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呼伦贝尔草原黄羊冬季食性的研究 总被引:13,自引:6,他引:13
本文采用粪便显微组织学分析技术,分析了呼伦贝尔草原黄羊与放牧绵羊冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,探讨了黄羊与放牧家羊冬季对食物资源利用的关系。研究表明,黄羊与放牧家羊冬季采食的植物均以禾本科、豆科等草本植物为主,二者在冬季对食物资源利用的重叠性较大,相似性系数PS=0.789。 相似文献
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春季和夏初黄羊的集群行为 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
本文对春季和夏初在野外观察到的637群黄羊(Procapragutturosa)的集群行为进行了研究。给出了春季和夏初各种类型黄羊群平均大小及其方差,并对黄羊群的平均大小、所占比例及其稳定性也进行了比较分析。结果表明,春季和夏初羊群的平均大小存在着显著差异(F=3.09>F0.05),春季羊群(2~412只)较夏初羊群(2~103只)变动范围要大。春季羊群主要是混合群(63.14%),夏初羊群主要是雌性群(60.73%)。在春季和夏初两个季节,雄性群比例皆最低,分别为7.45%和7.59%。较大的集群往往是混合群,春季平均大小为38.95只,夏初为29.13只。而雄性群和雌性群集群规模皆较小。在春季,雌性群平均大小为11.35只,雄性群平均大小为8.84只。在夏初,雌性群平均大小为4.88只,雄性群平均大小为9.63只。混合群的社群组织最为松散,处于不稳定状态,雄性群最为稳定,羊群波动最小。产仔期、食物丰富度及羊群类型是影响黄羊春季和夏初集群变化的重要因素。 相似文献
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为了揭示甘肃马鹿放牧行为的季节差异及其与草地状况和气候等因素的关系,夏季和冬季在祁连山高山草地进行了观察研究。夏季,甘肃马鹿在灌丛中的采食速度从出牧到午间逐渐加快,午后至归牧变化趋势不明显;觅食速度日动态呈增加趋势;每步采食口数上午逐渐增大,午间最高,下午逐渐减少;在不同草地中,甘肃马鹿活动时间的长短依次为灌丛草地>莎草地>禾草地,采食速度依次为禾草地>莎草地>灌丛草地,觅食速度依次为莎草地>禾草地>灌丛草地,每步采食口数依次为禾草地>灌丛草地>莎草地;采食/反刍时间比2.4,1d反刍4次,反刍前后均采食,归牧前有1次采食高峰。冬季,马鹿的采食速度和每步采食口数日变化呈凸抛物线型,午间最高,采食速度与气温显著正相关;觅食速度的日变化呈凹抛物线,午间最低,与气温显著负相关;采食/反刍时间比为4.0,1d反刍2次,归牧前反刍时间较长,其后不再采食。冬季,马鹿的采食时间、反刍时间、采食速度、觅食速度、反刍咀嚼速度、每食团咀嚼次数和反刍总食团数比夏季低,采食行为的日动态较夏季稳定,但反刍行为的个体间差异高于夏季。 相似文献
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《生态学杂志》2009,28(11)
于2007年8月,采用焦点取样和连续记录方法,对全舍饲情况下5月龄敖汉细毛羊公羔的行为进行了昼夜连续观察.结果表明:敖汉细毛羊公羔,全天用于反刍的时间最长,达(519.37±14.27)min;而采食、走动、站立和休息时间分别为(326.43±5.44)、(94.67±10.41)、(98.18±12.97)和(357.69±14.91)min.敖汉细毛羊公羔的行为具有昼夜节律性,用于采食、反刍时间均为夜间大于白天(P<0.01);而走动(P<0.01)、休息(P<0.01)和站立(P>0.05)时间则是白昼大干夜间.反刍与采食时间比为1.59:1.00,昼夜反刍总食团数为(581.83±45.57)个.对于该品种绵羊行为的了解有助于提高其在舍饲条件下的管理水平.Abstract: By the methods of focal sampling and all occurrence recording, a continuous observa-tion on the behaviors of 5-month old Aohan fine-wool male lambs under stall-feeding was conduc-ted day and night in an experimental sheep farm in August 2007. The male lambs spent (519.37 ±14.27) min·d~(-1) for ruminating, (326.43±5.44) min·d~(-1) for eating, (94.67±10.41)min·d~(-1) for moving, (98. 18±12. 97) min·d~(-1) for standing, and (357. 69±14.91) min·d~(-1) for resting. A diurnal rhythm was observed in the behaviors of the lambs, i.e. , the time foreating and ruminating was longer at night than at daytime, while that for moving, resting, and standing was longer at daytime than at night. In the whole day, the time ratio for ruminating to for eating was 1.59: 1.00, and the total number of ruminated cuds was 581.83±45.57. Under-standing the behaviors of the male lambs would help to the improvement of management practices for rearing Aohan fine-wool sheep under stall-feeding. 相似文献
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在宿主的寄生防御压力下,鸟类巢寄生者通常会进化出一系列有效的寄生行为以提高其自身的繁殖适合度。以往研究发现,部分巢寄生者可能具有类似人类的\"放牧\"行为,即通过破坏或捕食不适合寄生的宿主巢,促使其重新筑巢以获取新的寄生机会。然而,对于其野外行为事件的报道并不多见。2018年5至8月,在贵州六枝地区,通过对宿主北红尾鸲(Phoenicurusauroreus)的巢进行录像监控,首次记录到大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)对正在孵卵的北红尾鸲的放牧行为。进一步查阅了大杜鹃寄生系统中已有的放牧案例,说明放牧行为很可能是大杜鹃普遍采用的一种寄生策略。 相似文献
