链霉菌ZG0429的分类鉴定与链霉亲和素的分离纯化研究

从土壤中筛选得到1株高产链霉亲和素的放线菌ZG0429,根据形态观察、培养特征、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA序列分析,初步判定该菌株为链霉菌属中的淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)。经发酵,ZG0429的链霉亲和素产量可达201.0mg/L。进一步采用硫铵沉淀和凝胶过滤层析纯化,链霉亲和素的回收率为76.87%,纯度可以达到97.03%。该方法简单易行,成本低廉,可得到高产量、高纯度、高活性的目的蛋白,为链霉亲和素发酵产品的大规模纯化提供了依据。     

链霉亲和素纯化和鉴定方法的研究*

对链霉亲和素进行纯化、鉴定,采用冷钝化的方法去除培养液中大部分杂蛋白,用亲和层析法从链霉菌L-183的培养液中纯化链霉亲和素(SA),经试验,SA回收率为75%~85%。鉴定表明,自制SA的分子量为74.5kD,每分子SA可结合3.2个生物素分子,活性为11.2U/mg,pI为7.4。自制SA各项生物学性质与文献报道相符。     

链霉亲和素纯化和鉴定方法的研究

对链霉亲和素进行纯化、鉴定,采用冷钝化的方法去除培养液中大部分杂蛋白,用亲和层析法从链霉菌L-183的培养液中纯化链霉亲和素（SA）,经试验,SA回收率为75％～85％。鉴定表明,自制SA的分子量为74．5kD,每分子SA可结合3．2个生物素分子,活性为11．2U／mg,pI为7．4。自制SA各项生物学性质与文献报道相符。     

串联亲和纯化原核表达载体的构建

【目的】构建串联亲和纯化原核表达载体,用于研究细菌中(生理状态或接近生理条件下的)蛋白-蛋白相互作用。【方法】设计并合成两条串联亲和标签序列,分别可以在靶蛋白N端和C端融合Protein G和链亲和素结合肽(Streptavidin binding peptide,SBP)标签;以pUC18载体为骨架,去除原有的阻遏蛋白基因,构建组成型表达载体pNTAP和pCTAP。【结果】成功构建N端和C端标签表达载体pNTAP和pCTAP,它们在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7和痢疾杆菌福氏5型M90T菌株中都可以实现表达。【结论】本实验构建的两个串联亲和纯化表达载体可以在部分革兰氏阴性细菌中表达,为研究细菌内蛋白-蛋白相互作用及致病菌毒力蛋白的作用机制奠定了基础。     

链霉亲和素-藻胆蛋白的融合表达及其在液相芯片检测中应用

[目的]重组表达制备链霉亲和素-藻胆蛋白融合蛋白,并应用于致病性弧菌液相芯片的检测体系中.[方法]在大肠杆菌中构建链霉亲和素-藻胆蛋白融合蛋白的生物合成途径,通过发酵和亲和层析纯化,制备融合蛋白;设计副溶血弧菌、霍乱弧菌、创伤弧菌和溶藻弧菌等四种致病性弧菌特异性检测引物和核苷酸探针,以融合蛋白为荧光标志物,建立四种致病...     

基于亲和素-生物素双夹心体系测定外源性蛋白血清动态浓度的非抗体依赖新方法

建立一种非抗体依赖的检测外源性蛋白多肽分子代谢动力学血清浓度及动态变化的新方法．链亲和素为捕获分子,加入待测生物素标记蛋白或合成肽,辣根过氧化物酶标记链亲和素为检测分子,构成链亲和素-生物素标记大分子-酶链亲和素的双夹心体系,并进行特异性、敏感性、准确性及稳定性评价．本检测体系灵敏度高,可达0.3125 μg/L,且可通过改变亲和素包被浓度调整检出敏感度与检测范围．准确性回收率为97.82%～107.92%,批内、批间变异系数分别< 5.76% 和< 8.42%,并成功应用在生物素标记人血清白蛋白(biotin-HSA)与生物素标记鸡卵黏蛋白(biotin-OVM)的小鼠血清浓度动态检测．本方法不依赖抗体与放射性核素,可望在外源性蛋白多肽大分子及其药物的体内定量检测和代谢动力学研究中广泛应用．     

