐渐暴露出了一些保护区设计方面的问题,其中最严重的是自然保护区与非自然保护区之间的过渡问题。为了解决这个问题,人们提出了在自然保护区内设立缓冲区的想法。现在缓冲区已经成为自然保护区的有机组成部分,具有生态缓冲和社会缓冲两大主要功能。本文归纳了自然保护区缓冲区的定义、模式和类型,回顾了缓冲区的发展,总结了缓冲区的规划原则。最后,我们还对国内保护区缓冲区的现状进行了讨论。     

Marine Reserves: from Beverton and Holt to the Present

The idea of using marine reserves, where all fishing is banned is not new to fisheries management. It was first formally considered by Beverton and Holt but rejected in favour of approaches such as fleet and gear control. Since that analysis, many fisheries have collapsed worldwide, illustrating the vulnerability of fishery resources and the ineffectiveness of these approaches. Empirical data and modelling suggest that marine reserves would generally increase yields, especially at the high fishing mortality that occurs in most fisheries. However, the most interesting feature of reserves is their ability to provide resilience to overexploitation, thereby reducing the risk of stock collapse. Benefits from reserves come from the increase in biomass and individual size within them, resulting in adult migration and/or larval dispersal that would replenish fishing grounds. The use of marine reserves in managing fisheries necessitates a thorough understanding of critical habitat requirements, fish movement, fish behaviour, the relations between subpopulations and the critical density effect for larval dispersal. When properly designed, and coupled with other management practices, reserves may provide a better insurance against uncertainties in stock assessment, fishing control and management by protecting a part of the population from exploitation. This strategy can be used for both sedentary and migratory species.     

Connectivity within and among a network of temperate marine reserves

Networks of marine reserves are increasingly being promoted as a means of conserving marine biodiversity. One consideration in designing systems of marine reserves is the maintenance of connectivity to ensure the long-term persistence and resilience of populations. Knowledge of connectivity, however, is frequently lacking during marine reserve design and establishment. We characterise patterns of genetic connectivity of 3 key species of habitat-forming macroalgae across an established network of temperate marine reserves on the east coast of Australia and the implications for adaptive management and marine reserve design. Connectivity varied greatly among species. Connectivity was high for the subtidal macroalgae Ecklonia radiata and Phyllospora comosa and neither species showed any clear patterns of genetic structuring with geographic distance within or among marine parks. In contrast, connectivity was low for the intertidal, Hormosira banksii, and there was a strong pattern of isolation by distance. Coastal topography and latitude influenced small scale patterns of genetic structure. These results suggest that some species are well served by the current system of marine reserves in place along this temperate coast but it may be warranted to revisit protection of intertidal habitats to ensure the long-term persistence of important habitat-forming macroalgae. Adaptively managing marine reserve design to maintain connectivity may ensure the long-term persistence and resilience of marine habitats and the biodiversity they support.     

The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries

Many fishery management tools currently in use have conservation value. They are designed to maintain stocks of commercially important species above target levels. However, their limitations are evident from continuing declines in fish stocks throughout the world. We make the case that to reverse fishery declines, safeguard marine life and sustain ecosystem processes, extensive marine reserves that are off limits to fishing must become part of the management strategy. Marine reserves should be incorporated into modern fishery management because they can achieve many things that conventional tools cannot. Only complete and permanent protection from fishing can protect the most sensitive habitats and vulnerable species. Only reserves will allow the development of natural, extended age structures of target species, maintain their genetic variability and prevent deleterious evolutionary change from the effects of fishing. Species with natural age structures will sustain higher rates of reproduction and will be more resilient to environmental variability. Higher stock levels maintained by reserves will provide insurance against management failure, including risk-prone quota setting, provided the broader conservation role of reserves is firmly established and legislatively protected. Fishery management measures outside protected areas are necessary to complement the protection offered by marine reserves, but cannot substitute for it.     

