油莎豆的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.var.sativus Boeck),又名油莎草、铁荸荠、地下板栗、地下核桃、人参果和人参豆。2材料类别块茎顶芽。3培养条件芽诱导培养基:(1)MS NAA1mg·L-1     

Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus boeck.): An unconventional crop. studies related to applications and cultivation

Tubers ofCyperus esculentuswere an important food in ancient Egypt. In Spain the tubers are used to make a beverage named horchata, and are also consumed as fresh after soaking. In other countries tubers are used in sweetmeats or uncooked as a side dish. New products obtained can enhance the interest in this crop: as a source of dietary fiber in food technology; as a high quality cooking/salad oil or as biodiesel fuel; as caramel to add body, flavor or color to other products; as a source of starch; as an antioxidant-containing food, etc. The results of a twenty-year research program on nutrition, fertilization, lodging control, planting date, soil texture and use of herbicides are shown. Three cultivars (‘Ametlla Bonrepos’, ‘Gegant Africana’, and ‘Llargueta Alboraia’) are selected and characterized using horticultural and morphological traits, the chemical composition of tubers and horchatas, and the RAPD technique.     

A molecular survey concerning the origin of Cyperus esculentus (Cyperaceae,Poales): two sides of the same coin (weed vs. crop)

Background and AimsCyperus esculentus is widespread in tropical and temperate zones and is also present in cooler regions. It is used as a crop plant, but it also occurs in the wild and as a weed. As a consequence of its ecological plasticity, C. esculentus has remarkable variability, with several morphotypes. Four wild-type varieties are presently recognized, in addition to the cultivated form. This study investigates the phylogenetic position and biogeography of C. esculentus with the objective of contributing new data to increase the understanding of its evolutionary history.Methods Genealogical relationships among genotypes were inferred by using plastid DNA haplotype and nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA ribotype sequences for 70 specimens either collected in the field or obtained from herbaria. Statistical dispersal–vicariance (S-DIVA) and Bayesian binary method (BBM) analyses were used to reconstruct the possible ancestral ranges of C. esculentus. In order to determine the age of C. esculentus, a time-measured phylogenetic analysis was performed.Key Results Considerable variation between the chosen nuclear and plastid markers was detected (27 ribotypes vs. six haplotypes). No geographical structure was displayed among the haplotypes, but information on the dispersal pattern may be deduced. Two types of ribotypes were detected in nrDNA, with an evident geographical segregation into an Old World group and a polymorphic New World group. Both S-DIVA and BBM analyses suggested a biogeographical history in which dispersal from the African region has been crucial in shaping the current distribution pattern of C. esculentus. The most recent common ancestor between C. esculentus races has an age of 5.1 million years (95 % highest posterior density 2.5–10.2).Conclusions The molecular analysis provides novel insights into the evolutionary history of C. esculentus. The results have various taxonomic and phylogenetic implications, including a hypothesis on the origin and phylogeography of this species, which probably originated in the late Cenozoic in Africa, and reached the Americas repeatedly, independently of Columbian exchanges.     

Inheritance of seed weight in Cucumis sativus (L.) var. sativus and var. hardwickii (Royle) Kitamura

Summary A series of experiments was conducted to determine the inheritance of seed weight in cucumber. Matings between a Cucumis sativus var. sativus (Cs) L. inbred line (USDA WI 1606; P₁) and a C. sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Kitamura (Ch) collection (PI 215589; P₂) were made to produce seed of reciprocal F₁, F₂, and BC₁ families. Families were grown under field and greenhouse conditions, and seeds were extracted from fruit 55 to 60 days post-pollination. Seed of F₁ and F₂ families was obtained using the Cs inbred WI2808 (P₁₂) and the Ch collection LJ 90430 (P₁₀), and seed of F₁ families were produced using a North Carolina Design II mating scheme in which three Cs (P₃= GY-14; P₄=WI 1379; P₅=WI 1909) inbreds were used as maternal parents and seven Ch collections (P₂; P₆= PI462369; P₇=486336; P₈=LJ91176; P₉=273469; P₁₀= 2590430; P₁₁=PI187367) were used as paternal parents. Mean seed weights of F₁ progeny reflected the dominance of genes of the C. sativus var. sativus parent. Transformation to number of seeds per unit weight resulted in increased variance homogeneity within generations and a broad-sense heritability ranging between 26% to 56%. Additive and dominance effects were important in the expression of seed weight in P₁×P₂ progeny produced in the greenhouse and additive effects were important in field grown progeny resulting from P₁×P₂ and P₁₀×P₁₂ matings. The estimated number of factors or loci involved ranged between 10 to 13, depending on the method of calculation.     