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黄羊消化道形态和结构的特征 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
研究了51副黄羊消化道的形态结构特征。腮腺(g)占体重(kg)的比率为1.035,整个胃组织重占体重的比率为2.74%~2.89% , 瘤胃最大,占整个胃组织重量的72%~76%,其次是网胃(9%~10%)、皱胃(8%~10%)和瓣胃(5%~6%),除瘤胃与体重呈线性正相关外,其它3个分胃与体重呈线性负相关,瘤胃表面扩张系数(SEF)值为8.52,瘤胃粘膜乳突密度为89,整个肠道长度是体长的17.8倍,肠重占体重的比率为4.96%,从消化道的形态结构特征分析,黄羊属于混饲者。 相似文献
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为探究草原植物物种多样性对家畜放牧行为的影响及其机制,在青藏高原高寒草甸开展藏系牧羊轮牧试验,调查植被物种多样性,观察藏系牧羊采食速率、觅食速率和采食时间,并计算藏系牧羊日采食量。结果表明:两年间,植物物种丰富度与藏系牧羊采食速率呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);觅食速率、采食时间和日采食量对放牧率响应敏感(P<0.05),呈夏秋增冬春减的趋势。植物Shannon-Wiener指数与藏系牧羊的采食时间显著负相关(P<0.05);在暖季或8羊/hm2放牧率下植物Shannon-Wiener指数与藏系牧羊日采食量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。Pilelou均匀度指数与藏系牧羊采食速率和采食时间显著负相关(P<0.05);在暖季或8羊/hm2放牧率下Pilelou均匀度指数与藏系牧羊日采食量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。植物物种丰富度对藏系牧羊放牧行为贡献较大,且放牧藏系牧羊的采食速率和采食时间比觅食速率和日采食量对植物物种丰富度响应更敏感,以用植物物种丰富度为自变量可以更好预测藏系牧羊放牧行为。放牧管理通过影响植被物种多样性从而进一步影响了藏系牧羊放牧行为。放牧行为不仅是评价草地营养价值和家畜生产力的关键指标,也是草地健康管理的基础。因此,明确草原植物物种多样性-藏系牧羊放牧行为的互作机制有助于更好的提高藏系牧羊地生产力,维护草原生态健康。 相似文献
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从牧草生长、种群、群落、土壤和生态系统5个方面分析了放牧的作用、机理与途径。放牧改变牧草的物质与能量分配格局,多途径地诱导牧草的补偿性生长,取决于放牧制度等因素。放牧还改变种间竞争格局、调控种群更新,以及群落结构和功能。介绍了草地健康管理的阈限双因子法,讨论了稳定态一过渡态假说和草地灌丛化。家畜对土壤有直接和间接两种作用途径,作用效果与放牧强度、季节、地形有密切关系,重点分析了放牧对土壤C贮量的作用机制。阐述了提高放牧系统生产力的系统耦合机制,以及放牧对生态系统物质循环的影响。根据放牧生态学的发展趋势和我国放牧管理现状,提出7项值得深入研究的问题。 相似文献
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《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2014,8(8):1282-1289
Mixed grazing systems combining sheep and cattle have shown better growth performance for one or both species. This observation has been attributed to their complementary feeding behaviour and the reduced host infection by gastrointestinal nematodes. Less attention has been paid to mixed grazing systems combining goats and cattle. Here, continuously grazing goats mixed with cattle (M) were compared with control goats reared alone (C) under tropical conditions. The comparison was conducted with gastrointestinal nematode-infected (I) and non-infected (nI) goats. Thus, the four treatments were cattle with gastrointestinal nematode-infected goats (MI), gastrointestinal nematode-infected goats alone (CI), cattle with non-infected goats (MnI) and non-infected goats (CnI). Average daily gain (ADG, g/day) and grass production were measured for the four groups of animals (six goats and two heifers treated with MI or MnI) grazing for 3 months on 4 subplots. Monthly measurements were performed over 5-day periods. This pattern was replicated in space for a second set of four subplots and in time for six successive cohorts of animals (bands 1 to 6). The ADG of goats in mixed grazing conditions was higher than controls irrespective of the infection status (32.6 v. 18.4 g/day for MI v. CI; 44.2 v. 33.5 g/day for MnI v. CnI). Concomitantly, the average biomass was lower for mixed grazing animals compared with controls (174 v. 170 for MI and MnI; 235 v. 208 for CI and CnI, respectively), suggesting better use of the sward. For daily BW gain (g/kg DM), mixed grazing also yielded better results than the control (1.88 v. 0.52 g BW/kg DM per day for MI v. CI; 2.08 v. 1.47 g BW/kg DM per day for MnI and CnI). Mixed grazing of goats and heifers offers a promising alternative for increasing goat and overall animal production as well as improving the management of pastures. 相似文献
