呼伦贝尔草原黄羊冬季食性的研究

本文采用粪便显微组织学分析技术,分析了呼伦贝尔草原黄羊与放牧绵羊冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,探讨了黄羊与放牧家羊冬季对食物资源利用的关系。研究表明,黄羊与放牧家羊冬季采食的植物均以禾本科、豆科等草本植物为主,二者在冬季对食物资源利用的重叠性较大,相似性系数ＰＳ＝０．７８９。     

春季和夏初黄羊的集群行为

本文对春季和夏初在野外观察到的６３７群黄羊（Ｐｒｏｃａｐｒａｇｕｔｔｕｒｏｓａ）的集群行为进行了研究。给出了春季和夏初各种类型黄羊群平均大小及其方差,并对黄羊群的平均大小、所占比例及其稳定性也进行了比较分析。结果表明,春季和夏初羊群的平均大小存在着显著差异（Ｆ＝３．０９＞Ｆ０．０５）,春季羊群（２～４１２只）较夏初羊群（２～１０３只）变动范围要大。春季羊群主要是混合群（６３．１４％）,夏初羊群主要是雌性群（６０．７３％）。在春季和夏初两个季节,雄性群比例皆最低,分别为７．４５％和７．５９％。较大的集群往往是混合群,春季平均大小为３８．９５只,夏初为２９．１３只。而雄性群和雌性群集群规模皆较小。在春季,雌性群平均大小为１１．３５只,雄性群平均大小为８．８４只。在夏初,雌性群平均大小为４．８８只,雄性群平均大小为９．６３只。混合群的社群组织最为松散,处于不稳定状态,雄性群最为稳定,羊群波动最小。产仔期、食物丰富度及羊群类型是影响黄羊春季和夏初集群变化的重要因素。     

南江黄羊GH基因外显子4单核苷酸多态与生长性能的关联分析

以405只南江黄羊为试验动物,以生长激素(GH)为候选基因,利用PCR-SSCP技术和DNA序列分析技术筛选其多态位点,并与南江黄羊的生长性状进行关联分析,以期筛选与南江黄羊生长性状相关的分子标记.序列分析比对结果发现GH基因外显子4有个4 SNPs (27 G/A、68 C/A、136 G/A、170 C/T),其中...     

甘肃马鹿夏冬季在祁连山高山草地的放牧行为

为了揭示甘肃马鹿放牧行为的季节差异及其与草地状况和气候等因素的关系,夏季和冬季在祁连山高山草地进行了观察研究。夏季,甘肃马鹿在灌丛中的采食速度从出牧到午间逐渐加快,午后至归牧变化趋势不明显;觅食速度日动态呈增加趋势;每步采食口数上午逐渐增大,午间最高,下午逐渐减少;在不同草地中,甘肃马鹿活动时间的长短依次为灌丛草地>莎草地>禾草地,采食速度依次为禾草地>莎草地>灌丛草地,觅食速度依次为莎草地>禾草地>灌丛草地,每步采食口数依次为禾草地>灌丛草地>莎草地;采食/反刍时间比2.4,1d反刍4次,反刍前后均采食,归牧前有1次采食高峰。冬季,马鹿的采食速度和每步采食口数日变化呈凸抛物线型,午间最高,采食速度与气温显著正相关;觅食速度的日变化呈凹抛物线,午间最低,与气温显著负相关;采食/反刍时间比为4.0,1d反刍2次,归牧前反刍时间较长,其后不再采食。冬季,马鹿的采食时间、反刍时间、采食速度、觅食速度、反刍咀嚼速度、每食团咀嚼次数和反刍总食团数比夏季低,采食行为的日动态较夏季稳定,但反刍行为的个体间差异高于夏季。     

敖汉细毛羊5月龄公羔舍饲行为观测

于2007年8月,采用焦点取样和连续记录方法,对全舍饲情况下5月龄敖汉细毛羊公羔的行为进行了昼夜连续观察.结果表明:敖汉细毛羊公羔,全天用于反刍的时间最长,达(519.37±14.27)min;而采食、走动、站立和休息时间分别为(326.43±5.44)、(94.67±10.41)、(98.18±12.97)和(357.69±14.91)min.敖汉细毛羊公羔的行为具有昼夜节律性,用于采食、反刍时间均为夜间大于白天(P<0.01);而走动(P<0.01)、休息(P<0.01)和站立(P>0.05)时间则是白昼大干夜间.反刍与采食时间比为1.59:1.00,昼夜反刍总食团数为(581.83±45.57)个.对于该品种绵羊行为的了解有助于提高其在舍饲条件下的管理水平.