亲和素结合蛋白性质的研究

前曾发现在日本血吸虫虫卵中,存在一种新的能与亲和素专一性结合的蛋白质,称为亲和素结合蛋白（ＡＢＰ）。在分离纯化ＡＢＰ的基础上,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ及ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０分别测定了ＡＢＰ的分子量,并做了糖蛋白染色及等电,大测定。实验结果表明ＡＢＰ是一个分子量为６５ｋＤ的碱性糖蛋白,由数个相同的分子量为１２．７ｋＤ的亚单位组成。ＳＤＳ、β－巯基乙醇处理的ＡＢＰ仍能与亲和素结合,提示ＡＢＰ的亚单位能与亲和素结合。氨基酸修饰剂ＮＡＩ、ＤＴＮＢ、ＮＥＭ及ＮＢＳ对ＡＢＰ与亲和素的结合有不同程度的影响,而ＨＮＢＢ、ＴＮＢＳ及ＩＡＡ对ＡＢＰ与亲和素的结合无影响,提示ＡＢＰ分子中氨基酸残基Ｔｙｒ、Ｃｙｒ是ＡＢＰ与亲和素结合所必需的,可能参与结合位点的形成。另外,测得ＡＢＰ与亲和素结合的结合常数为１．４×１０~（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

生物素化FOXM1真核表达体系的构建及鉴定

建立基于生物素AP-tag标签的FOXM1真核表达载体,利用生物素与链霉亲和素的高特异性、高亲和力的结合性质对FOXM1蛋白进行纯化,为后续鉴定其互作分子的研究奠定基础。分别构建真核表达载体pc DNA3.1-AP-FOXM1和大肠杆菌生物素连接酶Bir A真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-Bir A,将pcDNA3.1-AP-FOXM1和pcDNA3.1-BirA共转染人胚肾293T(HEK293T)细胞,用银染及Western印迹检测细胞裂解液,确定相关蛋白表达;用链霉亲和素琼脂糖珠纯化生物素标记的FOXM1,并考察FOXM1的互作蛋白是否可以同时被洗脱下来。研究发现构建的生物素标签真核表达体系能有效表达生物素化的目标蛋白FOXM1;该蛋白在Western印迹、pull-down等实验中可实现无需抗体的一步法应用;该体系可用于FOXM1互作蛋白的鉴定和功能分析。结果表明建立了基于生物素AP-tag标签的FOXM1真核表达体系,为FOXM1互作蛋白与功能的深入研究奠定了技术基础。     

亲和素结合蛋白性质的研究

前曾发现在日本血吸虫虫卵中,存在一种新的能与亲和素专一性结合的蛋白质,称为亲和素结合蛋白,在分离纯化ＡＢＰ的基础上,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ及ｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１５０分别测定了ＡＢＰ的分子量,并做了糖蛋白染色及等电点测定,实验结果表明ＡＢＰ是一个分子量为６５ｋＤ的碱性糖蛋白,由数个相同的分子量为１２．７ｋＤ的亚单位组成。ＳＤＳ、β－硫基乙醇处理的ＤＤＢＰ仍能与亲和素结合,提示ＡＢＰ的亚单位能与亲和素结     

凝血靶向通用效应因子tTF/SA融合蛋白的表达及活性鉴定

制备凝血靶向通用效应因子tTF/SA融合蛋白,并鉴定其生物学活性。利用PCR技术构建tTF与链霉亲和素SA的融合基因,克隆至表达载体pET22b( ),在E.coliBL21(DE_3)中表达,镍亲和层析柱纯化tTF/SA融合蛋白。凝血实验和FⅩ活化实验鉴定融合蛋白中tTF的活性,ELISA鉴定融合蛋白中SA与生物素Biotin结合的活性。获得序列正确的tTF/SA/pET22b( )重组子,融合基因在E.coliBL21(DE_3)中高效表达。纯化后的融合蛋白具有活化FⅩ、引起血液凝固的能力,且能与生物素结合。融合基因已成功在E.coliBL21(DE_3)中表达,tTF/SA融合蛋白具有TF和SA活性。融合蛋白tTF/SA可作为通用效应因子,与生物素化的肿瘤组织血管特异性载体联用,实现选择性诱发肿瘤组织血管栓塞的多点治疗。     