Multiple origins of congested inflorescences in Cyperus s.s. (Cyperaceae): Developmental and structural evidence

? Premise of the study: The understanding of homoplasic structures becomes more relevant when they are complex and define large angiosperm taxa. Inflorescence architecture usually fulfills both features, as happens with Cyperus, a genus with two taxonomical subdivisions characterized either by alternative expressions of Kranz anatomy (C(3) or C(4)) or inflorescence shape (condensed or lax). Those subdivisions are not completely congruent because at least one of these presumed characters has evolved several times. We focused a SEM study on the inflorescence development in species with condensed inflorescences and different photosynthetic anatomy to test the possibility that condensed inflorescences of subgen. Anosporum (C(3) anatomy) have evolved independently from those of subgen. Cyperus (C(4) anatomy). ? Methods: Freshly collected inflorescences of C. entrerianus, C. eragrostis, C. oxylepis, and C. incomtus were studied using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. ? Key results: Condensed inflorescences of Cyperus species with C(3) and C(4) anatomy had differences in structure and development: (1) mature structure, (2) position of second-order branching initiation in the first developmental stage of the inflorescence, (3) main axis development and elongation, and branching development, (4) types of ramifications, (5) phyllotaxis and symmetry. ? Conclusions: Results support multiple origins of condensed inflorescences in Cyperus, based especially on differences in timing during development and elongation of the main axis and branches, branching pattern and phyllotaxis. Structure and development may be the key to using inflorescence morphology as an external feature to distinguish large natural groups within Cyperus based on vegetative anatomy.     

Chemical investigation of different extracts and essential oil from the tubers of (Tunisian)Cyperus rotundus. Correlation with their antiradical and antimutagenic properties

The mutagenic potential of aqueous, Total Oligomers Flavonoids (TOF), ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts as well as essential oil (EO) obtained from tubers ofCyperus rotundus L. was assessed by “Ames assay”, usingSalmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100, and “SOS chromotest” usingEscherichia coli PQ37 strain with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9). None of the different extracts showed a mutagenic effect. Likewise, the antimutagenicity of the same extracts was tested using the “Ames test” and the “SOS chromotest”. Our results showed thatC. rotundus extracts have antimutagenic effects withSalmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains towards the mutagen Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), as well as withE. coli PQ37 strain against AFB1 and nifuroxazide mutagens. A free radical scavenging test was used in order to explore the antioxidant capacity of the extracts obtained from the tubers ofC. rotundus. TOF, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed an important free radical scavenging activity towards the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. These extracts showed IC50 values of respectively 5, 20 and 65 μg/ml. The beneficial effects of TOF, ethyl acetate, methanol and essential oil extracts ofC. rotundus have been assessed by antioxidant and antimutagenic activities.     