Abstract：

By the methods of focal sampling and all occurrence recording, a continuous observa-tion on the behaviors of 5-month old Aohan fine-wool male lambs under stall-feeding was conduc-ted day and night in an experimental sheep farm in August 2007. The male lambs spent (519.37 ±14.27) min·d~(-1) for ruminating, (326.43±5.44) min·d~(-1) for eating, (94.67±10.41)min·d~(-1) for moving, (98. 18±12. 97) min·d~(-1) for standing, and (357. 69±14.91) min·d~(-1) for resting. A diurnal rhythm was observed in the behaviors of the lambs, i.e. , the time foreating and ruminating was longer at night than at daytime, while that for moving, resting, and standing was longer at daytime than at night. In the whole day, the time ratio for ruminating to for eating was 1.59: 1.00, and the total number of ruminated cuds was 581.83±45.57. Under-standing the behaviors of the male lambs would help to the improvement of management practices for rearing Aohan fine-wool sheep under stall-feeding.     

大杜鹃对北红尾鸲的放牧行为

在宿主的寄生防御压力下,鸟类巢寄生者通常会进化出一系列有效的寄生行为以提高其自身的繁殖适合度。以往研究发现,部分巢寄生者可能具有类似人类的"放牧"行为,即通过破坏或捕食不适合寄生的宿主巢,促使其重新筑巢以获取新的寄生机会。然而,对于其野外行为事件的报道并不多见。2018年5至8月,在贵州六枝地区,通过对宿主北红尾鸲(Phoenicurusauroreus)的巢进行录像监控,首次记录到大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)对正在孵卵的北红尾鸲的放牧行为。进一步查阅了大杜鹃寄生系统中已有的放牧案例,说明放牧行为很可能是大杜鹃普遍采用的一种寄生策略。     

黄羊消化道形态和结构的特征

研究了51副黄羊消化道的形态结构特征。腮腺（g）占体重（kg）的比率为1.035,整个胃组织重占体重的比率为2.74%～2.89% , 瘤胃最大,占整个胃组织重量的72%～76%,其次是网胃（9%～10%）、皱胃（8%～10%）和瓣胃（5%～6%）,除瘤胃与体重呈线性正相关外,其它3个分胃与体重呈线性负相关,瘤胃表面扩张系数（SEF）值为8.52,瘤胃粘膜乳突密度为89,整个肠道长度是体长的17.8倍,肠重占体重的比率为4.96%,从消化道的形态结构特征分析,黄羊属于混饲者。     

高寒草甸物种多样性对藏系牧羊放牧行为的影响

为探究草原植物物种多样性对家畜放牧行为的影响及其机制,在青藏高原高寒草甸开展藏系牧羊轮牧试验,调查植被物种多样性,观察藏系牧羊采食速率、觅食速率和采食时间,并计算藏系牧羊日采食量。结果表明：两年间,植物物种丰富度与藏系牧羊采食速率呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;觅食速率、采食时间和日采食量对放牧率响应敏感（P<0.05）,呈夏秋增冬春减的趋势。植物Shannon-Wiener指数与藏系牧羊的采食时间显著负相关（P<0.05）;在暖季或8羊/hm²放牧率下植物Shannon-Wiener指数与藏系牧羊日采食量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。Pilelou均匀度指数与藏系牧羊采食速率和采食时间显著负相关（P<0.05）;在暖季或8羊/hm²放牧率下Pilelou均匀度指数与藏系牧羊日采食量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。植物物种丰富度对藏系牧羊放牧行为贡献较大,且放牧藏系牧羊的采食速率和采食时间比觅食速率和日采食量对植物物种丰富度响应更敏感,以用植物物种丰富度为自变量可以更好预测藏系牧羊放牧行为。放牧管理通过影响植被物种多样性从而进一步影响了藏系牧羊放牧行为。放牧行为不仅是评价草地营养价值和家畜生产力的关键指标,也是草地健康管理的基础。因此,明确草原植物物种多样性-藏系牧羊放牧行为的互作机制有助于更好的提高藏系牧羊地生产力,维护草原生态健康。     

