Antimicrobial effects of aqueous plant extracts on the fungi Microsporum canis and Trichophyton rubrum and on three bacterial species

Aqueous extracts of 10 plants were tested for their ability to inhibit Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis, the aetiological agents of dermal fungal infections in humans. These extracts were also evaluated for their activity against some bacteria. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of Inula viscosa produced detectable antifungal activity against these dermatophytes.     

Comparison between antifungal and antibacterial activities of several strains of Epicoccum purpurascens from the Mediterranean area

The antimicrobial activities of seven Epicoccum purpurascens strains isolated either from evergreen oak leaves (Quercus ilex) collected over a period of one year, or from the atmosphere were compared in vitro. Two strains sporulated and conspicuously inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Thin-layer chromatographic studies showed the existence of some compounds, such as flavipin, which were common to all the strains. Epicorazine B was present in the extracts of only the two most active strains.     

Antimicrobial activity of Hyptis ovalifolia towards dermatophytes

The essential oil and the aqueous, hexane and methanolic fractions from Hyptis ovalifolia leaves were evaluated for their antifungal activity in vitro against 60 strains of dermatophytes: 10 strains of Microsporum canis, 10 of M. gypseum, 20 of Trichophyton rubrum and 20 of T. mentagrophytes. The extracts inhibited growth of the dermatophytes tested at different concentrations. The most biologically active was the essential oil from the leaves which inhibited 57 isolates (95%) at a concentration of 500 g/ml.     

Antimicrobial effects of plant extracts on Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and other micro-organisms

Extracts of 54 plant species were tested for ability to inhibit bacteria and fungi, especially Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Streptococcus mutans. The latter three species cause common dermal, mucosal, or oral infections in humans that are difficult to control effectively. Fifteen plant extracts produced detectable antimicrobial activity. The most active included Celastrus scandens root bark, Juglans nigra fruit husks, Kalmia latifolia leaves, Pelargonium xhortorum leaves, and Rhus glabra root bark. Five plant species inhibited Strep. mutans , four inhibited T. rubrum , and two inhibited C. albicans. Lindera benzoin , a common temperate zone shrub, showed evidence of selective toxicity. Extract of L. benzoin bark strongly inhibited C. albicans and T. rubrum , but did not affect any of the other microorganisms tested.     

Trichophyton species susceptibility to green and red propolis from Brazil

Aims:  The in vitro antifungal activity of Brazilian green and red propolis was tested against different species of Trichophyton .
Methods and Results:  The antifungal activity of the Brazilian aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the green propolis and the alcoholic extract of red propolis was observed against Trichophyton rubrum , Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton mentagrohytes samples, using as controls itraconazole and terbinafine. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined following the microdilution method indicated by the 'Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute'. The minimal fungicide concentration was determined by the absence of growth in liquid sabouraud culture medium. The data obtained showed that the green propolis alcoholic extract's antifungal activity was from 64 to 1024 μg ml⁻¹, whereas the red propolis alcoholic extract was from 8 to 1024 μg ml⁻¹.
Conclusions:  The antifungal activity of the red propolis alcoholic extract was more efficient than the green propolis alcoholic extract for all three species studied. The T. rubrum samples were shown to be more sensitive to the antifungal activity of the alcoholic extracts of the propolis.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The antifungal potential of the alcoholic extracts of green and red propolis demonstrated suggest an applicable potential as an alternative treatment for dermatophytosis caused by these species.     

中药砂仁挥发油化学成分及其抗菌活性(英文)

本研究将Bligh-Dyer溶剂提取法首次应用于植物挥发油的提取,通过GC-MS方法分析,从干燥成熟的砂仁种子和果壳四种挥发油提取物中共鉴定出138种化学成分,挥发油成分主要包括乙酸龙脑酯(5%～47%)、樟脑(4%～17%)、龙脑(1.5%～6%)、莰烯(0.2%～3%)、α-蒎烯(0.2%～3%)、β-蒎烯(0.2%～5%)以及α-柯巴烯(0.1%～2%)等,其中总烯类物质相对含量占总挥发油总成分的10%～40%。从该植物中首次鉴定出蓝桉醇、二环大根香叶烯、薄荷烯醇、二十三烷、二十四烷等新的化学成分35个。所得挥发油对部分真菌及细菌的抑制试验表明其对红色毛癣菌、须毛癣菌、石膏样小孢子癣菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌均表现出显著的抑制活性。因此,砂仁不仅可作为抗菌药物应用于临床,也可以作为食品原料或天然的食品防腐剂用于食品工业的生产。     

Aflatoxin-like compounds pxoduced by dermatophytes

Using the method of thin-layer chromatography there were investigated the chloroform extracts of 30 dermatophyte mycelia. It was found the presence of aflatoxin-like compounds in six mycelium extracts only, which chromatograms showed the equal Rf and the colour of the strains to the strains to the standard aflatoxin extract of bruished peanuts grain Rossetti. Those six mycelia were: Epidermophyton floccosum, Nannizzia fulva, N. persicolor, Arthroderma gloriae, Trichophyton concentricum and T. Gallinae.     

In vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities of extracts of Galium tricornutum subsp. longipedunculatum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of the ariel parts and the fruits of Galium tricornutum subsp. longipedunculatum, traditionally used in northern areas of Pakistan for treating microbial infections of skin. Extracts and their fractions were tested against six bacteria and six fungal strains using the hole diffusion method and macrodilution method. All extracts and fractions possessed significant antimicrobial effect. Four fungal strains, Candida albicans, Trichophyton longifusus, Fusarium.solani and Candida glabrata, showed interesting susceptibility profiles when evaluated using the extracts and fractions with MICs ranging from 0.18 to 200 mg/mL. In case of bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi were significantly susceptible to the extracts and fractions with MICs ranging from 0.12 to 200 mg/mL. Comparative results were carried out using imepenem, miconazole and amphotericin B as standard antibiotics.     

杜仲叶及提取物营养价值和药用成分研究

对不同产地和不同收获季节的杜仲叶常规营养成分、杜仲叶及其提取物中药用成分进行了研究 ,结果表明不同收获季节的杜仲叶营养有差异 ,杜仲叶及其提取物中含有较高的绿原酸和单宁。生产实践中 ,可利用秋末落叶作为很好的饲料资源     

Protective effect of olive and juniper leaves extracts on nephrotoxicity induced by thioacetamide in male mice

This study, for the first time, evaluates the effect of olive and juniper leaves extracts and their combination on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced nephrotoxicity in male mice. The experimental mice were divided into eight groups. Group 1 was served as control. Group 2 was exposed to TAA. Group 3 was treated with TAA and olive leaves extract. Group 4 was subjected to TAA and juniper leaves extract. Group 5 was exposed to TAA and olive and juniper leaves extracts. Groups 6, 7 and 8 were treated with olive, juniper, and olive and juniper leaves extracts respectively. In mice treated with only TAA, significant increases of blood urea nitrogen and uric acid were observed after six weeks. Moreover, levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid were statistically increased in mice administrated with only TAA for twelve weeks. Insignificant alterations in levels of these haematobiochemical parameters were noted in other treated groups after six and twelve weeks. Histopathological evaluations of renal sections from mice treated with only TAA for twelve weeks showed severe damage of the renal corpuscles. Furthermore, the renal sections from mice treated with TAA and olive leaves extract, TAA and juniper leaves extract, TAA and olive and juniper leaves extracts, olive leaves extract, juniper leaves extract, and olive and juniper leaves extracts showed normal structures. In addition, it is conceivable therefore, that these extracts exhibit protective influences against TAA-induced nephrotoxicity, probably mediated through the antioxidative pathway roles.     

In-vitro antibacterial,antioxidant potentials and cytotoxic activity of the leaves of Tridax procumbens

The present study explored the phytochemicals, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of Tridax procumbens leaves. The leaves were dried and extracted with various organic solvents. The leaves contained the phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, polyphenols and tannins respectively. Antimicrobial potentials of the extracts were determined by performing the disc diffusion techniques. Results revealed that different organic solvents extracts namely methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts documented comparatively good activity against the studied microbial strains. The methanol extract of leaves of T. procumbens showed combatively better antioxidant potential. The tested plant leaf extract showed high activity against human lung cancer cells than breast cancer cell lines. 250 µg/ml plants extract showed 84 ± 2.8% toxicity against human lung cancer cells.     

Antimicrobial activity of Wedelia trilobata crude extracts.

A biological screening of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi of crude extracts from Wedelia trilobata is reported. The n-hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive bacteria); along with Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella group C, Salmonella paratyphi, and Shigella sonnei (Gram-negative bacteria). The ethyl acetate extract was active only against Salmonella group C; and the aqueous extract was inactive against the tested bacteria. None of the tested extracts showed biological activity against the yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Rhodotorula rubra) or the fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp., Trichophyton rubrum).     

红背叶提取物的体外抗氧化活性

采用DPPH法、FRAP法、ABTS法和清除羟基自由基法四种抗氧化活性方法,测定了红背叶不同溶剂萃取60%EtOH提取物得到的部位清除自由基的能力.结果表明,乙酸乙酯提取物的抗氧化能力最强,强于阳性对照VC和Trolox;其次是60%乙醇提取物,其抗氧化能力基本与阳性对照BHA相当.     

Purification, oligomerization state and malate sensitivity of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.

A method was developed for the purification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from darkened maize leaves so that the enzyme retained its sensitivity to inhibition by malate. The procedure depended on the prevention of proteolysis by the inclusion of chymostatin in the buffers used during the purification. The purified enzyme was indistinguishable from that in crude extracts as judged by native polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting, and Superose 6 gel filtration. Gel-filtration studies showed that the purified enzyme and the enzyme in extracts of darkened or illuminated leaves showed a concentration-dependent dissociation of tetrameric into dimeric forms. Purified phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and enzyme in crude extracts from darkened leaves were equally sensitive to inhibition by malate (Ki approx. 0.30 mM) under conditions where it existed in the tetrameric or dimeric forms, but the enzyme in crude extracts from illuminated leaves was less sensitive to malate inhibition (Ki approx. 0.95 mM) whether it was present as a tetramer or as a dimer. It is concluded that changes in the oligomerization state of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase are not directly involved in its regulation by light.     

Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plant parts and corresponding calli of Bixa orellana L

Ethanol extracts from the different parts of B. orellana showed differential antimicrobial activity. It was found that the extracts of in vitro leaves showed maximum activity against Bacillus pumilus followed by the extracts from the roots and hypocotyls. The callus derived from different explants too showed antimicrobial activity. The leaf callus showed maximum activity. The zone of inhibition for the diluted extracts of in vitro hypocotyls and roots and their corresponding calli showed minimum zone of inhibition at concentration 24 mg/ml, whereas the diluted extract of in vitro leaves and leaf derived callus showed minimum zone of inhibition at 16 mg/ml.     

Bioactivity studies of extracts from Tridax procumbens.

An updated review on the biological activity of Tridax procumbens is presented. A detailed biological screening comprised of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi using crude extracts of this plant was undertaken. The n-hexane extract of the flowers showed activity against Escherichia coli. The same extract of the whole aerial parts was active against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella group C and Salmonella paratyphi. The ethyl-acetate extract of the flowers was active against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella sp. The aerial parts extract also showed activity only against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Staphylococcus aureus, while the aqueous extract showed no antimicrobial activity. None of the tested extracts was active against the yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Rhodotorula rubra; or the fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and Trichophyton rubrum.     

In vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities of extracts of Galium tricornutum subsp. longipedunculatum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of the ariel parts and the fruits of Galium tricornutum subsp. longipedunculatum, traditionally used in northern areas of Pakistan for treating microbial infections of skin. Extracts and their fractions were tested against six bacteria and six fungal strains using the hole diffusion method and macrodilution method. All extracts and fractions possessed significant antimicrobial effect. Four fungal strains, Candida albicans, Trichophyton longifusus, Fusarium.solani and Candida glabrata, showed interesting susceptibility profiles when evaluated using the extracts and fractions with MICs ranging from 0.18 to 200 mg/mL. In case of bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi were significantly susceptible to the extracts and fractions with MICs ranging from 0.12 to 200 mg/mL. Comparative results were carried out using imepenem, miconazole and amphotericin B as standard antibiotics.     

Comparison of soluble starch synthases and branching enzymes from leaves and kernels of normal andamylose-extender maize

Soluble starch synthases (SS) and branching enzymes (BE) from 20-day-old maize leaves and 22-day-old seeds of normal and amylose-extender (ae) were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Elution profiles of leaf extracts showed one major SS and two BE fractions from both genotypes. The SS fractions from normal and ae leaf extracts were capable of citrate-stimulated starch synthesis and had different reaction rates with various primers. The two BE fractions from normal leaf extracts differed significantly from each other but not when compared to the same BE from ae. Comparison of BE fractions from ae and normal leaves showed no differences based on chromatographic, kinetic, and immunological properties. Comparison of the leaf enzymes with endosperm enzymes showed major differences. Leaf extracts did not contain SSII or BEIIb observed in endosperm extracts. Developing ae endosperm lacks BEIIb activity and ae is the structural gene for BEIIb. The tissue specific expression of BEIIb in the endosperm provides the basis for explaining the tissue-specific expression of ae. We propose that as BEIIb is expressed in the endosperm, but not leaves, allelic substitution at the ae locus modifies only endosperm starch synthesis.     

核桃叶多酚含量的测定和抗氧化能力的研究

核桃又称胡桃,全身是宝,除核桃仁可以直接食用外,其青皮、叶、枝、花、壳等均可入药,具有重要的经济和药用价值。为了进一步开发和利用核桃属植物资源,该研究以核桃叶为材料,采用Folin-酚法,测定核桃叶75%乙醇提取物及石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取后的各部分多酚的含量,通过DPPH·和ABTS·自由基清除法评价其抗氧化能力,并分析多酚含量与抗氧化能力的关系。结果表明:核桃叶提取物及其各萃取部分均表现出一定的抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯部分、正丁醇部分的IC_(50)均高于VC,核桃叶75%乙醇粗提物(Ext.)与VC相当,且多酚的含量和抗氧化能力呈现正相关关系。这说明核桃叶的提取物可以作为天然的抗氧化剂应用于食品、医疗、化妆品、保健品等行业。该研究结果为进一步开发利用核桃资源和提高核桃的经济效益提供了一定的理论基础。     

A substance inducing teliospore production in wheat leaf rust,Puccinia recondita f. sp.tritici

A substance inducing teliospore production inPuccinia racondita f. sp.tritici was found in water and methanol extracts of wheat leaves with telia of the wheat leaf rust just before harvest time. Methanol (MeOH) and water extracts from uninfected wheat leaves also showed telia-inducing activity. However, the MeOH and water extracts from wheat leaves covered with telia showed much stronger activity than those from uninfected wheat leaves. We obtained a fraction (0.2 mg) showing activity at 2 ng/ml by purification of the water extract.