西藏自然保护区现状分析及其空间布局评估

对自然保护区空间布局合理性进行评估,可为管理部门制定政策提供科学依据。以自然保护区名录数据为基础,采用数理统计、时间序列分析和空间叠加分析等方法,在深入认知西藏国家级和省级自然保护区现状特点的基础上,从人文和自然角度对其空间布局合理性进行评估。结果表明:(1)截至2015年底,西藏自然保护区面积达41.37万km2,较全面保护了西藏脆弱生态系统和国家重点保护动植物;(2)西藏1990—2015新增国家级和省级自然保护区2000年以前由东南部往中西部扩展,2000年以后主要分布在自治区中部,其空间分布和类型趋于完善;(3)从人文角度看,西藏国家级和省级自然保护区生态保护与人类活动的矛盾不突出,总体布局合理;(4)从自然角度看,各个生态地理区(植被带)内自然保护区密度较为接近,但自然保护区面积占比差异较大,空间布局还需优化。     

国家级自然保护区生态系统格局十年变化(2000-2010年)评估

为揭示国家级自然保护区生态系统格局构成及变化状况,基于2000年和2010年319个国家级自然保护区生态系统类型与分布数据,根据生态系统类型转化及其转化幅度,考虑自然保护区各功能区的重要性,构建生态系统格局变化指数,分析国家级自然保护区生态系统格局动态变化。结果表明,国家级自然保护区草地生态系统面积最大,2000年和2010年分别占全国国家级自然保护区总面积的57.88%和57.74%,其次为荒漠生态系统,两期占比约17%,其他依次是湿地、森林、灌丛、农田、冰川/永久积雪、海洋、城镇等生态系统类型。2000-2010年,国家级自然保护区内森林、湿地面积明显增加,城镇有一定程度扩张,冰川/永久积雪略微减少。总体上,国家级自然保护区生态系统格局基本保持稳定,基本维持的保护区数量219个,占国家级自然保护区总数的68.65%,生态系统格局改善的保护区数量略多于退化的数量,10年来国家级自然保护区生态系统格局保护取得一定效果。国家级自然保护区生态系统格局在基本维持的基础上,表现出一定的地域不平衡性。生态系统改善的保护区多分布在秦岭、大巴山、大娄山、南岭一带,而东部省份、内蒙古高原、东北平原一带生态系统退化的保护区数量较多,主要是荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、野生动物、自然遗迹等类型自然保护区。最后,提出3点建议为提高国家级自然保护区管理水平提供参考。     

Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages

The relationship between species and functional diversity remains poorly understood for nearly all ecosystem types, yet determining this relationship is critically important for developing both a mechanistic understanding of community assembly and appropriate expectations and approaches to protecting and restoring biological communities. Here we use two distinct data sets, one from kelp forests in the Channel Islands, California, and one from a global synthesis of marine reserves, to directly test how variation in species diversity translates into changes in functional diversity. We find strong positive relationships between species and functional diversity, and increased functional diversity of fish assemblages coinciding with recovery of species diversity in marine reserves, independent of the method used for classifying species in functional groups. These results indicate that low levels of redundancy in functional species traits exist across a suite of marine systems, and that fishing tends to remove whole functional groups from coastal marine ecosystems.     

基于熵权的珠江三角洲自然保护区综合评价

运用熵权法对珠江三角洲自然保护区进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)48个样本的保护区中7个为高水平,30个为较高水平,10个为一般,1个较差。从总体水平上看,虽然具有一部分较高水平的保护区,但珠江三角洲的保护区建设水平存在明显的差异,深圳、中山、佛山等地亟待建立新的保护区加以补充;(2)保护区的综合水平与面积具有明显的相关关系,建立了综合水平与面积之间的回归模型,并进一步求出珠江三角洲生态类型自然保护区理论上的最适宜面积;(3)区域保护区综合水平的提高与最大面积指数正相关,区域可以通过建设面积相对较大的优质保护区成为区域生态增长极,通过物种的交流和环境影响拉动其它保护区的发展,但区域范围内保护区之间面积差异不能太大;(4)自然干扰对沿海及岛屿类型的保护区综合水平影响相对较大。