The floral scales in Hellmuthia (Cyperaceae, Cyperoideae) and Paramapania (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae): an ontogenetic study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In 1976 the monotypic genus Hellmuthia was placed in the Hypolytreae s.l., but was subsequently ascribed to the Mapanioideae, tribe Chrysitricheae, mainly because of the presence in Hellmuthia of two lateral, mapanioid-like floral scales with ciliated keels, the anatomy of the nutlet, the embryo and the inflorescence. Recently, based on cladistic analyses and supported by pollen ontogenetic evidence, Hellmuthia was transferred to a Cyperaceae, tribe Cypereae, clade mainly consisting of Ficinia and Isolepis. In this study, the floral ontogeny in Hellmuthia was investigated and compared with the floral ontogeny in Paramapania, with special attention for the floral scales. METHODS: Freshly collected inflorescences of Hellmuthia membranacea and Paramapania parvibractea were investigated using scanning electron and light microscopy. KEY RESULTS: In the conical 'spikelet' in Hellmuthia, proximal bracts occur, each axillating an axis with empty glume-like structures, or a reduced spikelet. Hence, it is a reduced partial inflorescence. In Hellmuthia, the stamen primordia originate before the primordia of the perianth-gynoecium appear. Moreover, a third adaxially positioned 'floral scale' was observed for the first time. The position and relative time of appearance of the floral scales in Hellmuthia are typical for perianth parts in Cyperoideae. The basal position of Hellmuthia within a clade of species with usually perianthless flowers, allows the presence of rudiments of a perianth in Hellmuthia to be interpreted as a primitive state. Development of the lateral 'scales' in Paramapania follows a different pattern. Therefore, it was decided that the lateral 'scales' in Paramapania are different from the lateral perianth parts in Hellmuthia. The pollen grains in Hellmuthia are cyperoid, with one polar and five lateral apertures, of which the membrane is covered with sexinous bodies. The pollen surface is granulate and perforate with microspines. CONCLUSIONS: The floral ontogeny in Hellmuthia occurs according to the general cyperoid pattern. The lateral scales in Hellmuthia are perianth parts, and they are not homologous to the lateral 'scales' in Paramapania.     

Application of Melatonin-Enhanced Tolerance to High-Temperature Stress in Cherry Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radculus pers)

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The growth and development of cold-season plants are susceptible to high temperature. Melatonin is a plant growth regulator with potential to improve plant...     

Distribution of enzyme activities within the developing maize (Zea mays) kernel in relation to starch, oil and protein accumulation

The association of enzyme activities in developing kernels with specific storage product accumulation at maturity was analyzed in different parts of Zea mays inbred OH43 kernels. Maize kernels were harvested at 20 and 55 days post-pollination and dissected into basal region, pericarp, embryo, lower endosperm, middle endosperm and upper endosperm. Mature (55 days pos(-pollination) kernel parts were analyzed for starch, total protein, zein and oil content. Immature (20 days post-pollination) kernel parts were assayed for activities of 15 enzymes of sugar and amino acid metabolism. Statistical analyses of the data suggested that glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4) and phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.1 11) activities were primarily associated with oil accumulation, whereas ADP'-glueose pyrophosphorylasc (EC 2.7.7.27) and sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) activities were associated with starch accumulation. The results suggest that oil biosynthesis utilizes inveitase-mediated sucrose degradation in a pathway not requiring pyrophosphatc. whereas starch biosynthesis utilizes a sucrose synthase-mediated pathway of sucrose degradation in a pathway requiring pyrophosphatc. Additional groups of enzyme activities were associated with each oilier but not with any specific storage product and appeared to be associated with general metabolic activity.     

Combined expression of glucokinase and invertase in potato tubers leads to a dramatic reduction in starch accumulation and a stimulation of glycolysis

The original aim of this work was to increase starch accumulation in potato tubers by enhancing their capacity to metabolise sucrose. We previously reported that specific expression of a yeast invertase in the cytosol of tubers led to a 95% reduction in sucrose content, but that this was accompanied by a larger accumulation of glucose and a reduction in starch. In the present paper we introduced a bacterial glucokinase from Zymomonas mobilis into an invertase-expressing transgenic line, with the intention of bringing the glucose into metabolism. Transgenic lines were obtained with up to threefold more glucokinase activity than in the parent invertase line and which did not accumulate glucose. Unexpectedly, there was a further dramatic reduction in starch content, down to 35% of wild-type levels. Biochemical analysis of growing tuber tissue revealed large increases in the metabolic intermediates of glycolysis, organic acids and amino acids, two- to threefold increases in the maximum catalytic activities of key enzymes in the respiratory pathways, and three- to fivefold increases in carbon dioxide production. These changes occur in the lines expressing invertase, and are accentuated following introduction of the second transgene, glucokinase. We conclude that the expression of invertase in potato tubers leads to an increased flux through the glycolytic pathway at the expense of starch synthesis and that heterologous overexpression of glucokinase enhances this change in partitioning.     