放牧对草地的作用

从牧草生长、种群、群落、土壤和生态系统5个方面分析了放牧的作用、机理与途径。放牧改变牧草的物质与能量分配格局,多途径地诱导牧草的补偿性生长,取决于放牧制度等因素。放牧还改变种间竞争格局、调控种群更新,以及群落结构和功能。介绍了草地健康管理的阈限双因子法,讨论了稳定态一过渡态假说和草地灌丛化。家畜对土壤有直接和间接两种作用途径,作用效果与放牧强度、季节、地形有密切关系,重点分析了放牧对土壤C贮量的作用机制。阐述了提高放牧系统生产力的系统耦合机制,以及放牧对生态系统物质循环的影响。根据放牧生态学的发展趋势和我国放牧管理现状,提出7项值得深入研究的问题。     

放牧侵蚀研究回顾与展望

纵观土壤侵蚀研究的历史,风蚀和水蚀被认为是土壤侵蚀的主要形式。尽管近年来耕作侵蚀研究取得了巨大进展, 但迄今放牧侵蚀研究较少。本文探讨了放牧侵蚀研究的意义,回顾了国内外研究现状和存在的问题,提出放牧侵蚀是由于草原动物的直接作用而导致在过牧草地上土壤物质的重新分配。放牧侵蚀作为过度放牧的指示向量,是一个今后值得大力研究的领域,这不仅有益于草地载畜量评定、碳素减源增汇研究,而且在草地退化程度诊断和退化草地治理中具有重要指示意义。     

Cloning of Asian yellow goat (C. hircus) by somatic cell nuclear transfer: telophase enucleation combined with whole cell intracytoplasmic injection

Our and other previous studies have shown that telophase enucleation is an efficient method for preparing recipient cytoplasts in nuclear transfer. Conventional methods of somatic cell nuclear transfer either by electro-fusion or direct nucleus injection have very low efficiency in animal somatic cell cloning. To simplify the manipulation procedure and increase the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer, this study was designed to study in vitro and in vivo development of Asian yellow goat cloned embryos reconstructed by direct whole cell intracytoplasmic injection (WCICI) into in vitro matured oocytes enucleated at telophase II stage. Our results demonstrated that the rates of cleavage and blastocyst development of embryos reconstructed by WCICI were slightly higher than in conventional subzonal injection (SUZI) group, but no statistic difference (P > 0.05) existed between these two methods. However, the percentage of successful embryonic reconstruction in WCICI group was significantly higher than that in SUZI group (P < 0.05). After embryo transfer at 4-cell stage, the foster in both groups gave birth to offspring. Therefore, the present study suggests that the telophase ooplasm could properly reprogram the genome of somatic cells, produce Asian yellow goat cloned embryos and viable kids, and whole cell intracytoplasmic injection is an efficient protocol for goat somatic cell nuclear transfer.     

Foraging Behavior Patterns of Sheep and Horses Under a Mixed Species Grazing System

The research objective was to assess the behavior patterns of the Polish Konik horse breed and the Uhruska variety of the Polish Lowland Sheep breed under a mixed-grazing system, and their relationship with climatic factors. The observation included 4 adult horses, 27 ewes with lambs and 10 primiparous ewes. The behavior of the animals and the weather conditions were recorded at 60-min intervals. Horses and sheep displayed similarities in both species-specific behavioral patterns and timing of grazing activity, and the duration of foraging sessions was mostly influenced by time of day, lower temperature and relative humidity. In addition, the two species showed more interest in the watering place in the afternoon, and drinking frequency was mainly dependent on air temperature. The animals that pastured together gradually began to mix, but at first, they remained within their species group. Both animal species can be used for environmental protection and landscape conservation making rational use of pastures within protected areas.     