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Krzysztof Patkowski Michał Pluta Antoni Lipiec Tomasz M. Gruszecki 《Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS》2013,16(4):357-363
The research objective was to assess the behavior patterns of the Polish Konik horse breed and the Uhruska variety of the Polish Lowland Sheep breed under a mixed-grazing system, and their relationship with climatic factors. The observation included 4 adult horses, 27 ewes with lambs and 10 primiparous ewes. The behavior of the animals and the weather conditions were recorded at 60-min intervals. Horses and sheep displayed similarities in both species-specific behavioral patterns and timing of grazing activity, and the duration of foraging sessions was mostly influenced by time of day, lower temperature and relative humidity. In addition, the two species showed more interest in the watering place in the afternoon, and drinking frequency was mainly dependent on air temperature. The animals that pastured together gradually began to mix, but at first, they remained within their species group. Both animal species can be used for environmental protection and landscape conservation making rational use of pastures within protected areas. 相似文献
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喀斯特灌丛草地武雪山羊的觅食行为与喜食性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在湘西典型喀斯特灌从草地环境条件下,对武雪山羊的觅食行为与喜食性进行了分析。结果表明,武雪山羊各行为所占的时间长短依次为采食〉游走〉卧息反趋〉站立〉饮水。除站立时间外,其它行为时间分配在上、中、下午有明显的差异(P〈0.05)。其中采食时间曲线呈“V”字形变动,卧息反刍时间曲线呈抛物线型变动。游走时间上午明显低于中午与下午,而饮水时间下午明显高于上午与中午。武雪山羊偏向于取食小构树(Broussonetia kazinoki)、马棘(Indigfera psendotictoria)、忍冬(Lonicera japonica)等,且山羊对木本与藤本植物的喜食程度高于草本植物。山羊所采食的植物大部分为喜食种类,但由于各种植物的分布状况与可获得性不同,主要食物并非全部由喜食种类组成。 相似文献
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Understanding the processes that regulate phytoplankton biomass and growth rate remains one of the central issues for biological oceanography. While the role of resources in phytoplankton regulation (`bottom up' control) has been explored extensively, the role of grazing (`top down' control) is less well understood. This paper seeks to apply the approach pioneered by Frost and others, i.e. exploring consequences of individual grazer behavior for whole ecosystems, to questions about microzooplankton–phytoplankton interactions. Given the diversity and paucity of phytoplankton prey in much of the sea, there should be strong pressure for microzooplankton, the primary grazers of most phytoplankton, to evolve strategies that maximize prey encounter and utilization while allowing for survival in times of scarcity. These strategies include higher grazing rates on faster-growing phytoplankton cells, the direct use of light for enhancement of protist digestion rates, nutritional plasticity, rapid population growth combined with formation of resting stages, and defenses against predatory zooplankton. Most of