Genetic engineering of streptavidin,a versatile affinity tag

Streptavidin, a tetrameric protein produced by Streptomyces avidinii, has been used as a useful, versatile affinity tag in a variety of biological applications. The efficacy of streptavidin is derived from its extremely high binding affinity for the vitamin biotin. For the last several years, we have used genetic engineering as a primary means to enhance the properties of streptavidin and to expand the application of streptavidin as an affinity tag. In this review, we describe several genetically engineered streptavidin variants, which include a streptavidin with a reduced biotin-binding affinity, a dimeric streptavidin, and a fusion protein between streptavidin and protein A, along with their potential applications in biological science.     

Crystallographic analysis of the pH-dependent binding of iminobiotin by streptavidin.

Streptavidin binds 2'-iminobiotin in a pH-dependent fashion--affinity decreases as the pH is lowered. This property makes the purification of compounds conjugated to streptavidin or immobiotin possible under mild conditions by affinity chromatography. In order to understand the molecular details of this pH-dependent binding, we analyzed the crystal structures of the complex of core streptavidin with 2'-iminobiotin at pH values 4.0 and 7.5. The two structures are very similar to each other even at their binding sites. Although the relative abundance of the protonated species of the ligand is increased more than 3,000-fold on going from pH 7.5 to pH 4.0, both structures contain only the nonprotonated from of the ligand. Streptavidin selects the nonprotonated form, which, at pH 4.0, is one part in 7.9 x 10(7).     

A monovalent streptavidin with a single femtomolar biotin binding site

Streptavidin and avidin are used ubiquitously because of the remarkable affinity of their biotin binding, but they are tetramers, which disrupts many of their applications. Making either protein monomeric reduces affinity by at least 10(4)-fold because part of the binding site comes from a neighboring subunit. Here we engineered a streptavidin tetramer with only one functional biotin binding subunit that retained the affinity, off rate and thermostability of wild-type streptavidin. In denaturant, we mixed a streptavidin variant containing three mutations that block biotin binding with wild-type streptavidin in a 3:1 ratio. Then we generated monovalent streptavidin by refolding and nickel-affinity purification. Similarly, we purified defined tetramers with two or three biotin binding subunits. Labeling of site-specifically biotinylated neuroligin-1 with monovalent streptavidin allowed stable neuroligin-1 tracking without cross-linking, whereas wild-type streptavidin aggregated neuroligin-1 and disrupted presynaptic contacts. Monovalent streptavidin should find general application in biomolecule labeling, single-particle tracking and nanotechnology.     

Engineering of a Bacillus subtilis strain with adjustable levels of intracellular biotin for secretory production of functional streptavidin

Streptavidin is a biotin-binding protein which has been widely used in many in vitro and in vivo applications. Because of the ease of protein recovery and availability of protease-deficient strains, the Bacillus subtilis expression-secretion system is an attractive system for streptavidin production. However, attempts to produce streptavidin using B. subtilis face the problem that cells overproducing large amounts of streptavidin suffer poor growth, presumably because of biotin deficiency. This problem cannot be solved by supplementing biotin to the culture medium, as this will saturate the biotin binding sites in streptavidin. We addressed this dilemma by engineering a B. subtilis strain (WB800BIO) which overproduces intracellular biotin. The strategy involves replacing the natural regulatory region of the B. subtilis chromosomal biotin biosynthetic operon (bioWAFDBIorf2) with an engineered one consisting of the B. subtilis groE promoter and gluconate operator. Biotin production in WB800BIO is induced by gluconate, and the level of biotin produced can be adjusted by varying the gluconate dosage. A level of gluconate was selected to allow enhanced intracellular production of biotin without getting it released into the culture medium. WB800BIO, when used as a host for streptavidin production, grows healthily in a biotin-limited medium and produces large amounts (35 to 50 mg/liter) of streptavidin, with over 80% of its biotin binding sites available for future applications.     