封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征

连续2年地不同退化程度天然干旱荒漠草原围封后群落的土壤种子库进行研究。结果显示,土壤种子库物种数、种子密度和植物生活型在年际间、封育与放牧样地间及退化梯度问均有明显差异。种子库物种数为封育高于放牧样地;退化梯度相比,物种数除2003年封育样地随退化程度加剧呈减少趋势外,放牧样地及2004年各样地均随退化程度加剧而增加。种子岸密度结果显示．2003年种子库密度明显高于2004年;各封育样地2年中土壤种子库密度显著或极显著（P＜0．01）高于放牧样地;退化梯度相比种子库密度除2003年封育样地随退化程度加剧而急剧增加外,其余各样地种均随退化程度加剧而明显下降。植被生活型分析结果为,2003年以一年生草本植物种出现频率最高,各样地分别达94．0％～98．4％．多年生草本及灌木出现频率则很低,分别为1．59％～5．15％和0．03％～0．4％,2004年则为多年小草本植物种比例上升．且显示出封育高于放牧、退化程度愈轻增幅愈大的趋势。2年的结果显示种子库物种Shannon－Wiener多样性指数和Peilow均匀性系数均以封育低于放牧样地。种子库密度与地上植被盖度相关性分析表．2年结果中仅一年生草本和2003年灌木的土壤种子库密度与相应地上植被盖度之间具相关趋势和显著（P〈0．01）相关。     

3个山羊群体中4个微卫星DNA多态性及其与杂种优势的关系

利用4个微卫星标记（OarFCB11,OarAE101,McM218,McM38）对波尔山羊、太行山羊和河北奶山羊的等位基因频率、群体多态信息含量、有效等位基因数、杂合度和遗传距离进行了遗传检测,并测定了波尔山羊与河北奶山羊及太行山羊的杂交效果。结果表明：4个微卫星标记在波尔山羊、太行山羊和河北奶山羊3个品种中存在多态性,可以用于山羊遗传多样性的评估;从不同品种来看,太行山羊的遗传变异程度最大,而波尔山羊的遗传变异程度相对较小;波尔山羊与河北奶山羊的遗传距离大于与太行山羊,波尔山羊与河北奶山羊的杂种优势高于与太行山羊,与实际杂种优势测定结果相符。 Abstract: Gene frequency, polymorphism information contents, number of effective alleles, heterozygosity and genetic distances were studied in Boer goat, Taihang goat and Hebei dairy goat using four microsatellite markers（OarFCB11,OarAE101,McM218,McM38）. The crossing effects on Hebei dairy goat and Taihang goat with Boer goat were tested. The results indicated that there are genetic polymorphisms at four microsatellite markers in three goat breeds. Four microsatellite markers can be used for genetic diversity evaluation in goat breeds. The genetic variability of Taihang goat is the highest, and Boer goat is the lowest in three goat breeds. Genetic distances between Boer goat and Hebei dairy goat is bigger than that between Boer goat and Taihang goat. The heterosis between Boer goat and Hebei dairy goat is higher than that between Boer goat and Taihang goat. It accords with testing results on actual heterosis.     

Growth Phase and Elemental Stoichiometry of Bacterial Prey Influences Ciliate Grazing Selectivity

ABSTRACT. Protozoa are known to selectively graze bacteria and can differentiate prey based on size and viability, but less is known about the effects of prey cellular composition on predator selectivity. We measured the effect of growth phase and elemental stoichiometry of Escherichia coli on grazing by two ciliates, Euplotes vannus and Cyclidium glaucoma . Bacterial cells of a single strain were transformed with green and red fluorescent protein and harvested from culture at differing growth stages. Cells in exponential growth phase had low carbon:phosphorus (39) and nitrogen:phosphorus (9) ratios, while cells from stationary phase had high carbon:phosphorus of 104 and nitrogen:phosphorus of 26. When offered an equal mixture of both types of bacteria, Cyclidium grazed stationary phase, high carbon:phosphorus, high nitrogen:phosphorus cells to 22% of initial abundance within 135 min, while Euplotes reduced these cells to 33%. Neither ciliate species decreased the abundance of the exponential phase cells, lower carbon:phosphorus and nitrogen:phosphorus, relative to control treatments. Because protozoa have higher nitrogen:phosphorus and carbon:phosphorus ratios than their prokaryotic prey, this study raises the possibility that it may be advantageous for protozoa to preferentially consume more slowly growing bacteria.     

Microtubule associated proteins of goat brain

The microtubule associated proteins of goat brain were separated from tubulin on the basis of their thermostability and then fractionated by chromatography on Sepharose 4B column. Analysis of the fractions by SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and assay of their tubulin-assembly-promoting activity indicate that this activity resides primarily in the tauproteins (mol. wt. 55,000–70,000) and a class of even lower molecular weight (25,000–35,000) proteins. Electrophoresis of the microtubule associated protein fractions separated from tubulin by phosphocellulose chromatography are in agreement with the results obtained from fractionation on Sepharose 4B columns.