Fish emulsion as a food base for rhizobacteria promoting growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) in a sandy soil

Commercial fish emulsion was evaluated as a plant growth medium and as a nutrient base to enhance radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) growth by bacterial and actinomycete isolates. Six bacterial isolates including three actinomycetes were selected from a screening of 54 bacteria (including 23 actinomycetes) based on their ability to produce plant growth regulators (PGRs) and to colonize radish roots. These isolates were tested in the presence and absence of autoclaved or non-autoclaved fish emulsion or inorganic fertilizers. The nutrient contents and types and levels of PGRs in tissues of treated plants were assayed to determine the basis of growth promotion. Fish emulsion was found to support plant growth in a sandy soil as effectively as an applied inorganic fertilizer. The plant growth promotion by bacterial and actinomycete isolates was most pronounced in the presence of autoclaved or non-autoclaved fish emulsion than in the presence of the inorganic fertilizers. The bacterial and actinomycete isolates were capable of producing auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins and appeared to use fish emulsion as a source of nutrients and precursors for PGRs. PGR levels in planta following combined treatments of the bacterial and actinomycete isolates and fish emulsion were found to be significantly enhanced over other treatments. The effect of fish emulsion appears to be more related to its role as a nutrient base for the bacterial and actinomycete isolates rather than to the increased activity of the general microflora of treated soil. This is the first report of fish emulsion as a nutrient base for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. These results also indicate that the successful treatment can be effective and economical for horticultural production in sandy soils such as those found in the United Arab Emirates where fish emulsion is already in use as a substitute or supplement for inorganic fertilizer.     

Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: A pilot study

In this study, the effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) was studied on male erectile dysfunction (ED). Twenty male patients with ED were followed for ten days in which each morning they took a tablet containing 200 mg of saffron. Patients underwent the nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) test and the international index of erectile function questionnaire (IIEF-15) at the start of the treatment and at the end of the ten days. After the ten days of taking saffron there was a statistically significant improvement in tip rigidity and tip tumescence as well as base rigidity and base tumescence. ILEF-15 total scores were significantly higher in patients after saffron treatment (before treatment 22.15±1.44; after treatment 39.20±1.90, p<0.001). Saffron showed a positive effect on sexual function with increased number and duration of erectile events seen in patients with ED even only after taking it for ten days.     

An architectural model for Eleocharis: morphology and development of Eleocharis cellulosa (Cyperaceae)

Species of Eleocharis are prominent in aquatic and wetland habitats and serve as models for study of physiological adaptations to aquatic environments. The genus has an unusual morphology because the major photosynthetic organ is the stem. In order to define an architectural model for the genus to understand the evolution of this morphology, we examined mature morphology and development of E. cellulosa in living and fixed material using light and scanning electron microscopy. Eleocharis cellulosa has sympodial, vertical shoots that produce the photosynthetic culms and horizontal shoots that mix monopodial and sympodial development. Each sympodial unit produces three bracts, an elongated photosynthetic internode, then a fourth bract and an inflorescence that either aborts on vegetative culms or expands on reproductive culms. On each sympodium, the first bract subtends a precocious axillary bud that reiterates the sympodial unit; the second bract subtends a bud that develops the horizontal shoot. In both horizontal and vertical shoots, the internode below the second bract is produced by both the second bract and the renewal shoot. Sympodial growth is present in seedlings. In other species of Eleocharis, the structure of the sympodial unit is conserved but morphological diversity develops from variation in horizontal shoot growth.     