Streptavidin suppresses T cell activation and inhibits IL-2 production and CD25 expression

Streptavidin is widely used as a detection tool in biology research because of its high affinity and specificity binding to biotin. Biotin-streptavidin system has also been explored for detection of infection and tumor in clinical medicine. Here, we show immunosuppressive property of streptavidin on T cell activation and proliferation. Upon CD3 and CD28 stimulation, CD4(+) T cells produce interleukin 2 (IL-2) and express IL-2 receptor α chain (CD25). Addition of streptavidin in T cell culture suppressed IL-2 synthesis and CD25 expression with no cytotoxicity. The immunosuppressive effect of streptavidin was reversed by excessive biotin. Conjugated to a single chain anti-CD7 variable fragment (scFvCD7), streptavidin was directly delivered to T cells and showed substantially more profound suppressive effect on T cell activation. These results suggest that streptavidin could potentially be used as a novel immunomodulator.     

Chicken avidin exhibits pseudo-catalytic properties. Biochemical, structural, and electrostatic consequences

Avidin and its bacterial analogue streptavidin exhibit similarly high affinities toward the vitamin biotin. The extremely high affinity of these two proteins has been utilized as a powerful tool in many biotechnological applications. Although avidin and streptavidin have similar tertiary and quaternary structures, they differ in many of their properties. Here we show that avidin enhances the alkaline hydrolysis of biotinyl p-nitrophenyl ester, whereas streptavidin protects this reaction even under extreme alkaline conditions (pH > 12). Unlike normal enzymatic catalysis, the hydrolysis reaction proceeds as a single cycle with no turnover because of the extremely high affinity of the protein for one of the reaction products (i.e. free biotin). The three-dimensional crystal structures of avidin (2 A) and streptavidin (2.4 A) complexed with the amide analogue, biotinyl p-nitroanilide, as a model for the p-nitrophenyl ester, revealed structural insights into the factors that enhance or protect the hydrolysis reaction. The data demonstrate that several molecular features of avidin are responsible for the enhanced hydrolysis of biotinyl p-nitrophenyl ester. These include the nature of a decisive flexible loop, the presence of an obtrusive arginine 114, and a newly formed critical interaction between lysine 111 and the nitro group of the substrate. The open conformation of the loop serves to expose the substrate to the solvent, and the arginine shifts the p-nitroanilide moiety toward the interacting lysine, which increases the electron withdrawing characteristics and consequent electrophilicity of the carbonyl group of the substrate. Streptavidin lacked such molecular properties, and analogous interactions with the substrate were consequently absent. The information derived from these structures may provide insight into the action of artificial protein catalysts and the evolution of catalytic sites in general.     

Engineering of a Bacillus subtilis Strain with Adjustable Levels of Intracellular Biotin for Secretory Production of Functional Streptavidin

Streptavidin is a biotin-binding protein which has been widely used in many in vitro and in vivo applications. Because of the ease of protein recovery and availability of protease-deficient strains, the Bacillus subtilis expression-secretion system is an attractive system for streptavidin production. However, attempts to produce streptavidin using B. subtilis face the problem that cells overproducing large amounts of streptavidin suffer poor growth, presumably because of biotin deficiency. This problem cannot be solved by supplementing biotin to the culture medium, as this will saturate the biotin binding sites in streptavidin. We addressed this dilemma by engineering a B. subtilis strain (WB800BIO) which overproduces intracellular biotin. The strategy involves replacing the natural regulatory region of the B. subtilis chromosomal biotin biosynthetic operon (bioWAFDBIorf2) with an engineered one consisting of the B. subtilis groE promoter and gluconate operator. Biotin production in WB800BIO is induced by gluconate, and the level of biotin produced can be adjusted by varying the gluconate dosage. A level of gluconate was selected to allow enhanced intracellular production of biotin without getting it released into the culture medium. WB800BIO, when used as a host for streptavidin production, grows healthily in a biotin-limited medium and produces large amounts (35 to 50 mg/liter) of streptavidin, with over 80% of its biotin binding sites available for future applications.     