these phenomena should increase community-level coupling (i.e. the degree of instantaneous and time-dependent similarity) between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, tending to stabilize planktonic ecosystems. Conversely, phytoplankton, whose mortality in the sea is overwhelmingly due to microzooplankton grazing, should experience strong pressure to evolve grazing resistence. Strategies may include chemical, morphological, and `nutrient deficit' defenses. Successful deployment of these defenses should lead to uncoupling between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, promoting instability in ecosystem structure. Understanding the comparative ecosystem dynamics of various ocean regions will require an appreciation of how protist grazer behavior and physiology influence the coupling between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing. 相似文献
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《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2014,8(9):1506-1515
In pasture-based automatic milking systems (AMS), feed is the main incentive that can be managed to encourage reliable and consistent voluntary and distributed cow traffic. Modifying timing, placement and size of feed allocations is expected to have an effect on cow behavior that could avoid the occurrence of extended milking intervals, which have a negative effect on milk yield. Therefore, behavioral studies provide information on how cows modify their actions under different management regimes and can help explain the impact of those regimes. Behavioral observations were conducted in spring 2011 at the FutureDairy AMS research farm, as part of a study where a herd of 175 cows was split into two groups that received supplementary feed either before (PRE), or immediately after (POST) milking. In addition, all cows were offered access to two daily pasture allocations. Observations were conducted in the pasture allocation on 15 focal cows from each treatment group during four periods of 24 h to detect presence and behavior (grazing, ruminating, idling and other) every 15 min. In addition, bite rate and pasture biomass were measured every hour. Overall, despite the finding that more POST cows than PRE cows entered the pasture allocation during the first 8 h of active access, there was no difference in the total proportion of cows that had gained access by the end of the active access period (average 68% for both treatments). Cows in the PRE treatment started exiting the pasture allocation just 6 h after entering, compared with 8 h for POST cows, although their behaviors in the pasture allocation did not differ. Behaviors and bite rate were more dependent on pasture biomass than on supplementary feeding management. 相似文献
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1984年4月、1990年10月,我们在南江县海拔最高1525米,最低186米地桃园、正直、玉堂水库、沙河洛坪、金盆、碾盘、城郊、光明、魏家坝等8个乡镇、18个村的不同生境作蚊类调查,采集蚊虫标本4475只,制成雄蚊尾器100张,经培养制作幼虫皮、蛹皮和蚊的标本300份。经四川省寄生虫病防治研究所鉴定得蚊类5属,10个亚属,26个蚊种。名录如下:1.林氏按蚊An.(Ano.)lindesayi;2.中华按蚊An.(Ano.)sinensis;3.微小按蚊An.(Cel.)minimus;4.帕氏按蚊An.(Cel.)pattoni;5.刺扰伊蚊Ae.(Adm.)vexons;6.银雪伊蚊Ae.(Fin.)albonivens;7.棘刺伊蚊Ae.(Fin.)elsi… 相似文献