Tripsacum dactyloides (Poaceae): a natural model system to study parthenogenesis

Diplosporous apomeiosis, formation of unreduced embryo sacs primarily of the Antennaria type, followed by parthenogenetic embryo development and pseudogamy (fertilization of the central cell) describe gametophytic apomixis within the Tripsacum agamic complex. Tripsacum dactyloides (Eastern gamagrass) is a close relative of domesticated maize and was chosen as a natural model system to investigate gene expression patterns associated with parthenogenesis. The genome size of diploid sexual and polyploid apomictic T. dactyloides was estimated by flow cytometry to be 7.37 pg (2C), 14.74 pg (4C) and 22.39 pg (6C), respectively. The diploid genome size is thus approximately 1.352 larger than that of maize. The apomeiotic-pseudogamous pathway of seed formation was demonstrated at a rate of 92% by the flow cytometric seed screen (FCSS) with single mature seeds in tetraploid accessions. This number includes twin embryos which were detected in 13% of the seeds analyzed. Fertilization of unreduced egg cells (B_III hybrids) was measured in 10% of apomictic seeds. Autonomous (fertilization-independent) embryo development and fertilization-dependent endosperm formation were confirmed by pollination of tetraploid T. dactyloides with a diploid transgenic maize line carrying an actin::#-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter construct. GUS expression was detected after pollination in the developing endosperm, but not in the embryo. In similar intraspecific crossing experiments with maize, GUS expression was detected in both the embryo and endosperm. A protocol was established for microdissection of embryo sacs and early parthenogenetic embryos of T. dactyloides. Together, these techniques provide new tools for future studies aimed at comparing gene expression patterns between sexual maize and sexual or apomictic T. dactyloides.     

Repression of a novel isoform of disproportionating enzyme (stDPE2) in potato leads to inhibition of starch degradation in leaves but not tubers stored at low temperature

A potato (Solanum tuberosum) cDNA encoding an isoform of disproportionating enzyme (stDPE2) was identified in a functional screen in Escherichia coli. The stDPE2 protein was demonstrated to be present in chloroplasts and to accumulate at times of active starch degradation in potato leaves and tubers. Transgenic potato plants were made in which its presence was almost completely eliminated. It could be demonstrated that starch degradation was repressed in leaves of the transgenic plants but that cold-induced sweetening was not affected in tubers stored at 4 degrees C. No evidence could be found for an effect of repression of stDPE2 on starch synthesis. The malto-oligosaccharide content of leaves from the transgenic plants was assessed. It was found that the amounts of malto-oligosaccharides increased in all plants during the dark period and that the transgenic lines accumulated up to 10-fold more than the control. Separation of these malto-oligosaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed-amperometric detection showed that the only one that accumulated in the transgenic plants in comparison with the control was maltose. stDPE2 was purified to apparent homogeneity from potato tuber extracts and could be demonstrated to transfer glucose from maltose to oyster glycogen.     

A comparative study of Antithamnion tenuissimum and three varieties of A. cruciatum, including var. scandinavicum var. nov. (Rhodophyceae)

Antithamnion cruciatum (C. Agardh) Nägeli var. scandinavicum var. nov. is described from material collected on the Danish and Swedish coasts. The variety was found growing on small stones, shells and on Zostera at depths between 0.5 to ca. 10m. A comparative study was made with var. cruciatum , var. radicans (J. Agardh) Collins et Hervey and Antithamnion tenuissimum (Hauck) Schiffner, including examination of type material and laboratory cultures of isolates from the Mediterranean and the Swedish west coast. Variety scandinavicum differs from the other varieties mainly by absence or rare development of gland cells, and sparsely branched whorl-branches. A. tenuissimum is distinguished from A. cruciatum by its shorter thallus, a sympodial type of branching, apparent absence of gland cells and adaxial-monostichous branchlets. Asexual reproduction was found to occur commonly in culture in the two species and their varieties, the morphology of which is discussed.