Biotin-assisted folding of streptavidin on the yeast surface

Yeast surface display allows heterologously expressed proteins to be targeted to the exterior of the cell wall and thus has a potential as a biotechnology platform. In this study, we report the successful display of functional streptavidin on the yeast surface. Streptavidin binds the small molecule biotin with high affinity (K(d) ≈ 10(-14)M) and is used widely in applications that require stable noncovalent interaction, including immobilization of biotinylated compounds on a solid surface. As such, engineering functional streptavidin on the yeast surface may find novel uses in future biotechnology applications. Although the molecule does not require any post-translational modification, streptavidin is difficult to fold in bacteria. We show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can fold the protein correctly if induced at 20°C. Contrary to a previous report, coexpression of anchored and soluble streptavidin subunits is not necessary, as expressing the anchored subunit alone is sufficient to form a functional complex. For unstable monomer mutants, however, addition of free biotin during protein induction is necessary to display a functional molecule, suggesting that biotin helps the monomer fold. To show that surface displayed streptavidin can be used to immobilize other biomolecules, we used it to capture biotinylated antibody, which is then used to immunoprecipitate a protein target.     

Site-specific tetrameric streptavidin-protein conjugation using sortase A

Streptavidin is tetrameric protein which has tight and specific biotin binding affinity, and streptavidin modification of proteins or small molecules is widely used for biotechnology tool. Here, we demonstrate site-specific streptavidin-protein conjugation using enzymes. We focused on sortase A, a transpeptidase from Staphylococcus aureus. A streptavidin-tagged LPETG motif (Stav-LPETG) was expressed in Escherichia coli. We achieved soluble streptavidin expression in E. coli without refolding using a cold shock expression system. Then we successfully conjugated Stav-LPETG with pentaglycine-appended green fluorescence protein (Gly5-GFP) or triglycine-appended glucose oxidase (Gly3-GOD) using sortase A. SDS-PAGE analysis showed site-specific tetrameric streptavidin-protein conjugation with the tagged proteins. In addition, the functions of a Stav-GOD conjugate, i.e., biotin-binding and glucose oxidase activity, were significantly higher compared to those of streptavidin-GOD conjugates prepared by chemical modification.     

Reduced antibody response to streptavidin through site-directed mutagenesis

Streptavidin provides an effective receptor for biotinylated tumoricidal molecules, including radionuclides, when conjugated to an antitumor antibody and administered systemically. Ideally, one would like to administer this bacterial protein to patients repeatedly, so as to maximize the antitumor effect without eliciting an immune response. Therefore, we attempted to reduce the antigenicity of streptavidin by mutating surface residues capable of forming high energy ionic or hydrophobic interactions. A crystallographic image of streptavidin was examined to identify residues with solvent-exposed side chains and residues critical to streptavidin's structure or function, and to define loops. Mutations were incorporated cumulatively into the protein sequence. Mutants were screened for tetramer formation, biotin dissociation, and reduced immunoreactivity with pooled patient sera. Patient antisera recognized one minor continuous epitope with binding locus at residue E101 and one major discontinuous epitope involving amino acid residues E51 and Y83. Mutation of residues E51, Y83, R53, and E116 reduced reactivity with patient sera to <10% that of streptavidin, but these mutations were no less antigenic in rabbits. Mutant 37, with 10 amino acid substitutions, was only 20% as antigenic as streptavidin. Rabbits immunized with either streptavidin or mutant 37 failed to recognize the alternative antigen. Biotin dissociated from mutant 37 four to five times faster than from streptavidin. Residues were identified with previously undescribed impact on biotin binding and protein folding. Thus, substitution of charged, aromatic, or large hydrophobic residues on the surface of streptavidin with smaller neutral residues reduced the molecule's ability to elicit an immune response in rabbits.